Automobile AccidentNCT03833219

Comparative Effectiveness of Financial Incentives and Nudges to Reduce Cellphone Use While Driving Among UBI Auto Policy Holders

A study testing Weekly feedback, End of intervention period incentive and Loss-framed weekly incentive in people with Automobile Accident, run by University of Pennsylvania at 1 site in United States.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record

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Trial summary

Who is it for?: Ages 16 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for: Automobile Accident
What is being tested?: Weekly feedback, End of intervention period incentive and Loss-framed weekly incentive
Type of treatment: Lifestyle or therapy programme
Could I receive a placebo?: No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people: 2,108 participants
Where: 1 siteUnited States
Study dates: 7 May 2019to 30 Aug 2020
Phase: Interventional
Are there results?: None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

Ages 16 years and older
All sexes
Healthy volunteers accepted
Child, Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

Progressive Snapshot Users with policy activated within recruitment period
Progressive Snapshot policy holder in one of the following states and regions: MI, PA, TX, FL, TN, OR, GA, NE, OK, OH, MT, MO, NV, CT, WI, MD, KY, MN, NH, NJ, AZ, ME, LA, SC, CO, MS, IN, IA, AL, ND, UT, RI, WV, WY, IL, AR, DE, KS, SD, NM, VT, ID, and the District of Columbia
Has an email address

Who cannot join

Progressive Snapshot Mobile App not updated to enable push notifications
Customer's residential address is in a state in which phone use while driving is factored into insurance rating
Customer's Snapshot Mobile App does not collect trip data with all sensors active
Customer in Snapshot program for < 30 days or more > 70 days

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

United States1 site

University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104

Other trials in United States

About this study

Official title: Comparative Effectiveness of Financial Incentives and Smartphone-based Nudges to Reduce Cellphone Use While Driving Among Auto Insurance Policy Holders With Usage Based Insurance Policies

The investigators are proposing an experiment to help a national auto insurance company test behavioral economic strategies to reduce the amount of time policy holders actively use their cell phone while driving. Interventions include financial incentives, social comparison, and nudges, and survey data will also be collected. Data collected from this internal trial will be shared with the Penn research team and analyzed

Conditions: Automobile Accident
Being tested: Weekly feedback, End of intervention period incentive, Loss-framed weekly incentive
Keywords: distracted driving automobile, behavioral economics, usage-based insurance, auto insurance, automobile, smartphone application

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

Weekly feedbackBehavioural
Send push notification reporting user's handheld phone use while driving compared to distribution for driver cohort (age, geographic area) each week.
End of intervention period incentiveBehavioural
Notify participant about potential incentive at the end of the intervention period, but do not provide weekly feedback about performance.
Loss-framed weekly incentiveBehavioural
Send push notification reporting user's handheld phone use while driving compared to distribution for driver cohort (age, geographic area) each week. Pay participant weekly according to where they fall on the distribution each week.

Study groups in NCT03833219
Study group	Role	What they receive
Control (monitor only)	No intervention	Continue in monitoring only mode
Social comparison feedback	Experimental	Report user's handheld phone use/ hour of driving for week. Compare this week's performance to distribution for driver cohort. Receives: Behavioral: Weekly feedback
End of rating period incentive	Experimental	Monitor throughout intervention period and compare overall use to distribution for cohort. Notify participant at end of intervention period regarding the amount they have earned. Receives: Behavioral: End of intervention period incentive
End of rating period incentive + social comparison feedback	Experimental	Monitor throughout intervention period and compare weekly phone use to driver cohort distribution. Send weekly push notification to provide feedback. Notify participant at end of intervention period regarding the amount they have earned. Receives: Behavioral: Weekly feedback; Behavioral: End of intervention period incentive
Weekly loss-framed incentive + social comparison feedback	Experimental	Monitor throughout intervention period and compare weekly phone use to driver cohort distribution. Send weekly push notification to provide feedback. Notify participant weekly regarding the amount they have earned. Receives: Behavioral: Weekly feedback; Behavioral: Loss-framed weekly incentive
Larger weekly loss-framed incentive+social comparison feedback	Experimental	Monitor throughout intervention period and compare weekly phone use to driver cohort distribution. Send weekly push notification to provide feedback. Notify participant weekly regarding the amount they have earned. Incentive amount is higher than "Weekly loss-framed incentive + social comparison feedback" Arm. Receives: Behavioral: Weekly feedback; Behavioral: Loss-framed weekly incentive

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

Seconds of active phone use per hour of driving
Percentage of driving time engaging in active handheld phone use (also measured as seconds of distracted driving/hour of driving)
Measured: 150 days

Secondary outcomes (3)

Seconds of passive phone use per hour of driving
Seconds of passive handheld, non-call use per hour of driving
Measured: 150 days
Hard breaking events per 100 miles
notifications turned off, drop out of study, app uninstall
Measured: 150 days
Hard acceleration events per 100 miles
Hard acceleration events per 100 miles
Measured: 150 days

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

7 May 201930 Aug 2020

First posted6 Feb 2019
Study start7 May 2019
Primary completion30 Oct 2019
Study completion30 Aug 2020

Resources

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
Publications (11)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
Other trials for Automobile AccidentStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
More trials run by University of PennsylvaniaThe sponsor's other registered studies.
What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design

Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase N/A
Primary purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Factorial
Masking: Single blind
Who is masked: Participant
Enrolment: 2,108 participants (actual)

IDs, dates and publications

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03833219
Sponsor's protocol ID: 693JJ31750012
Status last verified: Sep 2020
First submitted: 7 Sep 2018
Last updated: 10 Sep 2020
Results posted: No
Data monitoring committee: No
FDA-regulated drug: No
FDA-regulated device: No
Individual data sharing: No: PI will not own individual participant data

Publications

Delgado MK, Wanner KJ, McDonald C. Adolescent Cellphone Use While Driving: An Overview of the Literature and Promising Future Directions for Prevention. Media Commun. 2016 Jun 16;4(3):79-89. doi: 10.17645/mac.v4i3.536.
PubMed 27695663
French B, Small DS, Novak J, Saulsgiver KA, Harhay MO, Asch DA, Volpp KG, Halpern SD. Preference-adaptive randomization in comparative effectiveness studies. Trials. 2015 Mar 18;16:99. doi: 10.1186/s13063-015-0592-6.
PubMed 25887045
Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Asch DA. Harnessing the power of default options to improve health care. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 27;357(13):1340-4. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsb071595. No abstract available.
PubMed 17898105
Halpern SD, French B, Small DS, Saulsgiver K, Harhay MO, Audrain-McGovern J, Loewenstein G, Brennan TA, Asch DA, Volpp KG. Randomized trial of four financial-incentive programs for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 2015 May 28;372(22):2108-17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1414293. Epub 2015 May 13.
PubMed 25970009
Hayashi Y, Russo CT, Wirth O. Texting while driving as impulsive choice: A behavioral economic analysis. Accid Anal Prev. 2015 Oct;83:182-9. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.07.025. Epub 2015 Aug 13.
PubMed 26280804
Klauer SG, Guo F, Simons-Morton BG, Ouimet MC, Lee SE, Dingus TA. Distracted driving and risk of road crashes among novice and experienced drivers. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jan 2;370(1):54-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa1204142.
PubMed 24382065
Lahrmann H, Agerholm N, Tradisauskas N, Berthelsen KK, Harms L. Pay as You Speed, ISA with incentive for not speeding: results and interpretation of speed data. Accid Anal Prev. 2012 Sep;48:17-28. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.03.015. Epub 2011 Apr 9.
PubMed 22664664
Loewenstein G, Brennan T, Volpp KG. Asymmetric paternalism to improve health behaviors. JAMA. 2007 Nov 28;298(20):2415-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.20.2415. No abstract available.
PubMed 18042920
Patel MS, Asch DA, Rosin R, Small DS, Bellamy SL, Eberbach K, Walters KJ, Haff N, Lee SM, Wesby L, Hoffer K, Shuttleworth D, Taylor DH, Hilbert V, Zhu J, Yang L, Wang X, Volpp KG. Individual Versus Team-Based Financial Incentives to Increase Physical Activity: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2016 Jul;31(7):746-54. doi: 10.1007/s11606-016-3627-0. Epub 2016 Mar 14.
PubMed 26976287
Reagan IJ, Bliss JP, Van Houten R, Hilton BW. The effects of external motivation and real-time automated feedback on speeding behavior in a naturalistic setting. Hum Factors. 2013 Feb;55(1):218-30. doi: 10.1177/0018720812447812.
PubMed 23516803
Delgado MK, Ebert JP, Xiong RA, Winston FK, McDonald CC, Rosin RM, Volpp KG, Barnett IJ, Small DS, Wiebe DJ, Abdel-Rahman D, Hemmons JE, Finegold R, Kotrc B, Radford E, Fisher WJ, Gaba KL, Everett WC, Halpern SD. Feedback and Financial Incentives for Reducing Cell Phone Use While Driving: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Jul 1;7(7):e2420218. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.20218.
PubMed 38985474

Want to know more?

The sponsor has not listed a contact. The official record may have more details.

Talk to your doctor first and take this page with you. Only the study team can confirm whether you can join.

Questions to ask the study team

What is the study trying to find out?
What would I need to do, and how often would I visit?
Could I receive a placebo instead of the treatment?
What are the possible risks and benefits for me?
Will it cost me anything? Are travel or time paid for?
Can I keep seeing my own doctor during the study?
What happens when the study ends?

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Study at a glance

From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 10 Sep 2020. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.

Official title: Comparative Effectiveness of Financial Incentives and Smartphone-based Nudges to Reduce Cellphone Use While Driving Among Auto Insurance Policy Holders With Usage Based Insurance Policies
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03833219
Acronym / sponsor ID: 693JJ31750012
Conditions: Automobile Accident
Keywords: distracted driving automobile, behavioral economics, usage-based insurance, auto insurance, automobile, smartphone application
Study type: Interventional
Recruitment status: Completed
Enrolment: 2,108 participants (actual)
Lead sponsor: University of PennsylvaniaUniversity, hospital or other
Collaborators: U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration
Study start: 7 May 2019 (actual)
Primary completion: 30 Oct 2019 (actual)
Study completion: 30 Aug 2020 (actual)
First posted: 6 Feb 2019 (actual)
Results: Not posted in the source record

Clinical summary

The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.

Study design

Primary purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Factorial
Masking: Single blind (participant)
Number of arms: 6

Arm	Type	Receives
Control (monitor only)	No intervention	–Continue in monitoring only mode
Social comparison feedback	Experimental	Behavioral: Weekly feedbackReport user's handheld phone use/ hour of driving for week. Compare this week's performance to distribution for driver cohort.
End of rating period incentive	Experimental	Behavioral: End of intervention period incentiveMonitor throughout intervention period and compare overall use to distribution for cohort. Notify participant at end of intervention period regarding the amount they have earned.
End of rating period incentive + social comparison feedback	Experimental	Behavioral: Weekly feedback, Behavioral: End of intervention period incentiveMonitor throughout intervention period and compare weekly phone use to driver cohort distribution. Send weekly push notification to provide feedback. Notify participant at end of intervention period regarding the amount they have earned.
Weekly loss-framed incentive + social comparison feedback	Experimental	Behavioral: Weekly feedback, Behavioral: Loss-framed weekly incentiveMonitor throughout intervention period and compare weekly phone use to driver cohort distribution. Send weekly push notification to provide feedback. Notify participant weekly regarding the amount they have earned.
Larger weekly loss-framed incentive+social comparison feedback	Experimental	Behavioral: Weekly feedback, Behavioral: Loss-framed weekly incentiveMonitor throughout intervention period and compare weekly phone use to driver cohort distribution. Send weekly push notification to provide feedback. Notify participant weekly regarding the amount they have earned. Incentive amount is higher than "Weekly loss-framed incentive + social comparison feedback" Arm.

Who may qualify

Ages: 16 years and older
Sex: All
Healthy volunteers: Accepted
Age groups: Child, Adult, Older adult

Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)

Progressive Snapshot Users with policy activated within recruitment period
Progressive Snapshot policy holder in one of the following states and regions: MI, PA, TX, FL, TN, OR, GA, NE, OK, OH, MT, MO, NV, CT, WI, MD, KY, MN, NH, NJ, AZ, ME, LA, SC, CO, MS, IN, IA, AL, ND, UT, RI, WV, WY, IL, AR, DE, KS, SD, NM, VT, ID, and the District of Columbia
Has an email address

Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)

Progressive Snapshot Mobile App not updated to enable push notifications
Customer's residential address is in a state in which phone use while driving is factored into insurance rating
Customer's Snapshot Mobile App does not collect trip data with all sensors active
Customer in Snapshot program for < 30 days or more > 70 days

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Interventions

Intervention	Type	Arms
Weekly feedbackSend push notification reporting user's handheld phone use while driving compared to distribution for driver cohort (age, geographic area) each week.	Behavioural	End of rating period incentive + social comparison feedback, Larger weekly loss-framed incentive+social comparison feedback, Social comparison feedback, Weekly loss-framed incentive + social comparison feedback
End of intervention period incentiveNotify participant about potential incentive at the end of the intervention period, but do not provide weekly feedback about performance.	Behavioural	End of rating period incentive, End of rating period incentive + social comparison feedback
Loss-framed weekly incentiveSend push notification reporting user's handheld phone use while driving compared to distribution for driver cohort (age, geographic area) each week. Pay participant weekly according to where they fall on the distribution each week.	Behavioural	Larger weekly loss-framed incentive+social comparison feedback, Weekly loss-framed incentive + social comparison feedback

Primary outcome

Seconds of active phone use per hour of driving
Time frame: 150 days
Percentage of driving time engaging in active handheld phone use (also measured as seconds of distracted driving/hour of driving)

3 secondary outcomes

Seconds of passive phone use per hour of driving
Time frame: 150 days
Hard breaking events per 100 miles
Time frame: 150 days
Hard acceleration events per 100 miles
Time frame: 150 days

Results and safety

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

Research links

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 10 Sep 2020.
Background: PubMed 27695663Delgado MK, Wanner KJ, McDonald C. Adolescent Cellphone Use While Driving: An Overview of the Literature and Promising Future Directions for Prevention. Media Commun. 2016 Jun 16;4(3):79-89. doi: 10.17645/mac.v4i3.536.
Background: PubMed 25887045French B, Small DS, Novak J, Saulsgiver KA, Harhay MO, Asch DA, Volpp KG, Halpern SD. Preference-adaptive randomization in comparative effectiveness studies. Trials. 2015 Mar 18;16:99. doi: 10.1186/s13063-015-0592-6.
Background: PubMed 17898105Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Asch DA. Harnessing the power of default options to improve health care. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 27;357(13):1340-4. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsb071595. No abstract available.
Background: PubMed 25970009Halpern SD, French B, Small DS, Saulsgiver K, Harhay MO, Audrain-McGovern J, Loewenstein G, Brennan TA, Asch DA, Volpp KG. Randomized trial of four financial-incentive programs for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med. 2015 May 28;372(22):2108-17. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1414293. Epub 2015 May 13.
Background: PubMed 26280804Hayashi Y, Russo CT, Wirth O. Texting while driving as impulsive choice: A behavioral economic analysis. Accid Anal Prev. 2015 Oct;83:182-9. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.07.025. Epub 2015 Aug 13.
Background: PubMed 24382065Klauer SG, Guo F, Simons-Morton BG, Ouimet MC, Lee SE, Dingus TA. Distracted driving and risk of road crashes among novice and experienced drivers. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jan 2;370(1):54-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa1204142.
Background: PubMed 22664664Lahrmann H, Agerholm N, Tradisauskas N, Berthelsen KK, Harms L. Pay as You Speed, ISA with incentive for not speeding: results and interpretation of speed data. Accid Anal Prev. 2012 Sep;48:17-28. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.03.015. Epub 2011 Apr 9.
Background: PubMed 18042920Loewenstein G, Brennan T, Volpp KG. Asymmetric paternalism to improve health behaviors. JAMA. 2007 Nov 28;298(20):2415-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.20.2415. No abstract available.
Background: PubMed 26976287Patel MS, Asch DA, Rosin R, Small DS, Bellamy SL, Eberbach K, Walters KJ, Haff N, Lee SM, Wesby L, Hoffer K, Shuttleworth D, Taylor DH, Hilbert V, Zhu J, Yang L, Wang X, Volpp KG. Individual Versus Team-Based Financial Incentives to Increase Physical Activity: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2016 Jul;31(7):746-54. doi: 10.1007/s11606-016-3627-0. Epub 2016 Mar 14.
Background: PubMed 23516803Reagan IJ, Bliss JP, Van Houten R, Hilton BW. The effects of external motivation and real-time automated feedback on speeding behavior in a naturalistic setting. Hum Factors. 2013 Feb;55(1):218-30. doi: 10.1177/0018720812447812.
Derived from this study: PubMed 38985474Delgado MK, Ebert JP, Xiong RA, Winston FK, McDonald CC, Rosin RM, Volpp KG, Barnett IJ, Small DS, Wiebe DJ, Abdel-Rahman D, Hemmons JE, Finegold R, Kotrc B, Radford E, Fisher WJ, Gaba KL, Everett WC, Halpern SD. Feedback and Financial Incentives for Reducing Cell Phone Use While Driving: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Jul 1;7(7):e2420218. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.20218.
Center for Insurance Policy Research. Usage-Based Insurance and Telematics. National Association of Insurance Commissioners.Link provided by the sponsor.
State Farm. (2014). Distracted DrivingLink provided by the sponsor.
Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. PI will not own individual participant data

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Referral and contact

AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.

M. Kit Delgado, MD, MS principal investigator

University of Pennsylvania

1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 10 Sep 2020. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Seconds of active phone use per hour of driving (time frame: 150 days). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03833219, which also lists 11 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 10 Sep 2020.