Iodine Deficiency GoiterNCT03889431
Community Salt Testing and Relation of Iodine Intake to Visual Information Processing of Ethiopian Infants
A study testing Iodine capsule and Iodized Salt in people with Iodine Deficiency Goiter and Infant Development, run by Oklahoma State University at 1 site in Ethiopia.
Trial summary
This study evaluated efficacy of iodized salt for mothers and their six-month-old infants' thyroid hormones and visual information processing. Half of the participants received 450 g iodized salt for the household each week, while the other half received 225 ug iodine daily as a potassium iodide capsule. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 45 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Iodine Deficiency Goiter, Infant Development
- What is being tested?
- Iodine capsule and Iodized Salt
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 106 participants
- Where
- 1 siteEthiopia
- Study dates
- 2 Jan 2013to 10 Aug 2013
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 45 years
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- The women must be lactating and must have an infant less than or equal to one week old.
- Mothers had to volunteer to participate in the study.
Who cannot join
- Any hyperthyroidism symptoms manifested by nervousness, anxiety, heart palpitations, or rapid pulse.
- If infants had fever, cough or severe (>3/day) diarrhea
- Any allergic reaction such as acne, weakness, or foul breath
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
This study evaluated efficacy of iodized salt for mothers and their six-month-old infants' thyroid hormones and visual information processing. Half of the participants received 450 g iodized salt for the household each week, while the other half received 225 ug iodine daily as a potassium iodide capsule.
Read the detailed description
Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, and thyroid hormones regulate the metabolic processes of most cells and play important roles in human growth and development. Iodine deficiency disorders can have serious consequences on brain and physical development. In neonates iodine deficiency and hence insufficient supply of thyroid hormones could cause neonatal goiter, neonatal hypothyroidism, and endemic mental retardation.
Iodine deficiency disorders can be prevented and controlled by providing iodine and iodine can be provided in different ways. However, the United Nations Children's Fund and the World Health Organization jointly recommended salt iodization where iodized salt is accessible. Iodized salt is a safe, cost effective and sustainable strategy to ensure sufficient intake of iodine by all individuals and to improve maternal and infant health. However, although the effect of iodine on human health is well established efficacy of iodized salt has not been studied.
- Conditions
- Iodine Deficiency Goiter, Infant Development
- Being tested
- Iodine capsule, Iodized Salt
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Iodine capsuleDietary supplement
225 µg of iodine daily as a capsule of potassium iodide
Iodized SaltOther
450 g iodized salt provided for the household weekly. Salt iodine content was 30 to 40 mg iodine /kg salt as KIO3
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Capsule group | Experimental | Group one received iodine capsule Receives: Dietary Supplement: Iodine capsule |
| Iodized salt group | Experimental | Group two received iodized salt Receives: Other: Iodized Salt |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change from baseline breast milk iodine concentration (µg/L) at six months
Laboratory analysis
Measured: First week after delivery and at six months
Change from baseline urinary iodine concentration (µg/L at six months
Laboratory analysis
Measured: First week after delivery and at six months
Change from baseline Infants' anthropometric measurement (Z-score) at six months
Measurement
Measured: First week after delivery and at six months
Secondary outcomes (2)
Change from baseline thyroid hormones status at six months
Laboratory analysis
Measured: First week after delivery and at six months
Infants' visual information processing
Looking behavior test
Measured: At six months after delivery
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted26 Mar 2019
- Study start2 Jan 2013
- Primary completion30 Jan 2013
- Study completion10 Aug 2013
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (20)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Iodine Deficiency GoiterStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- The mother-child dyads were randomly assigned either to receive iodine capsule (n = 53) or iodized salt (n = 53). The iodine capsule group received 225 µg of iodine daily as potassium iodide for 6 months.The iodized salt group was provided with iodized salt (30 to 40 mg iodine/kg as KIO3). One packet of salt (450 g) per household was provided starting within one week of delivery for 6 months.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 106 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Oklahoma State University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Barbara Stoecker, Oklahoma State University
- Investigators
- Tafere Gebreegziabher, PhD, Principal investigator, Central Washington University & Hawassa University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03889431
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- HE1156
- Status last verified
- Mar 2019
- First submitted
- 20 Mar 2019
- Last updated
- 26 Mar 2019
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Chan S, Kilby MD. Thyroid hormone and central nervous system development. J Endocrinol. 2000 Apr;165(1):1-8. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1650001. No abstract available.
PubMed 10750030Zimmermann MB. The effects of iodine deficiency in pregnancy and infancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012 Jul;26 Suppl 1:108-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01275.x.
PubMed 22742605Zimmermann MB. The Importance of Adequate Iodine during Pregnancy and Infancy. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2016;115:118-24. doi: 10.1159/000442078. Epub 2016 May 19.
PubMed 27198746Dold S, Zimmermann MB, Jukic T, Kusic Z, Jia Q, Sang Z, Quirino A, San Luis TOL, Fingerhut R, Kupka R, Timmer A, Garrett GS, Andersson M. Universal Salt Iodization Provides Sufficient Dietary Iodine to Achieve Adequate Iodine Nutrition during the First 1000 Days: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study. J Nutr. 2018 Apr 1;148(4):587-598. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy015.
PubMed 29659964Robinson SM, Crozier SR, Miles EA, Gale CR, Calder PC, Cooper C, Inskip HM, Godfrey KM. Preconception Maternal Iodine Status Is Positively Associated with IQ but Not with Measures of Executive Function in Childhood. J Nutr. 2018 Jun 1;148(6):959-966. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy054.
PubMed 29767745Vongchana M, Ounjaijean S, Tongsong T, Traisrisilp K. The effectiveness of iodine supplementation during pregnancies in geographical areas of high prevalence of iodine insufficiency. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018 Aug;38(6):756-761. doi: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1410534. Epub 2018 Mar 12.
PubMed 29526129WHO Secretariat; Andersson M, de Benoist B, Delange F, Zupan J. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation. Public Health Nutr. 2007 Dec;10(12A):1606-11. doi: 10.1017/S1368980007361004. No abstract available.
PubMed 18053287Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation on the offspring: a review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):668S-72S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26811C. Epub 2008 Dec 16.
PubMed 19088150Vejbjerg P, Knudsen N, Perrild H, Carle A, Laurberg P, Pedersen IB, Rasmussen LB, Ovesen L, Jorgensen T. Effect of a mandatory iodization program on thyroid gland volume based on individuals' age, gender, and preceding severity of dietary iodine deficiency: a prospective, population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Apr;92(4):1397-401. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-2580. Epub 2007 Jan 30.
PubMed 17264188Gebreegziabher T, Stoecker BJ. Comparison of two sources of iodine delivery on breast milk iodine and maternal and infant urinary iodine concentrations in southern Ethiopia: A randomized trial. Food Sci Nutr. 2017 Apr 7;5(4):921-928. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.477. eCollection 2017 Jul.
PubMed 28748081Kennedy T, Thomas DG, Woltamo T, Abebe Y, Hubbs-Tait L, Sykova V, Stoecker BJ, Hambidge KM. Growth and Visual Information Processing in Infants in Southern Ethiopia. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2008 Mar 1;29(2):129-140. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2007.12.003.
PubMed 19684873Reynolds GD. Infant visual attention and object recognition. Behav Brain Res. 2015 May 15;285:34-43. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.015. Epub 2015 Jan 14.
PubMed 25596333Santiago P, Velasco I, Muela JA, Sanchez B, Martinez J, Rodriguez A, Berrio M, Gutierrez-Repiso C, Carreira M, Moreno A, Garcia-Fuentes E, Soriguer F. Infant neurocognitive development is independent of the use of iodised salt or iodine supplements given during pregnancy. Br J Nutr. 2013 Sep 14;110(5):831-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512005880. Epub 2013 Feb 4.
PubMed 23375074Velasco I, Carreira M, Santiago P, Muela JA, Garcia-Fuentes E, Sanchez-Munoz B, Garriga MJ, Gonzalez-Fernandez MC, Rodriguez A, Caballero FF, Machado A, Gonzalez-Romero S, Anarte MT, Soriguer F. Effect of iodine prophylaxis during pregnancy on neurocognitive development of children during the first two years of life. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Sep;94(9):3234-41. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-2652. Epub 2009 Jun 30.
PubMed 19567536Delange F. Iodine requirements during pregnancy, lactation and the neonatal period and indicators of optimal iodine nutrition. Public Health Nutr. 2007 Dec;10(12A):1571-80; discussion 1581-3. doi: 10.1017/S1368980007360941.
PubMed 18053281
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 26 Mar 2019. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Community Salt Testing and Relation of Iodine Intake to Visual Information Processing of Ethiopian Infants
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03889431
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- HE1156
- Conditions
- Iodine Deficiency Goiter, Infant Development
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 106 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Oklahoma State UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 2 Jan 2013 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Jan 2013 (actual)
- Study completion
- 10 Aug 2013 (actual)
- First posted
- 26 Mar 2019 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study evaluated efficacy of iodized salt for mothers and their six-month-old infants' thyroid hormones and visual information processing. Half of the participants received 450 g iodized salt for the household each week, while the other half received 225 ug iodine daily as a potassium iodide capsule.
Detailed description
Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, and thyroid hormones regulate the metabolic processes of most cells and play important roles in human growth and development. Iodine deficiency disorders can have serious consequences on brain and physical development. In neonates iodine deficiency and hence insufficient supply of thyroid hormones could cause neonatal goiter, neonatal hypothyroidism, and endemic mental retardation.
Iodine deficiency disorders can be prevented and controlled by providing iodine and iodine can be provided in different ways. However, the United Nations Children's Fund and the World Health Organization jointly recommended salt iodization where iodized salt is accessible. Iodized salt is a safe, cost effective and sustainable strategy to ensure sufficient intake of iodine by all individuals and to improve maternal and infant health. However, although the effect of iodine on human health is well established efficacy of iodized salt has not been studied.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- The mother-child dyads were randomly assigned either to receive iodine capsule (n = 53) or iodized salt (n = 53). The iodine capsule group received 225 µg of iodine daily as potassium iodide for 6 months.The iodized salt group was provided with iodized salt (30 to 40 mg iodine/kg as KIO3). One packet of salt (450 g) per household was provided starting within one week of delivery for 6 months.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Capsule group | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Iodine capsuleGroup one received iodine capsule |
| Iodized salt group | Experimental | Other: Iodized SaltGroup two received iodized salt |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 45 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- The women must be lactating and must have an infant less than or equal to one week old.
- Mothers had to volunteer to participate in the study.
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Any hyperthyroidism symptoms manifested by nervousness, anxiety, heart palpitations, or rapid pulse.
- If infants had fever, cough or severe (>3/day) diarrhea
- Any allergic reaction such as acne, weakness, or foul breath
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Iodine capsule225 µg of iodine daily as a capsule of potassium iodide | Dietary supplement | Capsule group |
| Iodized Salt450 g iodized salt provided for the household weekly. Salt iodine content was 30 to 40 mg iodine /kg salt as KIO3 | Other | Iodized salt group |
Primary outcome
Change from baseline breast milk iodine concentration (µg/L) at six months
Time frame: First week after delivery and at six months
Laboratory analysis
Change from baseline urinary iodine concentration (µg/L at six months
Time frame: First week after delivery and at six months
Laboratory analysis
Change from baseline Infants' anthropometric measurement (Z-score) at six months
Time frame: First week after delivery and at six months
Measurement
2 secondary outcomes
Change from baseline thyroid hormones status at six months
Time frame: First week after delivery and at six months
Infants' visual information processing
Time frame: At six months after delivery
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 26 Mar 2019.
- Results publication: PubMed 10750030Chan S, Kilby MD. Thyroid hormone and central nervous system development. J Endocrinol. 2000 Apr;165(1):1-8. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1650001. No abstract available.
- Results publication: PubMed 22742605Zimmermann MB. The effects of iodine deficiency in pregnancy and infancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012 Jul;26 Suppl 1:108-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01275.x.
- Results publication: PubMed 27198746Zimmermann MB. The Importance of Adequate Iodine during Pregnancy and Infancy. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2016;115:118-24. doi: 10.1159/000442078. Epub 2016 May 19.
- Results publication: PubMed 29659964Dold S, Zimmermann MB, Jukic T, Kusic Z, Jia Q, Sang Z, Quirino A, San Luis TOL, Fingerhut R, Kupka R, Timmer A, Garrett GS, Andersson M. Universal Salt Iodization Provides Sufficient Dietary Iodine to Achieve Adequate Iodine Nutrition during the First 1000 Days: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study. J Nutr. 2018 Apr 1;148(4):587-598. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy015.
- Results publication: PubMed 29767745Robinson SM, Crozier SR, Miles EA, Gale CR, Calder PC, Cooper C, Inskip HM, Godfrey KM. Preconception Maternal Iodine Status Is Positively Associated with IQ but Not with Measures of Executive Function in Childhood. J Nutr. 2018 Jun 1;148(6):959-966. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy054.
- Results publication: PubMed 29526129Vongchana M, Ounjaijean S, Tongsong T, Traisrisilp K. The effectiveness of iodine supplementation during pregnancies in geographical areas of high prevalence of iodine insufficiency. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018 Aug;38(6):756-761. doi: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1410534. Epub 2018 Mar 12.
- Results publication: PubMed 18053287WHO Secretariat; Andersson M, de Benoist B, Delange F, Zupan J. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation. Public Health Nutr. 2007 Dec;10(12A):1606-11. doi: 10.1017/S1368980007361004. No abstract available.
- Results publication: PubMed 19088150Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation on the offspring: a review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):668S-72S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26811C. Epub 2008 Dec 16.
- Results publication: PubMed 17264188Vejbjerg P, Knudsen N, Perrild H, Carle A, Laurberg P, Pedersen IB, Rasmussen LB, Ovesen L, Jorgensen T. Effect of a mandatory iodization program on thyroid gland volume based on individuals' age, gender, and preceding severity of dietary iodine deficiency: a prospective, population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Apr;92(4):1397-401. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-2580. Epub 2007 Jan 30.
- Results publication: PubMed 28748081Gebreegziabher T, Stoecker BJ. Comparison of two sources of iodine delivery on breast milk iodine and maternal and infant urinary iodine concentrations in southern Ethiopia: A randomized trial. Food Sci Nutr. 2017 Apr 7;5(4):921-928. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.477. eCollection 2017 Jul.
- Results publication: PubMed 19684873Kennedy T, Thomas DG, Woltamo T, Abebe Y, Hubbs-Tait L, Sykova V, Stoecker BJ, Hambidge KM. Growth and Visual Information Processing in Infants in Southern Ethiopia. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2008 Mar 1;29(2):129-140. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2007.12.003.
- Results publication: PubMed 25596333Reynolds GD. Infant visual attention and object recognition. Behav Brain Res. 2015 May 15;285:34-43. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.015. Epub 2015 Jan 14.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Tafere Gebreegziabher, PhD principal investigator
Central Washington University & Hawassa University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Iodine capsule and Iodized Salt in people with Iodine Deficiency Goiter and Infant Development, run by Oklahoma State University at 1 site in Ethiopia.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 26 Mar 2019. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Ethiopia. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change from baseline breast milk iodine concentration (µg/L) at six months (time frame: First week after delivery and at six months). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03889431, which also lists 20 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 26 Mar 2019.