Tobacco DependenceNCT03905928

Establishing the Effect of Flavor on the Addictive Potential of Electronic Cigarettes

A study testing Nicotine Containing ECIG with tobacco flavor and Nicotine Containing ECIG with Strawberry Vanilla Flavor in people with Tobacco Dependence, run by Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at 1 site in United States.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record

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Trial summary

The current study aims to establish proof-of-concept that neural cue-reactivity can serve as an early, objective marker of electronic cigarette (ECIG) addictive potential. Further, this study will examine the effect of flavor and nicotine concentration on the addictive potential of ECIGs to aid research informing U.S. Read more about this study

Who is it for?: Ages 21 to 60 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for: Tobacco Dependence
What is being tested?: Nicotine Containing ECIG with tobacco flavor and Nicotine Containing ECIG with Strawberry Vanilla Flavor
Could I receive a placebo?: Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
How many people: 19 participants
Where: 1 siteUnited States
Study dates: 4 Nov 2019to 30 Apr 2024
Phase: Interventional
Are there results?: Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

Ages 21 to 60 years
All sexes
Healthy volunteers accepted
Adult

Who may be able to join

Aged 21-60
Smoke filtered cigarettes/machine-rolled cigarettes (≥5 cigarettes per day) or daily e-cigarette use for past year.
No serious quit attempt in prior month. This includes use of any FDA approved smoking cessation medication (varenicline, bupropion [used specifically as a quitting aid], patch, gum, lozenge, inhaler, and nasal spray) in the past 1 month as an indication of treatment seeking.
Willing to supplement cigarette smoking with ECIG use for 4 weeks or replace e-cigarette with study product for 4 weeks
Willing to attend regular visits over a 4-week period (not planning to move, not planning extended vacation, no planned surgeries)
Willing to undergo two fMRI scans

Show all 9Show fewer

Able to read and write in English
Able to understand and consent to study procedures
Access to computer with internet service that allows for use of Zoom

Who cannot join

Impaired smell function as measured via a standardized screening assessment
Unstable or significant medical condition in the past 12 months (recent heart attack or some other heart conditions, stroke, severe angina including high blood pressure)
Severe immune system disorders (uncontrolled Human Immunodeficiency virus infection; unstable multiple sclerosis symptoms), respiratory diseases (exacerbations of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, require oxygen, require oral prednisone), kidney (dialysis) or liver diseases (cirrhosis), or any medical disorder/medication that may affect participant safety or biomarker data
Women who are pregnant (verified by urine pregnancy test at any visit), trying to become pregnant, or nursing
Medical conditions associated with cognitive impairment or neurological dysfunction
Severe claustrophobia

Show all 14Show fewer

Current depressive or anxiety disorder
Uncontrolled mental illness or substance abuse or inpatient treatment for these conditions in the past 6 months
Use of illicit drugs or prescription drugs for non-medical use daily/almost daily or weekly in the past 3 months per National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Quick Screen, not including use of marijuana
Any known risk from exposure to high-field strength magnetic fields (e.g., cardiac pacemakers), any irremovable metallic foreign objects in their body (e.g., braces), or a questionable history of metallic fragments which are likely to create artifact on the MRI scans
Known allergy to propylene glycol or vegetable glycerin
Other member of household currently participating in the study
History of a seizure disorder or had a seizure in the past 12 months
Currently taking medications prescribed to prevent seizures (such as Carbamazepine or Phenobarbital). Using seizure medications for off-label use (indications other than treatment for seizures) will not be included as an exclusion, these will be assessed on a case-by-case basis

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

United States1 site

Penn State Health
Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033

Other trials in United States

About this study

Conditions: Tobacco Dependence
Being tested: Nicotine Containing ECIG with tobacco flavor, Nicotine Containing ECIG with Strawberry Vanilla Flavor, Placebo ECIG with Tobacco Flavor, Placebo ECIG with Strawberry Vanilla Flavor
Keywords: smoking, electronic cigarettes, flavor, cue-reactivity
Medical subject headings: Tobacco Use Disorder, Smoking, Vaping

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

Nicotine Containing ECIG with tobacco flavorOther
Participants will be provided with an EGO style ECIG to be used for 28 days. The EGO style ECIG is a "vape pen-style" device that comprises of a rechargeable battery and a tank containing liquid. Those in this intervention group will receive an ECIG with 18mg/ml nicotine concentration and a tobacco flavor.
Nicotine Containing ECIG with Strawberry Vanilla FlavorOther
Participants will be provided with an EGO style ECIG to be used for 28 days. The EGO style ECIG is a "vape pen-style" device that comprises of a rechargeable battery and a tank containing liquid. Those in this intervention group will receive an ECIG with 18mg/ml nicotine concentration and a strawberry vanilla flavor.
Placebo ECIG with Tobacco FlavorOther
Participants will be provided with an EGO style ECIG to be used for 28 days. The EGO style ECIG is a "vape pen-style" device that comprises of a rechargeable battery and a tank containing liquid. Those in this intervention group will receive an ECIG with 0mg/ml nicotine concentration and a tobacco flavor.
Placebo ECIG with Strawberry Vanilla FlavorOther
Participants will be provided with an EGO style ECIG to be used for 28 days. The EGO style ECIG is a "vape pen-style" device that comprises of a rechargeable battery and a tank containing liquid. Those in this intervention group will receive an ECIG with 0mg/ml nicotine concentration and a strawberry vanilla flavor.

Study groups in NCT03905928
Study group	Role	What they receive
18mg/ml Tobacco Flavor ECIG	Experimental	Participants will be provided with an ECIG containing 18mg/ml nicotine concentration and a tobacco flavor. Receives: Other: Nicotine Containing ECIG with tobacco flavor
0mg/ml Tobacco Flavor ECIG	Placebo comparator	Participants will be provided with an ECIG containing 0mg/ml nicotine concentration and a tobacco flavor. Receives: Other: Placebo ECIG with Tobacco Flavor
18mg/ml Strawberry Vanilla Flavor ECIG	Experimental	Participants will be provided with an ECIG containing 18mg/ml nicotine concentration and a strawberry vanilla flavor. Receives: Other: Nicotine Containing ECIG with Strawberry Vanilla Flavor
0mg/ml Strawberry Vanilla Flavor ECIG	Placebo comparator	Participants will be provided with an ECIG containing 0mg/ml nicotine concentration and a strawberry vanilla flavor. Receives: Other: Placebo ECIG with Strawberry Vanilla Flavor

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

Baseline Neural Flavor Cue-reactivity at Baseline
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be used to measure blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal in response to tobacco vs. strawberry-vanilla ECIG flavors at baseline. The means reported are the average percentage of BOLD signal change between the fMRI task odor conditions (tobacco vs. strawberry) identified using a whole-brain one-sample t-test with FSL software. Positive values indicate stronger BOLD signal during tobacco odor cues and negative values indicate stronger BOLD signal during strawberry odor cues.
Measured: Baseline
Changes in Neural Flavor Cue-reactivity Across Nicotine Groups
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be used to measure changes in blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal for the tobacco>strawberry contrast across 18 mg/ml vs. 0 mg/ml nicotine concentration groups from baseline to 4-weeks post-randomization using a whole-brain repeated measures ANOVA with FSL software. The means reported are the difference (4-week post-intervention - baseline) of the average percentage of BOLD signal change between the fMRI task odor conditions (tobacco vs. strawberry). Positive values indicate increases in tobacco>strawberry BOLD signal and negative values indicate decreases in tobacco> strawberry BOLD signal.
Measured: Baseline to 4-weeks
Changes in Neural Flavor Cue-reactivity Across Flavor Groups
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be used to measure changes in blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal for the tobacco > strawberry contrast across flavor groups (tobacco vs. strawberry) from baseline to 4-weeks post-randomization. The means reported are the difference (4-week post-intervention - baseline) of the average percentage of BOLD signal change between the fMRI task odor condition (tobacco vs. strawberry) identified using a whole-brain repeated measures ANOVA with FSL software. Positive values indicate increases in tobacco>strawberry BOLD signal and negative values indicate decreases in tobacco> strawberry BOLD signal.
Measured: Baseline to 4-weeks

Secondary outcomes (3)

ECIG Dependence
Changes in self-reported ECIG dependence will be measured using the Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index (PSECDI). Total scores on this 10-item measure range from 0 to 20, with higher scores indicating higher levels of e-cigarette dependence. The means reported here are the week 4 - week 2 difference scores of the total dependence score. Positive means indicate increases in e-cigarette dependence, while negative means indicated decreases in e-cigarette dependence.
Measured: 2-weeks post-randomization to 4-weeks post-randomization
ECIG Liking and Satisfaction
Changes in subjective experiences of ECIG use related to liking and satisfaction will be collected via a self-report survey. The survey consists of 21-items (7-reversed scored) with response options on a 7-point likert scale and total scores ranging from 0 to 126. Higher scores indicate more ECIG liking and satisfaction. The means reported here are the difference of the total scores at week 4 - week 2, with positive means indicating increases in e-cigarette liking and negative means indicating decreases in liking. Note that standard deviation cannot be reported for groups with only one participant.
Measured: 2-weeks to 4-weeks
Craving to Smoke/Vape
Changes in self-reported craving to smoke/vape were measured with 3 questions on amount, intensity, and self-control using visual analogue scales ranging from 0 to 10 prior to completing the functional MRI scan. Total scores range from 0 to 30 and higher scores indicate more craving. The means reported here are week 4 post-intervention - baseline difference scores of the total craving score. Positive means indicate increases in craving, while negative means indicate decreases in craving.
Measured: Baseline to 4-weeks post-randomization

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

4 Nov 201930 Apr 2024

First posted8 Apr 2019
Study start4 Nov 2019
Primary completion30 Apr 2024
Study completion30 Apr 2024

Resources

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
Other trials for Tobacco DependenceStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
More trials run by Milton S. Hershey Medical CenterThe sponsor's other registered studies.
What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design

Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase N/A
Primary purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Parallel groups
Masking: Quadruple blind
Who is masked: Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
Enrolment: 19 participants (actual)

IDs, dates and publications

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03905928
Sponsor's protocol ID: 11837
Other IDs: R03DA047582
Status last verified: Jun 2025
First submitted: 4 Apr 2019
Last updated: 22 Jun 2025
Results posted: Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
Data monitoring committee: No
FDA-regulated drug: No
FDA-regulated device: No

Want to know more?

The sponsor has not listed a contact. The official record may have more details.

Talk to your doctor first and take this page with you. Only the study team can confirm whether you can join.

Questions to ask the study team

What is the study trying to find out?
What would I need to do, and how often would I visit?
Could I receive a placebo instead of the treatment?
What are the possible risks and benefits for me?
Will it cost me anything? Are travel or time paid for?
Can I keep seeing my own doctor during the study?
What happens when the study ends?

See locations

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All Tobacco Dependence trials

Study at a glance

From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 22 Jun 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.

Official title: Establishing the Effect of Flavor on the Addictive Potential of Electronic Cigarettes
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03905928
Acronym / sponsor ID: 11837
Conditions: Tobacco Dependence
Keywords: smoking, electronic cigarettes, flavor, cue-reactivity
Study type: Interventional
Recruitment status: Completed
Enrolment: 19 participants (actual)
Lead sponsor: Milton S. Hershey Medical CenterUniversity, hospital or other
Collaborators: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Study start: 4 Nov 2019 (actual)
Primary completion: 30 Apr 2024 (actual)
Study completion: 30 Apr 2024 (actual)
First posted: 8 Apr 2019 (actual)
Results: Posted 22 Jun 2025

Clinical summary

The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.

Study design

Primary purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Parallel groups
Masking: Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
Number of arms: 4

Arm	Type	Receives
18mg/ml Tobacco Flavor ECIG	Experimental	Other: Nicotine Containing ECIG with tobacco flavorParticipants will be provided with an ECIG containing 18mg/ml nicotine concentration and a tobacco flavor.
0mg/ml Tobacco Flavor ECIG	Placebo comparator	Other: Placebo ECIG with Tobacco FlavorParticipants will be provided with an ECIG containing 0mg/ml nicotine concentration and a tobacco flavor.
18mg/ml Strawberry Vanilla Flavor ECIG	Experimental	Other: Nicotine Containing ECIG with Strawberry Vanilla FlavorParticipants will be provided with an ECIG containing 18mg/ml nicotine concentration and a strawberry vanilla flavor.
0mg/ml Strawberry Vanilla Flavor ECIG	Placebo comparator	Other: Placebo ECIG with Strawberry Vanilla FlavorParticipants will be provided with an ECIG containing 0mg/ml nicotine concentration and a strawberry vanilla flavor.

Who may qualify

Ages: 21 to 60 years
Sex: All
Healthy volunteers: Accepted
Age groups: Adult

Key inclusion criteria (9 listed)

Aged 21-60
Smoke filtered cigarettes/machine-rolled cigarettes (≥5 cigarettes per day) or daily e-cigarette use for past year.
No serious quit attempt in prior month. This includes use of any FDA approved smoking cessation medication (varenicline, bupropion [used specifically as a quitting aid], patch, gum, lozenge, inhaler, and nasal spray) in the past 1 month as an indication of treatment seeking.
Willing to supplement cigarette smoking with ECIG use for 4 weeks or replace e-cigarette with study product for 4 weeks
Willing to attend regular visits over a 4-week period (not planning to move, not planning extended vacation, no planned surgeries)

Key exclusion criteria (14 listed)

Impaired smell function as measured via a standardized screening assessment
Unstable or significant medical condition in the past 12 months (recent heart attack or some other heart conditions, stroke, severe angina including high blood pressure)
Severe immune system disorders (uncontrolled Human Immunodeficiency virus infection; unstable multiple sclerosis symptoms), respiratory diseases (exacerbations of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, require oxygen, require oral prednisone), kidney (dialysis) or liver diseases (cirrhosis), or any medical disorder/medication that may affect participant safety or biomarker data
Women who are pregnant (verified by urine pregnancy test at any visit), trying to become pregnant, or nursing
Medical conditions associated with cognitive impairment or neurological dysfunction

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Interventions

Intervention	Type	Arms
Nicotine Containing ECIG with tobacco flavorParticipants will be provided with an EGO style ECIG to be used for 28 days. The EGO style ECIG is a "vape pen-style" device that comprises of a rechargeable battery and a tank containing liquid. Those in this intervention group will receive an ECIG with 18mg/ml nicotine concentration and a tobacco flavor.	Other	18mg/ml Tobacco Flavor ECIG
Nicotine Containing ECIG with Strawberry Vanilla FlavorParticipants will be provided with an EGO style ECIG to be used for 28 days. The EGO style ECIG is a "vape pen-style" device that comprises of a rechargeable battery and a tank containing liquid. Those in this intervention group will receive an ECIG with 18mg/ml nicotine concentration and a strawberry vanilla flavor.	Other	18mg/ml Strawberry Vanilla Flavor ECIG
Placebo ECIG with Tobacco FlavorParticipants will be provided with an EGO style ECIG to be used for 28 days. The EGO style ECIG is a "vape pen-style" device that comprises of a rechargeable battery and a tank containing liquid. Those in this intervention group will receive an ECIG with 0mg/ml nicotine concentration and a tobacco flavor.	Other	0mg/ml Tobacco Flavor ECIG
Placebo ECIG with Strawberry Vanilla FlavorParticipants will be provided with an EGO style ECIG to be used for 28 days. The EGO style ECIG is a "vape pen-style" device that comprises of a rechargeable battery and a tank containing liquid. Those in this intervention group will receive an ECIG with 0mg/ml nicotine concentration and a strawberry vanilla flavor.	Other	0mg/ml Strawberry Vanilla Flavor ECIG

Primary outcome

Baseline Neural Flavor Cue-reactivity at Baseline
Time frame: Baseline
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be used to measure blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal in response to tobacco vs. strawberry-vanilla ECIG flavors at baseline. The means reported are the average percentage of BOLD signal change between the fMRI task odor conditions (tobacco vs. strawberry) identified using a whole-brain one-sample t-test with FSL software. Positive values indicate stronger BOLD signal during tobacco odor cues and negative values indicate stronger BOLD signal during strawberry odor cues.
Changes in Neural Flavor Cue-reactivity Across Nicotine Groups
Time frame: Baseline to 4-weeks
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be used to measure changes in blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal for the tobacco>strawberry contrast across 18 mg/ml vs. 0 mg/ml nicotine concentration groups from baseline to 4-weeks post-randomization using a whole-brain repeated measures ANOVA with FSL software. The means reported are the difference (4-week post-intervention - baseline) of the average percentage of BOLD signal change between the fMRI task odor conditions (tobacco vs. strawberry). Positive values indicate increases in tobacco>strawberry BOLD signal and negative values indicate decreases in tobacco> strawberry BOLD signal.
Changes in Neural Flavor Cue-reactivity Across Flavor Groups
Time frame: Baseline to 4-weeks
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be used to measure changes in blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal for the tobacco > strawberry contrast across flavor groups (tobacco vs. strawberry) from baseline to 4-weeks post-randomization. The means reported are the difference (4-week post-intervention - baseline) of the average percentage of BOLD signal change between the fMRI task odor condition (tobacco vs. strawberry) identified using a whole-brain repeated measures ANOVA with FSL software. Positive values indicate increases in tobacco>strawberry BOLD signal and negative values indicate decreases in tobacco> strawberry BOLD signal.

3 secondary outcomes

ECIG Dependence
Time frame: 2-weeks post-randomization to 4-weeks post-randomization
ECIG Liking and Satisfaction
Time frame: 2-weeks to 4-weeks
Craving to Smoke/Vape
Time frame: Baseline to 4-weeks post-randomization

Results and safety

Results posted to the registry on 22 Jun 2025, as reported by the sponsor. Figures are copied from the record, not re-analysed. Full results on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Participant flow

Group	Started	Completed
18mg/ml Tobacco Flavor ECIG	6	5
0mg/ml Tobacco Flavor ECIG	3	3
18mg/ml Strawberry Vanilla Flavor ECIG	5	3
0mg/ml Strawberry Vanilla Flavor ECIG	5	4

Primary outcome: Baseline Neural Flavor Cue-reactivity at Baseline

Time frame: Baseline. Mean (Standard Deviation). Unit: percentage of BOLD signal change

Measure	Total Baseline Sample n = 19
Right insula	0.08 (0.07)
Left amygdala	0.23 (0.20)
Ventral tegmental area	0.10 (0.07)
Left ventral cerebellum	0.14 (0.12)
Right dorsal cerebellum	0.13 (0.16)
Left dorsal cerebellum	0.09 (0.07)
Medial prefrontal cortex	-0.15 (0.13)
Left medial pre/postcentral gyri	-0.06 (0.05)

Population analysed: For this within-subjects comparison of laboratory task conditions, we included all 19 participants who completed a functional MRI scan at baseline. All assigned groups were combined since group assignment was not a variable of interest for this aim.

Primary outcome: Changes in Neural Flavor Cue-reactivity Across Nicotine Groups

Time frame: Baseline to 4-weeks. Mean (Standard Deviation). Unit: % BOLD signal change difference score

Measure	18 mg/ml Nicotine Concentration E-cigarettes n = 8	0 mg/ml Nicotine Concentration E-cigarettes n = 7
Left insula	0.18 (0.17)	-0.12 (0.15)
Medial prefrontal cortex	0.21 (0.14)	-0.21 (0.29)

Population analysed: This analysis includes 15 participants who completed baseline and post-intervention functional MRI scans. Groups assigned to nicotine vs. no nicotine were compared and flavor sub-groups within the nicotine groups (tobacco vs. strawberry) were combined, since flavor was not a variable of interest for this aim.

Primary outcome: Changes in Neural Flavor Cue-reactivity Across Flavor Groups

Time frame: Baseline to 4-weeks. Mean (Standard Deviation). Unit: % BOLD signal change difference score

Measure	Tobacco Flavor n = 8	Strawberry Flavor n = 7
Right prefrontal cortex	-0.07 (0.03)	0.05 (0.05)
Thalamus and right insula	-0.05 (0.01)	0.06 (0.06)

Population analysed: This analysis includes 15 participants who completed baseline and post-intervention functional MRI scans. Groups assigned to tobacco vs. strawberry were compared and nicotine sub-groups within the flavor groups (nicotine vs. no nicotine) were combined, since nicotine was not a variable of interest for this aim.

3 secondary outcomes are reported in the full results.

Adverse events

Time frame: 4 weeks. Other adverse events reported at 0% frequency or more

Group	Serious adverse events	Other adverse events	Deaths
18mg/ml Tobacco Flavor ECIG	0 of 6 (0%)	0 of 6 (0%)	0 of 6
0mg/ml Tobacco Flavor ECIG	0 of 3 (0%)	0 of 3 (0%)	0 of 3
18mg/ml Strawberry Vanilla Flavor ECIG	0 of 5 (0%)	1 of 5 (20%)	0 of 5
0mg/ml Strawberry Vanilla Flavor ECIG	0 of 5 (0%)	2 of 5 (40%)	0 of 5

Limitations and caveats (from the sponsor): Results of brain activation reported here are average values of the percentage of blood-oxygen level-dependent signal change (tobacco vs. strawberry task odor conditions) extracted after conducting whole-brain, voxel-wise general linear models with FSL software. The sample size was too small to conduct some planned between-group analyses and significance thresholds were increased for some analyses.

Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…

Research links

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 22 Jun 2025.
Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.

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Referral and contact

AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.

The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.

1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 9 inclusion and 14 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 22 Jun 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 22 Jun 2025). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Baseline Neural Flavor Cue-reactivity at Baseline (time frame: Baseline). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03905928.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 22 Jun 2025.