SatietyNCT03956602
Effects of Snack Types on Acute Glucose and Insulin Response
A study testing Pretzels, Brazil nuts and Potato chips in people with Satiety, run by San Diego State University at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of different type of snack consumption on postprandial satiety, glucose, insulin, antioxidant capacity and anxiety in healthy subjects. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 55 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Satiety
- What is being tested?
- Pretzels, Brazil nuts and Potato chips
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 160 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 15 Jan 2018to Dec 2028
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 55 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- 18-55 years old
Who cannot join
- Smoker
- Pregnant woman
- Required dietary supplement use
- Required medication of metabolic disorders
- Allergy to nuts or gluten (wheat)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
United States1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, SDSU
San Diego, California, 92182-7251
Mee Young Hong, 619-594-2392, mhong2@mail.sdsu.edu
About this study
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of different type of snack consumption on postprandial satiety, glucose, insulin, antioxidant capacity and anxiety in healthy subjects.
- Conditions
- Satiety
- Being tested
- Pretzels, Brazil nuts, Potato chips, Mixed nuts, White bread
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
PretzelsOther
To examine postprandial responses of pretzel consumption
Brazil nutsOther
To examine postprandial responses of Brazil nut consumption
Potato chipsOther
To examine postprandial responses of potato chip consumption
Mixed nutsOther
To examine postprandial responses of mixed nut consumption
White breadOther
To examine postprandial responses of white bread consumption
Dried mangoOther
To examine postprandial responses of dried mango consumption
Mango fruitOther
To examine postprandial responses of fresh mango consumption
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Pretzels | Active comparator | Subjects consume pretzels to examine postprandial response Receives: Other: Pretzels |
| Brazil nuts | Experimental | Subjects consume Brazil nuts to examine postprandial response Receives: Other: Brazil nuts |
| Potato chips | Active comparator | Subjects consume potato chips to examine postprandial response Receives: Other: Potato chips |
| Mixed nuts | Experimental | Subjects consume mixed nuts to examine postprandial response Receives: Other: Mixed nuts |
| White bread | Active comparator | Subjects consume white bread to examine postprandial response Receives: Other: White bread |
| Dried mango | Experimental | Subjects consume dried mango to examine postprandial response Receives: Other: Dried mango |
| Mango fruit | Experimental | Subjects consume fresh mango to examine postprandial response Receives: Other: Mango fruit |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change of Satiety
Hunger feeling (appetite) will be examined using visual analog scale (0-10): 0 least and 10 greatest
Measured: 0, 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post snack consumption
Change of glucose level
Blood will be collected by finger pricks and change of glucose level will be examined.
Measured: 0 and 40 minutes post snack consumption
Change of insulin level
Blood will be collected by finger pricks and change of insulin level will be examined
Measured: 0 and 40 minutes post snack consumption
Change of anxiety feeling
Anxiety feeling will examined using STAI (Spielberger Stasumte-Trait Anxiety Inventory) questionnaire (1-4): 1 least and 4 greatest, total summed score will be used.
Measured: 0 and 40 minutes post snack consumption
Change of antioxidant level
Blood will be collected by finger pricks and change of antioxidant level will be examined
Measured: 0 and 40 minutes post snack consumption
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted20 May 2019
- Study start15 Jan 2018
- Primary completionDec 2028 (estimated)
- Study completionDec 2028 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for SatietyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by San Diego State UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 160 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- San Diego State University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03956602
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- HS-2019-0094
- Status last verified
- Jan 2026
- First submitted
- 25 Apr 2019
- Last updated
- 21 Jan 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Stamper C, Safadi S, Gehr A, Asuncion P, Hong MY. Effects of fresh vs dried mango consumption on satiety and postprandial glucose in healthy adults. Metabol Open. 2023 Jul 18;19:100253. doi: 10.1016/j.metop.2023.100253. eCollection 2023 Sep.
PubMed 37520177
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 21 Jan 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Snack Types on Acute Glucose and Insulin Response
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT03956602
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- HS-2019-0094
- Conditions
- Satiety
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 160 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- San Diego State UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 15 Jan 2018 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Dec 2028 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Dec 2028 (estimated)
- First posted
- 20 May 2019 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of different type of snack consumption on postprandial satiety, glucose, insulin, antioxidant capacity and anxiety in healthy subjects.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 7
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Pretzels | Active comparator | Other: PretzelsSubjects consume pretzels to examine postprandial response |
| Brazil nuts | Experimental | Other: Brazil nutsSubjects consume Brazil nuts to examine postprandial response |
| Potato chips | Active comparator | Other: Potato chipsSubjects consume potato chips to examine postprandial response |
| Mixed nuts | Experimental | Other: Mixed nutsSubjects consume mixed nuts to examine postprandial response |
| White bread | Active comparator | Other: White breadSubjects consume white bread to examine postprandial response |
| Dried mango | Experimental | Other: Dried mangoSubjects consume dried mango to examine postprandial response |
| Mango fruit | Experimental | Other: Mango fruitSubjects consume fresh mango to examine postprandial response |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 55 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- 18-55 years old
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Smoker
- Pregnant woman
- Required dietary supplement use
- Required medication of metabolic disorders
- Allergy to nuts or gluten (wheat)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| PretzelsTo examine postprandial responses of pretzel consumption | Other | Pretzels |
| Brazil nutsTo examine postprandial responses of Brazil nut consumption | Other | Brazil nuts |
| Potato chipsTo examine postprandial responses of potato chip consumption | Other | Potato chips |
| Mixed nutsTo examine postprandial responses of mixed nut consumption | Other | Mixed nuts |
| White breadTo examine postprandial responses of white bread consumption | Other | White bread |
| Dried mangoTo examine postprandial responses of dried mango consumption | Other | Dried mango |
| Mango fruitTo examine postprandial responses of fresh mango consumption | Other | Mango fruit |
Primary outcome
Change of Satiety
Time frame: 0, 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post snack consumption
Hunger feeling (appetite) will be examined using visual analog scale (0-10): 0 least and 10 greatest
Change of glucose level
Time frame: 0 and 40 minutes post snack consumption
Blood will be collected by finger pricks and change of glucose level will be examined.
Change of insulin level
Time frame: 0 and 40 minutes post snack consumption
Blood will be collected by finger pricks and change of insulin level will be examined
Change of anxiety feeling
Time frame: 0 and 40 minutes post snack consumption
Anxiety feeling will examined using STAI (Spielberger Stasumte-Trait Anxiety Inventory) questionnaire (1-4): 1 least and 4 greatest, total summed score will be used.
Change of antioxidant level
Time frame: 0 and 40 minutes post snack consumption
Blood will be collected by finger pricks and change of antioxidant level will be examined
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 21 Jan 2026.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 37520177Stamper C, Safadi S, Gehr A, Asuncion P, Hong MY. Effects of fresh vs dried mango consumption on satiety and postprandial glucose in healthy adults. Metabol Open. 2023 Jul 18;19:100253. doi: 10.1016/j.metop.2023.100253. eCollection 2023 Sep.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Related trials for Satiety
Active, not recruiting
Postprandial Glycemic and GLP-1 Responses to Modified Full-sugar Drinks
Postprandial Glucose, GLP-1 Concentration
Not yet recruiting
Long-term Effects of Avocado Consumption on Health in Pre-diabetic Individuals
Prediabetes, Brain Insulin Sensitivity
Recruiting
Effect of Probiotics on Appetite Regulation in Adults With Overweight/Obesity
Healthy, Overweight (BMI > 25)
Recruiting
Long-Term Effects of Walnut Consumption on Brain Function
Healthy, Brain Insulin Sensitivity
Recruiting
Sustainable and Inclusive Use of Alternative Proteins in Mediterranean Supply Chains (CIPROMED)
Food Preferences, Satiety and Food Intake
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Pretzels, Brazil nuts and Potato chips in people with Satiety, run by San Diego State University at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 21 Jan 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Mee Young Hong (6195942392, mhong2@sdsu.edu), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change of Satiety (time frame: 0, 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post snack consumption). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03956602, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 21 Jan 2026; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 7 Nov 2026.