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DiabetesCIAONCT03971955

CharacterIzation of Adult Onset Autoimmune Diabetes

An observational study of Diabetes, run by AdventHealth Translational Research Institute at 1 site in United States.

Active, not recruiting

Under way, not looking for participants. Everyone needed has enrolled. The study is still running.

Official record
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Trial summary

The purpose of the study is to identify new biomarkers of Adult Onset Autoimmune Diabetes (AOnAD). Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 18 to 75 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for
Diabetes
What is being tested?
Mixed Meal Test, Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) and Adipose Tissue Biopsy
Type of treatment
Surgery or procedure
How many people
25 participants
Where
1 siteUnited States
Study dates
8 Jul 2019to Dec 2026
Phase
Observational
Are there results?
Not yet: the study is under way

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 18 to 75 years
  • All sexes
  • Healthy volunteers accepted
  • Adult, Older adult

Study population: This is an observational cross-sectional pilot study that will compare 4 groups of 10 participants each (5±1 of each gender per group) affected by AOnAD, T2D, T1D and Healthy Normal Volunteers (HNV). They will be characterized clinically and biochemically.

Who may be able to join

  • Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
  • age 18-35 years
  • age at diagnosis 13 to 30 years
  • Body Mass Index (BMI) 25 to 35 kg/m2 with a stable body weight (±3 kg in the past 6 months)
  • diagnosis of T1D according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria continuously requiring insulin for survival (if in doubt, diagnosis can be confirmed by positivity of 2 or more IAAb* at time of diagnosis, at any time or at time of recruitment)
  • diabetes diagnosis performed within the previous 5 years,
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  • requiring insulin continuously since diagnosis to prevent ketosis
  • Fasting C-peptide levels < 0.3 nmol/l
  • Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)
  • age 40-75 years
  • age at diagnosis 40 to 70 years
  • BMI 25 to 35 kg/m2 with a stable body weight (±3 kg in the past 6 months)
  • diagnosis of diabetes according to ADA criteria
  • Diabetes diagnosis performed within the previous 5 years
  • Not requiring insulin
  • Fasting C-peptide levels > 0.3 nmol/l
  • Adult Onset Autoimmune Diabetes/Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (AOnAD/LADA)
  • age 40-75 years
  • age at diagnosis 40 to 70 years
  • BMI 25 to 35 kg/m2 with a stable body weight (±3 kg in the past 6 months)
  • diagnosis of diabetes according to ADA criteria
  • fasting C-peptide > 0.3 nmol/l
  • positive for at least one islet autoantibody (IAAb* - at time of diagnosis, at any time or at time of recruitment)
  • not requiring insulin or, if on insulin, treatment started at least 6 months after diagnosis
  • Healthy Normal Volunteers (HNV)
  • age 40-75 years
  • BMI 25 to 35 kg/m2 with a stable body weight (±3 kg in the past 6 months)
  • No personal history of diabetes according to ADA criteria
  • No history of diabetes in first degree relatives (FDRs)
  • Fasting C-peptide levels > 0.3 nmol/l
  • IAAbs are Insulin AutoAntibodies (IAA), Thyrosine phosphatase IA-2 Antibodies (IA-2 Ab), Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibodies (GAD Ab), Zinc Transporter 8 Antibodies (ZnT8 Ab), Islet Cell Antibodies (ICA).

Who cannot join

  • For T2D participants: treatment with insulin or with thiazolidinediones (TZDs).
  • For T1D and AOnAD/LADA participants: treatment with TZDs.
  • Presence of unstable cardiovascular disease (unstable angina, myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization within 6 months, clinically significant abnormalities on EKG, presence of cardiac pacemaker, implanted cardiac defibrillator)
  • Evidence of acute or chronic liver disease even if asymptomatic (AST or ALT >2.5 times the upper limit of normal)
  • Kidney disease (creatinine >1.6 mg/dl or estimated GFR<60 ml/min)
  • Triglycerides >500 mg/dl, LDL >200 mg/dl
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  • Uncontrolled hypertension (Blood Pressure BP>160 mmHg systolic or >100 mmHg diastolic)
  • Recent important weight loss (>3 kg in 3 months)
  • History of drug or alcohol abuse (> 3 drinks per day) within the last 5 years.
  • History of cancer within the last 5 years (skin cancers, with the exception of melanoma, may be acceptable).
  • History of organ transplant.
  • History of bariatric surgery
  • Bleeding or coagulation disorders requiring chronic use of blood thinners.
  • Current treatment with blood thinners or antiplatelet medications that cannot be safely stopped for study procedures
  • History of chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery
  • Acute or chronic infections
  • History of HIV, active Hepatitis B or C, or Tuberculosis.
  • Anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dl in men, <11 g/dl in women) or other chronic hematology disorders.
  • Use of any medications known to influence glucose, fat and/or energy metabolism within the last 3 months (e.g., growth hormone therapy, glucocorticoids [steroids], etc.) other than the treatment for diabetes
  • Thyroid dysfunction. Participants with a Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH > 10 µ IU or less than 0.4 µ IU are excluded. Participants on thyroid replacement medication or on antithyroid drugs may be enrolled providing they have been on a stable dose of medication for at least 6 weeks prior to screening and their TSH is within the range specified above.
  • Severe asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Initiation or change in hormone replacement therapy within the past 3 months (including, but not limited to birth control or estrogen replacement therapy)
  • Cushing's disease or syndrome
  • Drugs that affect immune, weight or metabolic function, including but not limited to: oral corticosteroids, oral or injectable anti-obesity medications. Drugs for dyslipidemia (statins, ezetimibe, etc.) and a daily full strength or baby aspirin for atherosclerosis prevention will be allowed, provided patients have been on stable doses for at least 6 weeks prior to screening and that aspirin could be safely temporarily stopped for the study
  • Weight >450 lbs. (This is Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) table weight limit)
  • Gastrointestinal disorders associated with malabsorption.
  • Pregnant or nursing females or females less than 6 months postpartum from the scheduled date of collection.
  • Had major surgery within 4 weeks prior to the pre-trial (screening) visit
  • Participation in studies involving investigational drug(s) within 30 days prior to Screening Visit 1
  • Blood donation (excluding plasma donations) of approximately 1 pint (500 mL) or more within 56 days prior to Screening Visit
  • Allergies to milk derived or soy derived products, lactose intolerance (due to the composition of the standard liquid meal that will be used for the test)
  • Allergies and reactions to lidocaine.
  • History of eating disorders
  • Psychiatric disease prohibiting adherence to study protocol
  • Unable to provide a reliable informed consent
  • Presence of any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator and clinical team, compromises participant safety or data integrity or the participant's ability to complete study visits

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

United States1 site
  • Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes

    Orlando, Florida, 32804

Other trials in United States

About this study

The purpose of the study is to identify new biomarkers of Adult Onset Autoimmune Diabetes (AOnAD).

Conditions
Diabetes
Being tested
Mixed Meal Test, Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), Adipose Tissue Biopsy
Medical subject headings
Diabetes Mellitus

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • Mixed Meal TestOther

    a standard liquid mixed meal will be administered to the participant. The test meal with 1 kcal/ml and with the following caloric distribution Protein: 25%, Carbohydrate: 53%, Fat: 22% is given at a dose of 6 mL per kilogram body weight. Maximum dose is 360 mL and it will be ingested over 5 minutes. Blood samples will be taken 10 min prior to ingestion (t=-10), at baseline (t = 0), and at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes.

  • Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)Other

    DEXA Scans will be performed to obtain body composition measures (body fat and estimated muscle mass) using a General Electric (GE) Lunar iDXA whole-body scanner.

  • Adipose Tissue BiopsyProcedure or surgery

    The abdominal skin 6-10 cm lateral to the umbilicus will be cleansed with chlorhexidine. A sterile drape is placed, and the skin and adipose tissue will be anesthetized using Lidocaine. A 3-4 mm Mercedes Liposuction cannula will be inserted for aspiration of up to 2g of adipose tissue.

Study groups in NCT03971955
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
Adult Onset Autoimmune Diabetes/Latent Autoimmune DiabetesNot described
Receives: Other: Mixed Meal Test; Other: Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA); Procedure: Adipose Tissue Biopsy
Type 2 DiabetesNot described
Receives: Other: Mixed Meal Test; Other: Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA); Procedure: Adipose Tissue Biopsy
Type 1 DiabetesNot described
Receives: Other: Mixed Meal Test; Other: Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA); Procedure: Adipose Tissue Biopsy
Healthy Normal Volunteers (HNV)Not described
Receives: Other: Mixed Meal Test; Other: Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA); Procedure: Adipose Tissue Biopsy

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Blood collection

    A change in the levels of specific microRNAs (miRNA) isolated from circulating exosomes.

    Measured: Screening Visit and Day 1

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted3 Jun 2019
  2. Study start8 Jul 2019
  3. Primary completion12 Nov 2021
  4. Study completionDec 2026 (estimated)

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Observational
Observational model
Other
Time perspective
Cross-sectional
Enrolment
25 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT03971955
Sponsor's protocol ID
1437923
Acronym
CIAO
Status last verified
Mar 2026
First submitted
30 May 2019
Last updated
30 Mar 2026
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
No

Publications

  • American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jan;42(Suppl 1):S13-S28. doi: 10.2337/dc19-S002.

    PubMed 30559228
  • Rogers MAM, Kim C, Banerjee T, Lee JM. Fluctuations in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in the United States from 2001 to 2015: a longitudinal study. BMC Med. 2017 Nov 8;15(1):199. doi: 10.1186/s12916-017-0958-6.

    PubMed 29115947
  • Thomas NJ, Jones SE, Weedon MN, Shields BM, Oram RA, Hattersley AT. Frequency and phenotype of type 1 diabetes in the first six decades of life: a cross-sectional, genetically stratified survival analysis from UK Biobank. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Feb;6(2):122-129. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30362-5. Epub 2017 Nov 30.

    PubMed 29199115
  • Thunander M, Petersson C, Jonzon K, Fornander J, Ossiansson B, Torn C, Edvardsson S, Landin-Olsson M. Incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults and children in Kronoberg, Sweden. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008 Nov;82(2):247-55. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.07.022. Epub 2008 Sep 18.

    PubMed 18804305
  • Thomas NJ, Lynam AL, Hill AV, Weedon MN, Shields BM, Oram RA, McDonald TJ, Hattersley AT, Jones AG. Type 1 diabetes defined by severe insulin deficiency occurs after 30 years of age and is commonly treated as type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2019 Jul;62(7):1167-1172. doi: 10.1007/s00125-019-4863-8. Epub 2019 Apr 10.

    PubMed 30969375
  • Turner R, Stratton I, Horton V, Manley S, Zimmet P, Mackay IR, Shattock M, Bottazzo GF, Holman R. UKPDS 25: autoantibodies to islet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxylase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Lancet. 1997 Nov 1;350(9087):1288-93. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)03062-6.

    PubMed 9357409
  • Barinas-Mitchell E, Kuller LH, Pietropaolo S, Zhang YJ, Henderson T, Pietropaolo M. The prevalence of the 65-kilodalton isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies by glucose tolerance status in elderly patients from the cardiovascular health study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Aug;91(8):2871-7. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-2667. Epub 2006 May 23.

    PubMed 16720660
  • Insel RA, Dunne JL, Atkinson MA, Chiang JL, Dabelea D, Gottlieb PA, Greenbaum CJ, Herold KC, Krischer JP, Lernmark A, Ratner RE, Rewers MJ, Schatz DA, Skyler JS, Sosenko JM, Ziegler AG. Staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes: a scientific statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2015 Oct;38(10):1964-74. doi: 10.2337/dc15-1419.

    PubMed 26404926
  • Acevedo-Calado M, James EA, Morran MP, Pietropaolo SL, Ouyang Q, Arribas-Layton D, Songini M, Liguori M, Casu A, Auchus RJ, Huang S, Yu L, Michels A, Gianani R, Pietropaolo M. Identification of Unique Antigenic Determinants in the Amino Terminus of IA-2 (ICA512) in Childhood and Adult Autoimmune Diabetes: New Biomarker Development. Diabetes Care. 2017 Apr;40(4):561-568. doi: 10.2337/dc16-1527. Epub 2017 Feb 7.

    PubMed 28174261
  • Achenbach P, Hawa MI, Krause S, Lampasona V, Jerram ST, Williams AJK, Bonifacio E, Ziegler AG, Leslie RD; Action LADA consortium. Autoantibodies to N-terminally truncated GAD improve clinical phenotyping of individuals with adult-onset diabetes: Action LADA 12. Diabetologia. 2018 Jul;61(7):1644-1649. doi: 10.1007/s00125-018-4605-3. Epub 2018 Apr 4.

    PubMed 29619531
  • Brooks-Worrell BM, Boyko EJ, Palmer JP. Impact of islet autoimmunity on the progressive beta-cell functional decline in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014 Dec;37(12):3286-93. doi: 10.2337/dc14-0961. Epub 2014 Sep 19.

    PubMed 25239783
  • Buzzetti R, Zampetti S, Maddaloni E. Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes: current knowledge and implications for management. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017 Nov;13(11):674-686. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.99. Epub 2017 Sep 8.

    PubMed 28885622
  • Hawa MI, Kolb H, Schloot N, Beyan H, Paschou SA, Buzzetti R, Mauricio D, De Leiva A, Yderstraede K, Beck-Neilsen H, Tuomilehto J, Sarti C, Thivolet C, Hadden D, Hunter S, Schernthaner G, Scherbaum WA, Williams R, Brophy S, Pozzilli P, Leslie RD; Action LADA consortium. Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes in Europe is prevalent with a broad clinical phenotype: Action LADA 7. Diabetes Care. 2013 Apr;36(4):908-13. doi: 10.2337/dc12-0931. Epub 2012 Dec 17.

    PubMed 23248199
  • Mishra R, Hodge KM, Cousminer DL, Leslie RD, Grant SFA. A Global Perspective of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Sep;29(9):638-650. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.07.001. Epub 2018 Jul 23.

    PubMed 30041834
  • Valadi H, Ekstrom K, Bossios A, Sjostrand M, Lee JJ, Lotvall JO. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2007 Jun;9(6):654-9. doi: 10.1038/ncb1596. Epub 2007 May 7.

    PubMed 17486113

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

An observational study of Diabetes, run by AdventHealth Translational Research Institute at 1 site in United States.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 31 inclusion and 36 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 30 Mar 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Blood collection (time frame: Screening Visit and Day 1). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT03971955, which also lists 15 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 30 Mar 2026.

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