Cardiovascular DiseasesPhase 2NCT04022161
Effects of Prolonged Delivery of Nitric Oxide Gas on Plasma Reduction-Oxidation Reactions in Cardiac Surgical Patients
A Phase 2 study testing Nitrogen Gas for Inhalation, Blood withdrawal and Nitric Oxide in people with Cardiovascular Diseases and Oxidative Stress, run by Massachusetts General Hospital at 2 sites in 2 countries.
Trial summary
This study is an ancillary (add-on) study to the clinical trial entitled "Effect of Nitric Oxide in Cardiac Surgery Patients With Endothelial Dysfunction", which has Clinical Trials.gov identifier NCT02836899. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Oxidative Stress, Endothelial Dysfunction
- What is being tested?
- Nitrogen Gas for Inhalation, Blood withdrawal and Nitric Oxide
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 0 participants
- Where
- 2 sitesin 2 countries
- Study dates
- 25 Jul 2019to 24 Nov 2025
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Eligible and randomized in the trial NCT02836899
- Provide written informed consent
- Age ≥ 18 years of age
- Elective cardiac or aortic surgery with CPB >90 minutes
- Clinical evidence of endothelial dysfunction assessed by a specifically designed questionnaire
Who cannot join
- Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate less than 30 ml/min/1.73 m2
- Emergent cardiac surgery
- Life expectancy < 1 year at the time of enrollment
- Hemodynamic instability as defined by a systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg.
- Mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥ 40 mm Hg and PVR > 4 Wood Units.
- Left ventricular ejection fraction < 30% by echocardiography obtained within three months of enrollment
Show all 10Show fewer
- Administration of one or more Packed Red Blood Cell (PRBC) transfusions in the week prior to enrollment
- X-ray contrast infusion less than 48 hours before surgery
- Evidence of hemolysis from any other origin:
- Intravascular: i. Intrinsic RBC defects leading to hemolytic anemia (eg, enzyme deficiencies, hemoglobinopathies, membrane defects) ii. Extrinsic: liver disease, hypersplenism, infections (eg, bartonella, babesia, malaria), treatment with oxidizing exogenous agents (eg, dapsone, nitrites, aniline dyes), exposure to other hemolytic agents (eg, lead, snake and spider bites), lymphocyte leukemia, autoimmune hemolytic disorders b. Extravascular: Infection (eg, clostridial sepsis, severe malaria), paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, cold agglutinin disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, iv infusion of Rho(D) immune globulin, iv infusion of hypotonic solutions
Trial locations and contacts
2 sites in 2 countries.
2 sites in 2 countries
United States1 site
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
United Kingdom1 site
MP 825 Southampton General Hospita
Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 6YD
About this study
This study is an ancillary (add-on) study to the clinical trial entitled "Effect of Nitric Oxide in Cardiac Surgery Patients With Endothelial Dysfunction", which has Clinical Trials.gov identifier NCT02836899. NCT02836899 trial randomizes cardiac surgical patients to receive either Nitric Oxide (NO) or a placebo during and after cardiac surgery.
This ancillary study aims to assess the effects of Nitric Oxide on plasma reduction-oxidation reactions of patients undergoing cardiac surgery requiring prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass.
Read the detailed description
The endothelial dysfunction is a pathologic process characterized by impaired endothelial nitric oxide (NO) signaling and metabolism leading to decreased vascular response to vasodilation. Cardiac surgical patients affected by multiple cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia) commonly present with endothelial dysfunction due to a chronic unbalance of the redox state caused by an increased oxidative stress. Moreover, the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, the hemolysis, the ischemia and the inflammation associated with the surgery magnifies the oxidative stress, which has been shown to contribute to post-operative complications. In order to decrease oxidative stress, several antioxidant drugs and vitamins have been trialed with marginal health benefits.
Recently, different research groups reported that NO delivered during cardiac surgery improved outcomes both in children and adults. Nitric oxide decreased the incidence and the severity of postoperative acute kidney injury, the extension of infarction size, the duration of mechanical ventilation, the length of stay and the use of rescue therapies as postoperative venous-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation.
The exogenous administration of NO has been shown to prevent the scavenging of endogenous NO by inactivating the highly oxidative-reactive ferrous plasma oxy-hemoglobin to ferric met-hemoglobin. Our group is conducting a randomized controlled trial at Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, USA) in patients with signs and symptoms of endothelial dysfunction, undergoing cardiac surgery requiring prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass and randomized to receive NO or placebo. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of NO admistration on plasmatic redox equilibrium have still to be determined. The aim of this ancillary study is (I) to determine the changes of redox state in the plasma of surgical patients receiving either 80 ppm of NO (study group) or Nitrogen (placebo group). (II) To evaluate whether the degree of change in redox state is associated to postoperative complication.
- Being tested
- Nitrogen Gas for Inhalation, Blood withdrawal, Nitric Oxide
- Keywords
- Cardiac surgery, Nitric oxide, Oxidative Stress, Redox Thiols couples, Lipids peroxidation, Protein Oxidation
- Medical subject headings
- Cardiovascular Diseases
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Nitrogen Gas for InhalationDrug
Also called N2
See arm description
Blood withdrawalOther
Blood samples will be collected over four time-points: (I) baseline (before surgery) (II) end of the surgery, (III) end of 24 hours of gas delivery and (IV) 24 hours from the gas suspension.
Nitric OxideDrug
Also called iNO
See arm description
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen | Placebo comparator | Inhaled nitrogen will be administered via the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machine and after CPB via the inspiratory limb of the anesthetic or ventilator circuit, and thereafter via the mechanical ventilator in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Test gas administration will commence at the onset of CPB and last for 24 hours. Receives: Drug: Nitrogen Gas for Inhalation; Other: Blood withdrawal |
| Nitric Oxide | Experimental | Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) will be administered via the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machine and after CPB via the inspiratory limb of the anesthetic or ventilator circuit, and thereafter via the mechanical ventilator in the ICU. Test gas administration will commence at the onset of CPB and last for 24 hours. At the end of 24 hours, inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) will be weaned and discontinued. Receives: Other: Blood withdrawal; Drug: Nitric Oxide |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Changes in the concentration of glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and the cysteine/ cysteine disulfide (Cys/CysSS) couples in the plasma after cardiac surgery.
The investigators will measure the changes in plasma concentration of GSH, GSSG, Cys, CysSS, of subjects undergoing cardiac surgery with prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass, using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography in combination with electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The concentration will be expressed in microMoles.
Measured: Plasma will be sampled before the cardiac surgery and during the first 48 hours from surgery
Changes in the electrical potential of glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and the cysteine/ cysteine disulfide (Cys/CysSS) couples in the plasma after cardiac surgery.
The investigators will compare the changes of plasma redox state from baseline of patients receiving either 80 ppm of nitric oxide (study group) or nitrogen (placebo group), during cardiac surgery. The redox state will be assessed by measuring the electrical potential of GSH/GSSG and the Cys/CysSS couples in the plasma, using Nerst's equation. The electrical potential will be express in milliVolt.
Measured: Plasma will be sampled before the cardiac surgery and during the first 48 hours from surgery
Secondary outcomes (1)
Changes of concentration in plasma and red blood cells of nitric oxide metabolites after cardiac surgery.
The investigators will describe the trends in plasma and red blood cells of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites after the surgery. Nitric oxide (NO) metabolites concentrations will be measured using chemiluminescence. The concentrations will be expressed in microMoles.
Measured: Plasma will be sampled before the cardiac surgery and after the first 48 hours from surgery
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted16 Jul 2019
- Study start25 Jul 2019
- Primary completion24 Nov 2025
- Study completion24 Nov 2025
Why it stopped: Lack of funding
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (2)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Cardiovascular DiseasesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Massachusetts General HospitalThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 0 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Zadek, Francesco, M.D., Massachusetts General Hospital, Spina, Stefano, M.D., Massachusetts General Hospital, Marrazzo, Francesco, M.D., Massachusetts General Hospital, University of Southampton
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Lorenzo Berra, MD, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Investigators
- Lorenzo Berra, MD, Principal investigator, Massachusett General Hospital
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04022161
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- RedOx-NO
- Status last verified
- Nov 2025
- First submitted
- 10 Jul 2019
- Last updated
- 2 Dec 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Marrazzo F, Spina S, Zadek F, Lama T, Xu C, Larson G, Rezoagli E, Malhotra R, Zheng H, Bittner EA, Shelton K, Melnitchouk S, Roy N, Sundt TM, Riley WD, Williams P, Fisher D, Kacmarek RM, Thompson TB, Bonventre J, Zapol W, Ichinose F, Berra L. Protocol of a randomised controlled trial in cardiac surgical patients with endothelial dysfunction aimed to prevent postoperative acute kidney injury by administering nitric oxide gas. BMJ Open. 2019 Jul 4;9(7):e026848. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026848.
PubMed 31278097Sutton TR, Minnion M, Barbarino F, Koster G, Fernandez BO, Cumpstey AF, Wischmann P, Madhani M, Frenneaux MP, Postle AD, Cortese-Krott MM, Feelisch M. A robust and versatile mass spectrometry platform for comprehensive assessment of the thiol redox metabolome. Redox Biol. 2018 Jun;16:359-380. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.02.012. Epub 2018 Feb 19.
PubMed 29627744
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 2 Dec 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Prolonged Delivery of Nitric Oxide Gas on Plasma Reduction-Oxidation Reactions in Cardiac Surgical Patients
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04022161
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- RedOx-NO
- Keywords
- Cardiac surgery, Nitric oxide, Oxidative Stress, Redox Thiols couples, Lipids peroxidation, Protein Oxidation
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- WithdrawnReason stopped: Lack of funding
- Enrolment
- 0 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Massachusetts General HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Zadek, Francesco, M.D., Massachusetts General Hospital, Spina, Stefano, M.D., Massachusetts General Hospital, Marrazzo, Francesco, M.D., Massachusetts General Hospital, University of Southampton
- Study start
- 25 Jul 2019 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 24 Nov 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 24 Nov 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 16 Jul 2019 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study is an ancillary (add-on) study to the clinical trial entitled "Effect of Nitric Oxide in Cardiac Surgery Patients With Endothelial Dysfunction", which has Clinical Trials.gov identifier NCT02836899. NCT02836899 trial randomizes cardiac surgical patients to receive either Nitric Oxide (NO) or a placebo during and after cardiac surgery.
This ancillary study aims to assess the effects of Nitric Oxide on plasma reduction-oxidation reactions of patients undergoing cardiac surgery requiring prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass.
Detailed description
The endothelial dysfunction is a pathologic process characterized by impaired endothelial nitric oxide (NO) signaling and metabolism leading to decreased vascular response to vasodilation. Cardiac surgical patients affected by multiple cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia) commonly present with endothelial dysfunction due to a chronic unbalance of the redox state caused by an increased oxidative stress. Moreover, the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, the hemolysis, the ischemia and the inflammation associated with the surgery magnifies the oxidative stress, which has been shown to contribute to post-operative complications. In order to decrease oxidative stress, several antioxidant drugs and vitamins have been trialed with marginal health benefits.
Recently, different research groups reported that NO delivered during cardiac surgery improved outcomes both in children and adults. Nitric oxide decreased the incidence and the severity of postoperative acute kidney injury, the extension of infarction size, the duration of mechanical ventilation, the length of stay and the use of rescue therapies as postoperative venous-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation.
The exogenous administration of NO has been shown to prevent the scavenging of endogenous NO by inactivating the highly oxidative-reactive ferrous plasma oxy-hemoglobin to ferric met-hemoglobin. Our group is conducting a randomized controlled trial at Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, USA) in patients with signs and symptoms of endothelial dysfunction, undergoing cardiac surgery requiring prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass and randomized to receive NO or placebo. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of NO admistration on plasmatic redox equilibrium have still to be determined. The aim of this ancillary study is (I) to determine the changes of redox state in the plasma of surgical patients receiving either 80 ppm of NO (study group) or Nitrogen (placebo group). (II) To evaluate whether the degree of change in redox state is associated to postoperative complication.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen | Placebo comparator | Drug: Nitrogen Gas for Inhalation, Other: Blood withdrawalInhaled nitrogen will be administered via the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machine and after CPB via the inspiratory limb of the anesthetic or ventilator circuit, and thereafter via the mechanical ventilator in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Test gas administration will commence at the onset of CPB and last for 24 hours. |
| Nitric Oxide | Experimental | Other: Blood withdrawal, Drug: Nitric OxideInhaled nitric oxide (iNO) will be administered via the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machine and after CPB via the inspiratory limb of the anesthetic or ventilator circuit, and thereafter via the mechanical ventilator in the ICU. Test gas administration will commence at the onset of CPB and last for 24 hours. At the end of 24 hours, inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) will be weaned and discontinued. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Eligible and randomized in the trial NCT02836899
- Provide written informed consent
- Age ≥ 18 years of age
- Elective cardiac or aortic surgery with CPB >90 minutes
- Clinical evidence of endothelial dysfunction assessed by a specifically designed questionnaire
Key exclusion criteria (10 listed)
- Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate less than 30 ml/min/1.73 m2
- Emergent cardiac surgery
- Life expectancy < 1 year at the time of enrollment
- Hemodynamic instability as defined by a systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg.
- Mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥ 40 mm Hg and PVR > 4 Wood Units.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen Gas for InhalationAlso: N2See arm description | Drug | Nitrogen |
| Blood withdrawalBlood samples will be collected over four time-points: (I) baseline (before surgery) (II) end of the surgery, (III) end of 24 hours of gas delivery and (IV) 24 hours from the gas suspension. | Other | Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen |
| Nitric OxideAlso: iNOSee arm description | Drug | Nitric Oxide |
Primary outcome
Changes in the concentration of glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and the cysteine/ cysteine disulfide (Cys/CysSS) couples in the plasma after cardiac surgery.
Time frame: Plasma will be sampled before the cardiac surgery and during the first 48 hours from surgery
The investigators will measure the changes in plasma concentration of GSH, GSSG, Cys, CysSS, of subjects undergoing cardiac surgery with prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass, using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography in combination with electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The concentration will be expressed in microMoles.
Changes in the electrical potential of glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and the cysteine/ cysteine disulfide (Cys/CysSS) couples in the plasma after cardiac surgery.
Time frame: Plasma will be sampled before the cardiac surgery and during the first 48 hours from surgery
The investigators will compare the changes of plasma redox state from baseline of patients receiving either 80 ppm of nitric oxide (study group) or nitrogen (placebo group), during cardiac surgery. The redox state will be assessed by measuring the electrical potential of GSH/GSSG and the Cys/CysSS couples in the plasma, using Nerst's equation. The electrical potential will be express in milliVolt.
1 secondary outcome
Changes of concentration in plasma and red blood cells of nitric oxide metabolites after cardiac surgery.
Time frame: Plasma will be sampled before the cardiac surgery and after the first 48 hours from surgery
Results and safety
The study was withdrawn before enrolling participants, so there are no results.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 2 Dec 2025.
- Background: PubMed 31278097Marrazzo F, Spina S, Zadek F, Lama T, Xu C, Larson G, Rezoagli E, Malhotra R, Zheng H, Bittner EA, Shelton K, Melnitchouk S, Roy N, Sundt TM, Riley WD, Williams P, Fisher D, Kacmarek RM, Thompson TB, Bonventre J, Zapol W, Ichinose F, Berra L. Protocol of a randomised controlled trial in cardiac surgical patients with endothelial dysfunction aimed to prevent postoperative acute kidney injury by administering nitric oxide gas. BMJ Open. 2019 Jul 4;9(7):e026848. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026848.
- Background: PubMed 29627744Sutton TR, Minnion M, Barbarino F, Koster G, Fernandez BO, Cumpstey AF, Wischmann P, Madhani M, Frenneaux MP, Postle AD, Cortese-Krott MM, Feelisch M. A robust and versatile mass spectrometry platform for comprehensive assessment of the thiol redox metabolome. Redox Biol. 2018 Jun;16:359-380. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.02.012. Epub 2018 Feb 19.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Lorenzo Berra, MD principal investigator
Massachusett General Hospital
2 sites in 2 countries: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 2 study testing Nitrogen Gas for Inhalation, Blood withdrawal and Nitric Oxide in people with Cardiovascular Diseases and Oxidative Stress, run by Massachusetts General Hospital at 2 sites in 2 countries.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: withdrawn, as of the sponsor's last update on 2 Dec 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 2 sites in United States, United Kingdom. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
The study was withdrawn before enrolling participants, so there are no results.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Changes in the concentration of glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and the cysteine/ cysteine disulfide (Cys/CysSS) couples in the plasma after cardiac surgery. (time frame: Plasma will be sampled before the cardiac surgery and during the first 48 hours from surgery). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04022161, which also lists 2 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 2 Dec 2025; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 8 Nov 2026.