Physical Activity With Tailored E-health Support for Individuals With Intellectual Disability

The International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form, adapted to measure PA using proxy respondents (IPAQ-SF) will be used. The IPAQ-SF is a 7-item questionnaire that assesses PA the last seven days at four intensity levels: 1) vigorous-intensity activity such as aerobics, 2) moderate-intensity activity such as leisure cycling, 3) walking, and 4) sitting.

The blood pressure will be measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mmHg) using Welsh-Allyn device. Both systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure will be measured.

Waist circumference will be measured in cm. Measurements will be done 1 cm above the navel.

Height will be measured with a stadiometer (Seca) in meters, with the participant wearing no shoes. Weight measured with an analog, floor scale (Seca) in kilograms, with participants wearing no shoes or outdoors jacket/gears. For participants in wheelchair or with difficulty standing on a small plate a wheelchair weight (Seca) will be used. Weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m^2.

The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) will used to assess physical functioning. The SPPB is a screening test designed to assess physical performance and predict disability in older population. The SPPB is mainly a measure of lower-extremity function and consists of three subtests; 1) Static balance: Standing balance is tested with the feet in the side-by-side, semi tandem and tandem positions for 10 s each; 2) Gait speed: a 4 meter (13ft) walk at the individual´s habitual pace.; 3) Lower limb strength as indicated by the ability to rise from a chair with folded arms across their chest.

The Self-Efficacy/Social Support scales for Activity for persons with Intellectual Disability (SE/SS-AID) is a questionnaire consisting of four scales, where one scale measure self-efficacy for overcoming barriers to leisure PA. The last three scales measure social support for leisure activity from family members, residential staff, and friends with ID. The scale is validated for self-reporting from individuals with mild to moderate intellectual disability or can be used by proxy respondents. The questionnaire will be translated into the Norwegian language using standard guidelines.

The Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C) is a questionnaire designed to assess challenging behavior in children, youths and adults with an intellectual disability. The ABC is a 58-item checklist grouped into five subscales. It is a proxy measure requiring knowledge of the index person. Assigned weighted scores 0-3 (3 indicating most severe), grouped into five symptom-clusters (irritability, lethargy, stereotypy, hyperactivity, and inappropriate speech). The questionnaire has been validated for use in a Norwegian population with neurodevelopmental disabilities.

Satisfaction of life is a scale developed by Bergström, Hochwälder, Kottorp, and Elinder (2013) for assessing satisfaction with home environment and leisure time among individuals with mild to moderate ID. The outcome is measured by four factors: 1) satisfaction with housing environment; 2) satisfaction with life; 3) satisfaction with meals; and 4) satisfaction with recreational activities. Items are read out load by a researcher and answered by 'good' (happy face = 2), 'in between' (neutral face = 1) and 'bad' (sad face = 0). In the current study the scale is used to control for adverse effects.

The Social Support scales for Activity for persons with Intellectual Disability (SS-AID) is a 17-item scale for measuring social support from family, paid staff and roommates with disabilities. The scale is self-report and validated for individuals with mild to moderate intellectual disability.

The Goal attainment scale (GAS) will be used to identify self-management goals that participants want to achieve. The questionnaire will be filled out by the researcher, with participants and proxy respondents present. Completing the GAS involves several steps. Goals are selected by each individual and observable behavior that reflects a degree of goal attainment is defined. The participant's pre-treatment or baseline levels is defined in respect to the goal. Five different goal attainment levels are defined, ranging from "no change" to "much better than expected outcome" (numbered -2 to +2). Follow-up times for participant evaluation are set (presumably after 3- and 6 months). Participants are evaluated after the defined time interval. At the end, the overall attainment score for all goals are calculated. In this study we will define up to three goals for PA.