Improving Pain Control in Paraesophageal Hernia Repair: Intravenous Lidocaine Versus Placebo

Patients will be prospectively enrolled from Carolinas Hernia Center's outpatient clinic. All paraesophageal hernia patients, age 18 and older, undergoing PEH repair at CHS will be included. We will conduct a two-arm prospective randomized study, IV Lidocaine versus placebo, to study the reduction of narcotics, return to bowel function and length of stay. Both arms will receive standard multimodal pain control in the operative and postoperative period. There will be two arms: 1. IV Lidocaine 2. Placebo. Subject participation will last approximately 6 months for this study. Lidocaine will be used as a perioperative adjunct. At the conclusion of the study, chart review will be performed to evaluate if Lidocaine infusion limited narcotic need, or effected Visual Analog Scale (VAS) values. VAS is the standard nursing method of documenting pain using pain scores. The nurses ask the patient to rate pain from 0 (no pain) to 10 (excruciating pain). LOS is a secondary endpoint of the study, as subjects in the lidocaine arm are hypothesized to have improved pain control and require lower narcotic dosing, potentially leading to earlier discharge. We will evaluate patient demographics, preoperative lab values, intraoperative and perioperative variables, as well as postoperative outcomes and pain reported by VAS. Postoperative data to be reviewed will also include total opioid analgesia administered, time from surgery to a clear liquid diet, time from surgery to a post-fundoplication diet, time to return of bowel function, length of stay, pain/VAS scores at 6 hours postoperatively, pain/VAS scores on each post-operative day until discharge, pain/VAS scores at 2 and 4 weeks, and pain/VAS scores at 6 months, infectious complications (urinary tract infections as well as surgical site infections, deep organ space infections, pneumonia), and non-infectious complications (stroke, myocardial infarction, respiratory failure, post-op bleeding, unplanned return to the OR, acute renal failure, death, etc.). When results of the study are published, the subject's identity will remain confidential. Data will be analyzed using standard statistical methods; all patient-identifying information will be removed prior to analysis. Descriptive statistics including means and standard deviations, medians and interquartile range, or counts and percentages, will be used to describe the study population on all variables. For continuous variables comparisons will be made between groups using t-tests and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. For categorical variables, Chi-Square test and Kruskal-Wallis tests will be used for comparisons between groups. Multivariate regression will be performed as needed to control for potential confounding factors such as age, gender and type of procedure. A p-value of <0.05 will be used for all significance determinations. The SAS® system version 9.4 (Cary, NC) or similar program will be used to complete all statistical analyses.