Family Intervention for Chinese Americans With Type 2 Diabetes

Participants receive HbA1c blood test at their doctors' office every 3-6 months; HbA1c testing results will be abstracted from the medical record at the participant's health care facility.

Body weight in pounds (lbs).

The DMSES is an 8-item assessment asking participants to rate their confidence level in performing diabetes-specific self-management behaviors, using a 10-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all confident) to 10 (totally confident). The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 8 to 80; higher scores indicate greater self-efficacy. An increase in scores indicates self-efficacy improved during the observational period.

The SDSCA is a 13-item assessment of participants' adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors. This scale consists of 13 items and asks participate to describe their diabetes self-care activities over the past 7 days. The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 0 to 91; higher scores indicate greater adherence to self-management behaviors. An increase in scores indicates adherence improved during the observational period.

11-item questionnaire assessing diabetes knowledge. The total score is the number of correct responses and ranges from 0-11.

The IPAQ calculates each participant's metabolic equivalent (MET) score by asking participants the days and minutes exercised in three categories of intensity (vigorous, moderate, and walking) during the previous one week. One metabolic equivalent (MET) is defined as the amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest and is equal to 3.5 ml O2 per kg body weight x min. Higher MET scores indicate higher levels of physical activity. An increase in scores indicates physical activity increased during the observational period.

The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed.

The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed.

The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed.

The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed.

The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed.

The MEDAS contains 6 items and asks respondents about the types of food they consumed in the past 30 days: 1) fruits, 2) vegetables, 3) refined grains, 4) whole wheat, 5) sugary drinks, and 6) starchy foods. For each type of food, respondents estimate the amount (in cups) of the food they have eaten each day over the past 30 days. Higher scores indicate higher consumption of the food group analyzed.

Participants were asked about diabetes-specific support, such as medication taking, healthy diet, physical activity, blood sugar monitoring, stress management, and diabetes management. Higher scores indicate better support. The total score ranges from 4-80; higher scores indicate greater levels of specific.

4-item assessment of the availability of others with whom they could talk and feel appreciated. The total score ranges from 4 - 20; higher scores indicate greater support.

The Diabetes Distress Scale consists of 17 items and asks respondents to describe the diabetes-related distress experienced within the past month, including emotional distress, physician-related distress, regimen-related distress, and interpersonal distress. The items are scored on a 6- point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (not a problem) to 6 (a very serious problem). The total score is the sum of responses and ranges from 17 to 102, with higher scores indicating higher levels of diabetes distress.