Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell LungNCT04115410
PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Immune-Related Adverse Events: a Cohort Study
An observational study of Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung and Immune-Related Adverse Events, run by Sungkyunkwan University.
Trial summary
The objective of our study is to assess the risk of immune-related adverse events associated with PD-1 inhibitors use compared to standard chemotherapy use in patients with non small cell lung cancer, using nationwide healthcare database. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, Immune-Related Adverse Events
- What is being tested?
- PD-1 inhibitor and Chemotherapy Drugs, Cancer
- How many people
- 4,724 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- 1 Jul 2020to 31 Dec 2021
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: The study population will be formed by identifying all patients newly treated with standard chemotherapy who subsequently switched to PD-1 inhibitors, from 21 August 2017 to 31 September 2018, with follow-up until 31 December 2018. Patients who remained on standard chemotherapy treatment will be selected as comparators.
Who may be able to join
- Individuals who were diagnosed with lung cancer (ICD-10: C33-C34) between 2017 and 2018.
Who cannot join
- Individuals less than 18 years of age
- Individuals received any systemic anticancer therapies in 2007
- Having no records of prescription of PD-1 inhibitors or standard chemotherapy at least once between 2017 and 2018
- Individuals received treatments indicated for small cell lung cancer (etoposide, ifosfamide, irinotecan, belotecan, and topotecan) on or before the first date of standard chemotherapy to restrict study subjects to patients with non small cell lung cancer only.
Trial locations and contacts
No sites are listed yet.
About this study
The objective of our study is to assess the risk of immune-related adverse events associated with PD-1 inhibitors use compared to standard chemotherapy use in patients with non small cell lung cancer, using nationwide healthcare database.
Read the detailed description
This observational, retrospective cohort study will evaluate the risk of immune-related adverse events associated with PD-1 inhibitors use compared to standard chemotherapy use in patients with non small cell lung cancer, using nationwide healthcare database. PD-1 inhibitors will be defined as nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab. Standard chemotherapy will be defined as cytotoxic chemotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (epidermal growth cell receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors). The investigators will assess exposure on the cohort entry using the intention-to-treat approach with the 6-month exposure risk window from the first PD-1 inhibitor prescription to avoid bias from informative censoring. Immune-related adverse events will be defined by using pre-specified algorithms using diagnosis and corticosteroid prescription records (high dose of oral corticosteroids, defined as ≥ 30 mg/day, or systemic corticosteroid injection) to reduce outcome misclassification. The investigators will use a multivariable Cox proportional hazard model to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The model will be adjusted for pre-existing autoimmunity, history of lung cancer surgery, radiation therapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitor use, and previous systemic corticosteroid use. All analyses will be undertaken using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
- Being tested
- PD-1 inhibitor, Chemotherapy Drugs, Cancer
- Keywords
- PD-1 inhibitor, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Atezolizumab, Immune-Related Adverse Events, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
- Medical subject headings
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
PD-1 inhibitorDrug
Also called OPDIVO, KEYTRUDA, TECENTRIQ
PD-1 inhibitors are a group of checkpoint inhibitors being developed for the treatment of cancer. PD-1 and PD-L1 are both proteins present on the surface of cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as these are emerging as a front-line treatment for several types of cancer. The investigators will include nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab as PD-1 inhibitors as these drugs are reimbursed by health authority of South Korea.
Chemotherapy Drugs, CancerDrug
Also called Carboplatin, Cisplatin, Vinorelbine, Gemcitabine
Chemotherapy is a type of pharmacotherapy for cancer, that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. The investigators will include cytotoxic chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (epidermal growth cell receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| PD-1 inhibitor | Patients over 18 years of age with a diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer and being received PD-1 inhibitors as a second line treatment from cytotoxic chemotherapy or as a third line for those received tyrosine kinase inhibitors as a first line, from August 2017 (the first month PD-1 inhibitors were reimbursed in South Korea) to September 2018. Receives: Drug: PD-1 inhibitor | |
| Chemotherapy Drugs, Cancer | Patients over 18 years of age with a diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer and being received cytotoxic chemotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (epidermal growth cell receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors) from August 2017 to September 2018. Each patient switching to PD-1 inhibitor will be matched to three reference standard chemotherapy users. Receives: Drug: Chemotherapy Drugs, Cancer |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Hazard ratio for immune-related adverse events
The ratio of hazard rates of immune-related adverse events in PD-1 inhibitor users vs. standard chemotherapy users
Measured: August 2017 to December 2018
Secondary outcomes (1)
Hazard ratio for eleven subdivided groups of immune-related adverse events by organ class
The ratio of hazard rates of eleven subdivided organ-specific immune-related adverse events (pulmonary, endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, muscluoskeletal, neurological, ocular, renal, skin, and hematologic) in PD-1 inhibitor users vs. standard chemotherapy users
Measured: August 2017 to December 2018
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted4 Oct 2019
- Study start1 Jul 2020 (estimated)
- Primary completion23 Sep 2021 (estimated)
- Study completion31 Dec 2021 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (9)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell LungStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Retrospective
- Enrolment
- 4,724 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Korea
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Ju-Young Shin, Sungkyunkwan University
- Investigators
- Ju-Young Shin, PhD, Principal investigator, Sungkyunkwan University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04115410
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- SKKU-2019-PD1ICI
- Status last verified
- May 2020
- First submitted
- 2 Oct 2019
- Last updated
- 28 May 2020
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L, Spigel DR, Steins M, Ready NE, Chow LQ, Vokes EE, Felip E, Holgado E, Barlesi F, Kohlhaufl M, Arrieta O, Burgio MA, Fayette J, Lena H, Poddubskaya E, Gerber DE, Gettinger SN, Rudin CM, Rizvi N, Crino L, Blumenschein GR Jr, Antonia SJ, Dorange C, Harbison CT, Graf Finckenstein F, Brahmer JR. Nivolumab versus Docetaxel in Advanced Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015 Oct 22;373(17):1627-39. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1507643. Epub 2015 Sep 27.
PubMed 26412456Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, Crino L, Eberhardt WE, Poddubskaya E, Antonia S, Pluzanski A, Vokes EE, Holgado E, Waterhouse D, Ready N, Gainor J, Aren Frontera O, Havel L, Steins M, Garassino MC, Aerts JG, Domine M, Paz-Ares L, Reck M, Baudelet C, Harbison CT, Lestini B, Spigel DR. Nivolumab versus Docetaxel in Advanced Squamous-Cell Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 9;373(2):123-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504627. Epub 2015 May 31.
PubMed 26028407Reck M, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, Hui R, Csoszi T, Fulop A, Gottfried M, Peled N, Tafreshi A, Cuffe S, O'Brien M, Rao S, Hotta K, Leiby MA, Lubiniecki GM, Shentu Y, Rangwala R, Brahmer JR; KEYNOTE-024 Investigators. Pembrolizumab versus Chemotherapy for PD-L1-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 10;375(19):1823-1833. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1606774. Epub 2016 Oct 8.
PubMed 27718847Postow MA, Sidlow R, Hellmann MD. Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jan 11;378(2):158-168. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1703481. No abstract available.
PubMed 29320654Baxi S, Yang A, Gennarelli RL, Khan N, Wang Z, Boyce L, Korenstein D. Immune-related adverse events for anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2018 Mar 14;360:k793. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k793.
PubMed 29540345Johnson DB, Sullivan RJ, Menzies AM. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in challenging populations. Cancer. 2017 Jun 1;123(11):1904-1911. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30642. Epub 2017 Feb 27.
PubMed 28241095Kobayashi K, Nakachi I, Naoki K, Satomi R, Nakamura M, Inoue T, Tateno H, Sakamaki F, Sayama K, Terashima T, Koh H, Abe T, Nishino M, Arai D, Yasuda H, Kawada I, Soejima K, Betsuyaku T; Keio Lung Oncology Group (KLOG). Real-world Efficacy and Safety of Nivolumab for Advanced Non-Small-cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Multicenter Analysis. Clin Lung Cancer. 2018 May;19(3):e349-e358. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2018.01.001. Epub 2018 Jan 5.
PubMed 29398578Naidoo J, Wang X, Woo KM, Iyriboz T, Halpenny D, Cunningham J, Chaft JE, Segal NH, Callahan MK, Lesokhin AM, Rosenberg J, Voss MH, Rudin CM, Rizvi H, Hou X, Rodriguez K, Albano M, Gordon RA, Leduc C, Rekhtman N, Harris B, Menzies AM, Guminski AD, Carlino MS, Kong BY, Wolchok JD, Postow MA, Long GV, Hellmann MD. Pneumonitis in Patients Treated With Anti-Programmed Death-1/Programmed Death Ligand 1 Therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Mar;35(7):709-717. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.68.2005. Epub 2016 Sep 30.
PubMed 27646942Remon J, Mezquita L, Corral J, Vilarino N, Reguart N. Immune-related adverse events with immune checkpoint inhibitors in thoracic malignancies: focusing on non-small cell lung cancer patients. J Thorac Dis. 2018 May;10(Suppl 13):S1516-S1533. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2017.12.52.
PubMed 29951303
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 28 May 2020. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Immune-Related Adverse Events: a Cohort Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04115410
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- SKKU-2019-PD1ICI
- Keywords
- PD-1 inhibitor, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Atezolizumab, Immune-Related Adverse Events, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Unknown status
- Enrolment
- 4,724 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Sungkyunkwan UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Korea
- Study start
- 1 Jul 2020 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 23 Sep 2021 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 31 Dec 2021 (estimated)
- First posted
- 4 Oct 2019 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The objective of our study is to assess the risk of immune-related adverse events associated with PD-1 inhibitors use compared to standard chemotherapy use in patients with non small cell lung cancer, using nationwide healthcare database.
Detailed description
This observational, retrospective cohort study will evaluate the risk of immune-related adverse events associated with PD-1 inhibitors use compared to standard chemotherapy use in patients with non small cell lung cancer, using nationwide healthcare database. PD-1 inhibitors will be defined as nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab. Standard chemotherapy will be defined as cytotoxic chemotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (epidermal growth cell receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors). The investigators will assess exposure on the cohort entry using the intention-to-treat approach with the 6-month exposure risk window from the first PD-1 inhibitor prescription to avoid bias from informative censoring. Immune-related adverse events will be defined by using pre-specified algorithms using diagnosis and corticosteroid prescription records (high dose of oral corticosteroids, defined as ≥ 30 mg/day, or systemic corticosteroid injection) to reduce outcome misclassification. The investigators will use a multivariable Cox proportional hazard model to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The model will be adjusted for pre-existing autoimmunity, history of lung cancer surgery, radiation therapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitor use, and previous systemic corticosteroid use. All analyses will be undertaken using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Retrospective
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| PD-1 inhibitor | – | Drug: PD-1 inhibitorPatients over 18 years of age with a diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer and being received PD-1 inhibitors as a second line treatment from cytotoxic chemotherapy or as a third line for those received tyrosine kinase inhibitors as a first line, from August 2017 (the first month PD-1 inhibitors were reimbursed in South Korea) to September 2018. |
| Chemotherapy Drugs, Cancer | – | Drug: Chemotherapy Drugs, CancerPatients over 18 years of age with a diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer and being received cytotoxic chemotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (epidermal growth cell receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors) from August 2017 to September 2018. Each patient switching to PD-1 inhibitor will be matched to three reference standard chemotherapy users. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- The study population will be formed by identifying all patients newly treated with standard chemotherapy who subsequently switched to PD-1 inhibitors, from 21 August 2017 to 31 September 2018, with follow-up until 31 December 2018. Patients who remained on standard chemotherapy treatment will be selected as comparators.
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Individuals who were diagnosed with lung cancer (ICD-10: C33-C34) between 2017 and 2018.
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Individuals less than 18 years of age
- Individuals received any systemic anticancer therapies in 2007
- Having no records of prescription of PD-1 inhibitors or standard chemotherapy at least once between 2017 and 2018
- Individuals received treatments indicated for small cell lung cancer (etoposide, ifosfamide, irinotecan, belotecan, and topotecan) on or before the first date of standard chemotherapy to restrict study subjects to patients with non small cell lung cancer only.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| PD-1 inhibitorAlso: OPDIVO, KEYTRUDA, TECENTRIQPD-1 inhibitors are a group of checkpoint inhibitors being developed for the treatment of cancer. PD-1 and PD-L1 are both proteins present on the surface of cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as these are emerging as a front-line treatment for several types of cancer. The investigators will include nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab as PD-1 inhibitors as these drugs are reimbursed by health authority of South Korea. | Drug | PD-1 inhibitor |
| Chemotherapy Drugs, CancerAlso: Carboplatin, Cisplatin, Vinorelbine, GemcitabineChemotherapy is a type of pharmacotherapy for cancer, that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. The investigators will include cytotoxic chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (epidermal growth cell receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors). | Drug | Chemotherapy Drugs, Cancer |
Primary outcome
Hazard ratio for immune-related adverse events
Time frame: August 2017 to December 2018
The ratio of hazard rates of immune-related adverse events in PD-1 inhibitor users vs. standard chemotherapy users
1 secondary outcome
Hazard ratio for eleven subdivided groups of immune-related adverse events by organ class
Time frame: August 2017 to December 2018
Results and safety
Results are not available in the source record.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 28 May 2020.
- Background: PubMed 26412456Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L, Spigel DR, Steins M, Ready NE, Chow LQ, Vokes EE, Felip E, Holgado E, Barlesi F, Kohlhaufl M, Arrieta O, Burgio MA, Fayette J, Lena H, Poddubskaya E, Gerber DE, Gettinger SN, Rudin CM, Rizvi N, Crino L, Blumenschein GR Jr, Antonia SJ, Dorange C, Harbison CT, Graf Finckenstein F, Brahmer JR. Nivolumab versus Docetaxel in Advanced Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015 Oct 22;373(17):1627-39. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1507643. Epub 2015 Sep 27.
- Background: PubMed 26028407Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, Crino L, Eberhardt WE, Poddubskaya E, Antonia S, Pluzanski A, Vokes EE, Holgado E, Waterhouse D, Ready N, Gainor J, Aren Frontera O, Havel L, Steins M, Garassino MC, Aerts JG, Domine M, Paz-Ares L, Reck M, Baudelet C, Harbison CT, Lestini B, Spigel DR. Nivolumab versus Docetaxel in Advanced Squamous-Cell Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 9;373(2):123-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504627. Epub 2015 May 31.
- Background: PubMed 27718847Reck M, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, Hui R, Csoszi T, Fulop A, Gottfried M, Peled N, Tafreshi A, Cuffe S, O'Brien M, Rao S, Hotta K, Leiby MA, Lubiniecki GM, Shentu Y, Rangwala R, Brahmer JR; KEYNOTE-024 Investigators. Pembrolizumab versus Chemotherapy for PD-L1-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 10;375(19):1823-1833. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1606774. Epub 2016 Oct 8.
- Background: PubMed 29320654Postow MA, Sidlow R, Hellmann MD. Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jan 11;378(2):158-168. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1703481. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 29540345Baxi S, Yang A, Gennarelli RL, Khan N, Wang Z, Boyce L, Korenstein D. Immune-related adverse events for anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2018 Mar 14;360:k793. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k793.
- Background: PubMed 28241095Johnson DB, Sullivan RJ, Menzies AM. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in challenging populations. Cancer. 2017 Jun 1;123(11):1904-1911. doi: 10.1002/cncr.30642. Epub 2017 Feb 27.
- Background: PubMed 29398578Kobayashi K, Nakachi I, Naoki K, Satomi R, Nakamura M, Inoue T, Tateno H, Sakamaki F, Sayama K, Terashima T, Koh H, Abe T, Nishino M, Arai D, Yasuda H, Kawada I, Soejima K, Betsuyaku T; Keio Lung Oncology Group (KLOG). Real-world Efficacy and Safety of Nivolumab for Advanced Non-Small-cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Multicenter Analysis. Clin Lung Cancer. 2018 May;19(3):e349-e358. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2018.01.001. Epub 2018 Jan 5.
- Background: PubMed 27646942Naidoo J, Wang X, Woo KM, Iyriboz T, Halpenny D, Cunningham J, Chaft JE, Segal NH, Callahan MK, Lesokhin AM, Rosenberg J, Voss MH, Rudin CM, Rizvi H, Hou X, Rodriguez K, Albano M, Gordon RA, Leduc C, Rekhtman N, Harris B, Menzies AM, Guminski AD, Carlino MS, Kong BY, Wolchok JD, Postow MA, Long GV, Hellmann MD. Pneumonitis in Patients Treated With Anti-Programmed Death-1/Programmed Death Ligand 1 Therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Mar;35(7):709-717. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.68.2005. Epub 2016 Sep 30.
- Background: PubMed 29951303Remon J, Mezquita L, Corral J, Vilarino N, Reguart N. Immune-related adverse events with immune checkpoint inhibitors in thoracic malignancies: focusing on non-small cell lung cancer patients. J Thorac Dis. 2018 May;10(Suppl 13):S1516-S1533. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2017.12.52.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Ju-Young Shin, PhD principal investigator
Sungkyunkwan University
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung and Immune-Related Adverse Events, run by Sungkyunkwan University.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: status not confirmed, as of the sponsor's last update on 28 May 2020. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Results are not available in the source record.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Yeon-Hee Baek (+82-31-299-4377, waterlily9@skku.edu), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Hazard ratio for immune-related adverse events (time frame: August 2017 to December 2018). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04115410, which also lists 9 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 28 May 2020.