Outgoing Lung Team - a Cross-sectorial Intervention in Patients With COPD

Background

Worldwide, COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and is currently the fourth leading cause of death and projected to be the third leading cause of death by 2020. In 2010, the estimated number of COPD cases worldwide was 384 million with a prevalence of 11% (95% confidence interval: 8,4%-15,0%).

COPD is characterised by airway obstruction due to inflammation and destruction of lung tissue. The disease causes breathlessness, cough, mucus and frequent respiratory infections and leads to decreased lung function. COPD often affects patients' quality of life negatively as many experience anxiety because of breathlessness. Breathing difficulties reduce patients' level of activity and can lead to social isolation. In Denmark, it is estimated that 320,000 Danes have COPD. In 2018, the number of admissions due to COPD in Denmark was 34,961 with a readmission rate (new hospitalisation within 30 days after the last hospitalisation) of 19% and a 30-day mortality rate of 11%.There were 49,424 outpatient visits due to COPD in Denmark in 2018, and approximately 5,500 annual deaths where COPD is the direct or contributory cause.

It is estimated that the total annual treatment costs for patients with COPD in Denmark amount to approximately DKK 3,345 billion, and most of these costs are related to acute admissions.

Previous research shows that patients with COPD experience not being offered the same quality of treatment as other chronic patients. Furthermore, patients with COPD report that they are not taken seriously by healthcare professionals, which induces insecurity.

As patients with COPD constitute a large group in both the primary and secondary care, we intend to improve the collaboration between the two sectors based on patients´ preferences. The patients emphasized the importance of having the possibility to contact a specialised respiratory nurse 24-7. Patients reported that they preferred education to take place close to home, as transportation to hospital or the community support centre for older people were both mentally and physically straining.

Research showed that home visits by a respiratory nurse from the hospital reduce admissions and readmissions. Furthermore, research showed that home visits by the nurses in primary care also decrease admissions and readmissions. Some of the interventions were treatment at home and some comprised education regarding management of acute exacerbations and observations of symptoms, inhalation, smoking cessation, nutrition etc.

The interventions consisted of collaboration between primary care nurses and the general practitioners (GPs), and in other interventions primary care nurses were supervised by the specialist respiratory nurses at the hospital often by phone or at joint visits in the patients' home.

Home visits after discharge paid by a respiratory nurse and interdisciplinary cooperation showed that patients with COPD felt safe and comforted and were motivated to make changes to achieve better health.

However, other studies showed that education improved patients' knowledge but it did not prevent readmissions.

So far, no studies have been performed investigating cross-sectorial collaboration with a lung team and preventive intervention in patients at risk of hospitalisation due to exacerbation of COPD.

Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark and the Acute Team in the Municipality of Aarhus, Denmark started a pilot project from September 2015 until October 2016. The project concerned establishment of an outgoing lung team comprised by a team of nurses from both the primary and secondary sector. The aim was to increase knowledge and competences among patients, relatives and staff in relation to care and treatment, to reduce the rate of hospitalisation and readmission and to evaluate the impact of the outgoing lung team on participants' health status. The pilot project had several limitations 1) It was only possible to evaluate the effect of the outgoing lung team during six months. We were thus unable to evaluate variety over the year which may have impacted on the number of hospitalisations, readmissions and episodes of exacerbation. 2) The pilot project had no control group. We thus wanted to qualify the project by using a randomised controlled trial design.

We also wanted to examine the impact of the outgoing lung team on the level of patient involvement, anxiety, depression and health literacy. Health literacy is linked to literacy and entails people's knowledge, motivation and competences to access, understand, appraise and apply health information in order to make judgements and take decisions in everyday life concerning health care, disease prevention and health promotion to maintain or improve quality of life during the life course. Studies show that patients with COPD have lower levels of health literacy compared with people with no chronic diseases. Increasing the level of health literacy in this population would thus be relevant.

Furthermore, we wished to examine the effect of the outgoing lung team on patients' health status, their experiences of being affiliated to the outgoing lung team as well as their self-efficacy.

Objective

The aim is to examine the effects of the work of an outgoing lung team in the Municipality of Aarhus to patients with COPD at risk of exacerbation of COPD.

Hypothesis

The main hypothesis is that outgoing lung team has a positive impact on continuity of care across sectors in the Danish healthcare system for patients with COPD. To examine this we have three subhypotheses.

1. Affiliation to the outgoing lung team reduces admissions, readmissions, length of hospital stay and outpatient consultations.
2. Affiliation to the outgoing lung team reduces anxiety and depression and increases patient involvement, and improves patients' health status and self-efficacy.
3. Affiliation to the outgoing lung team increases patients' level of health literacy.

Materials and method

Setting and location

The outgoing lung team is a cross-sectorial team of nurses and doctors from Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy at Aarhus University Hospital in Denmark and nurses from the Acute Team in the Municipality of Aarhus in Denmark. The outgoing lung team intends to preserve, detect, diagnose and treat patients with an exacerbation of COPD. The outgoing lung team is physically located at the office of the Acute Team; in this office knowledge sharing and upgrading of skills take place.

The work of the outgoing lung team takes place in the patient's home and involves the following:

• The outgoing lung team teaches the patients, relatives and primary care staff about symptoms, treatments and instructions related to COPD.
• The patients, relatives and primary care staff can contact the outgoing lung team by telephone day and night.
• The patients report symptoms and measurements to the outgoing lung team using telemedicine solutions, also known as patient reported outcomes.
• The outgoing lung team initiates appropriate treatment by telephone or a home visit. The outgoing lung team always consults a doctor from the Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy before initiating treatment.
• The outgoing lung team initiates acute consultations at Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy based on patient reported outcomes, home visit or telephone call.

Doctors at Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy are responsible for the medical treatment as long as the patient participates in the project. The GPs in the Municipality of Aarhus have agreed to this. The GPs can refer patients to the project and some of them participate in a project advisory board.

Study design

The project is designed as a mixed-method study based on a randomised controlled trial with an intervention group connected to the outgoing lung team and a control group attending the standard pathway programme at Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.

Sample size

Based on a retrospective sample of admissions related to COPD in the period from February to August 2014-2016, an expected decrease in length of hospital stay can be calculated as the outgoing lung team was introduced in 2016. Mean number of admission days in the retrospective sample followed a normal distribution after logarithmic transformation, as assessed by histograms. Number of admission days (geometric mean) was 5.69 (95% CI: 2.78-11.6) in 2014-2015, and 4.50 (2.62-7.76) in 2016. Based on these numbers, the power calculation resulted in inclusion of 64 patients in the intervention and control group, respectively to be able to demonstrate a significant difference with a power of 80% and at a significance level of 5%.

In the pilot project the withdrawal was 23%. With an estimated withdrawal at 23% we will need 83 patients in each group.

Missing data

After one year, we contact all participants and arrange a plan for answering the questionnaires. The missing data, will be registered in Stata and mentioned in the study.

Analysis

Data will be statistically analysed both descriptive and analytically. Correlations and significant factors as lung function, gender, age etc. will be examined and significant differences between the two groups (intervention group and control group) in the studies which may have an impact on results.

To identify predictors of the impact on the dependent variable we will use bivariate x 2 test and calculation of odds ratios, multiple logistic regression and logarithmic data. The statistical analysis will be performed in Stata 16.

Qualitative data from the interviews in will be transcribed and analysed based on meaning condensation analysis.

Ethics

Ethical approval will be obtained from Central Denmark Region Committees on Health Research Ethics and approval of data archives and storage will be obtained from the Danish Data Protection Agency in Central Denmark Region in RedCap. All collected personal data will be anonymised, processed, analysed and stored in accordance with the Danish Data Protection Agency. All participants will receive oral and written information. Patients who agree to participate will provide written informed consent.