The Recovery in Stroke Using PAP Study

Stroke severity will be measured using the NIHSS. The NIHSS is a 15-item objective neurological examination scale. This scale has been used extensively to evaluate stroke severity and is a strong predictor of post-stroke outcomes. This exam will be video recorded by field staff and subsequently scored by the study neurologist blinded to randomization arm. Ratings for each item are scored on a 3- to 5-point scale, with 0 as normal, and there is an allowance for untestable items. Scores range from 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating greater severity. Stroke severity may be stratified on the basis of NIHSS scores as follows: Very Severe: >25, Severe: 15 - 24, Mild to Moderately Severe: 5 - 14, Mild: 1 - 5.

Stroke severity will be measured using the NIHSS. The NIHSS is a 15-item objective neurological examination scale. This scale has been used extensively to evaluate stroke severity and is a strong predictor of post-stroke outcomes. This exam will be video recorded by field staff and subsequently scored by the study neurologist blinded to randomization arm. Ratings for each item are scored on a 3- to 5-point scale, with 0 as normal, and there is an allowance for untestable items. Scores range from 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating greater severity. Stroke severity may be stratified on the basis of NIHSS scores as follows: Very Severe: >25, Severe: 15 - 24, Mild to Moderately Severe: 5 - 14, Mild: 1 - 5.

The ESS asks: How likely are you to doze off or fall asleep in the following situations? The 8-item questionnaire uses a 3-point Likert scale where 0 equals never doze, and 3 equals high chance of dozing. The ESS is widely used in studies of sleep apnea and is considered a standard measure of daytime sleepiness.

The 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) is an outcome measure instrument that is often used, well-researched, self-reported measure of health. It stems from a study called the Medical Outcomes Study for the objective measure of the quality of life.

It comprises 36 questions that cover eight domains of health:

1. Limitations in physical activities because of health problems.
2. Limitations in social activities because of physical or emotional problems
3. Limitations in usual role activities because of physical health problems
4. Bodily pain
5. General mental health (psychological distress and well-being)
6. Limitations in usual role activities because of emotional problems
7. Vitality (energy and fatigue)
8. General health perceptions The SF-36 is often used as a measure of a person or population's quality of life (QOL).

The PHQ-8 will provide a psychometrically valid measure of depression, a common concern in post-stroke and OSA patients, and an attribute which has been reported to improve with PAP therapy. The PHQ-8 is an 8-item assessment. Each item is scored on a Likert scale in which "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day) with maximum total score of 24. Higher score signifies increase in severity. These questions are asked based on the past 2 weeks.

The MoCA was designed as a rapid screening instrument for cognitive dysfunction. It assesses different cognitive domains such as attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visual-constructional skills, conceptual thinking, calculations, and orientation. Time to administer the MoCA is approximately 10 minutes. The total possible score is 30 points; a score of 26 or above is considered normal.

The SS-QOL is a patient-centered outcome measure intended to provide an assessment of health-related quality of life specific to patients with stroke. Scale domains and items were derived from a series of interviews with post- stroke patients. It takes approximately 10-15 minutes to complete the SS-QOL scale. Higher scores indicate better functioning. The SS-QOL yields both domain scores and an overall SS- QOL summary score. The domain scores are unweighted averages of the associated items while the summary score is an unweighted average of all twelve domain scores.

The SAQLI is designed to assess responsiveness to OSA treatment and will be administered to obtain a measure of OSA-disease specific quality of life. Disease-specific health-related 84-item quality of life questionnaire for adults with sleep apnea; designed to measure outcome of sleep apnea treatment. It assesses four functional domains plus a fifth domain assessing the negative impacts of therapeutic intervention. (A) Daily functioning (11 items), (B) Social interactions (13 items), (C) Emotional functioning (11 items), (D) Symptoms (21 items; select 5 symptoms), (E) Treatment-related symptoms (26 items; select 5 symptoms), (F) Impact (2 items) Domains A-D: 7-point Likert scale, sum divided by total number of questions answered, Domain E: 7-point Likert scale, mean divided by 5, Domains A-D and E are further modified by a weighting score, derived from responses to Section F (10-point Likert scale). Lower scores indicate greater severity.

For patients with sleep apnea, qualitative, in-depth interviews with approximately n=25 patients and their bedpartners (dyads) purposefully sampled based on demographics, adherence, and treatment arm. Interviews of the dyads will occur at approximately 3 months into the study when PAP adherence patterns have been established.

The Berg Balance Scale is used to objectively determine a patient's ability (or inability) to safely balance during a series of predetermined tasks. It is a 14-item list with each item consisting of a five-point ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 4, with 0 indicating the lowest level of function and 4 the highest level of function and takes approximately 20 minutes to complete.

Though initial recruitment of the RISE-UP study occurs in the hospital, the setting for most of the study follow-up may occur in the home and rehabilitation settings and can be done remotely (for example over the phone). *- when follow-up is performed over the phone this assessment can be excluded

Falls are identified and recorded as a part of the routine adverse event collection and reporting protocol. In addition to identification of a fall event, reasons for the fall, and location of the fall, follow-up care will be identified through interview questions and chart review. Individuals who sustained at least one fall were considered a -faller- for these analyses. The fall event information will be categorized for these analyses to describe both the circumstances and the consequences of falls.

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-report questionnaire that assesses sleep quality over a 1-month time interval. The measure consists of 19 individual items, creating 7 components that produce one global score, and takes 5-10 minutes to complete. Each of the questionnaire's 19 self-reported items belongs to one of seven subcategories: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. Five additional questions rated by the respondent's roommate or bed partner are included for clinical purposes and are not scored.

Scores for each question range from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating more acute sleep disturbances.

The ISI is a 7-item self-report questionnaire assessing the nature, severity, and impact of insomnia. The usual recall period is the "last month" and the dimensions evaluated are: severity of sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and early morning awakening problems, sleep dissatisfaction, interference of sleep difficulties with daytime functioning, noticeability of sleep problems by others, and distress caused by the sleep difficulties. A 5-point Likert scale is used to rate each item (e.g., 0 = no problem; 4 = very severe problem), yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 28. The total score is interpreted as follows: absence of insomnia (0-7); sub-threshold insomnia (8-14); moderate insomnia (15-21); and severe insomnia (22-28).

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) provides clinicians and researchers access to reliable, valid, and flexible measures of health status that assess physical, mental, and social well-being from the patient perspective. PROMIS measures are standardized, allowing for assessment of many patient-reported outcome domains-including pain, fatigue, emotional distress, physical functioning and social role participation-based on common metrics that allow for comparisons across domains, across chronic diseases, and with the general population. 6-items measure assessing self-reported perceptions of impairment due to pain interference. Response options range from 1=Not at all to 5=Very much. Responses are summed to create a raw score with higher scores indicating greater impairment

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) provides clinicians and researchers access to reliable, valid, and flexible measures of health status that assess physical, mental, and social well-being from the patient perspective. PROMIS measures are standardized, allowing for assessment of many patient-reported outcome domains-including pain, fatigue, emotional distress, physical functioning and social role participation-based on common metrics that allow for comparisons across domains, across chronic diseases, and with the general population. 3-items measure assessing self-reported perceptions of impairment due to pain intensity. Response options range from 1=Not at all to 5=Very much. Responses are summed to create a raw score with higher scores indicating greater impairment

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) provides clinicians and researchers access to reliable, valid, and flexible measures of health status that assess physical, mental, and social well-being from the patient perspective. PROMIS measures are standardized, allowing for assessment of many patient-reported outcome domains-including pain, fatigue, emotional distress, physical functioning and social role participation-based on common metrics that allow for comparisons across domains, across chronic diseases, and with the general population. 8-items assessing self-reported perceptions of impairment due sleep disturbance. Response options range from 1=Not at all to 5=Very much. Participants will be asked about the last 7 days. Responses are summed to create a raw score with higher scores indicating greater impairment.

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) provides clinicians and researchers access to reliable, valid, and flexible measures of health status that assess physical, mental, and social well-being from the patient perspective. PROMIS measures are standardized, allowing for assessment of many patient-reported outcome domains-including pain, fatigue, emotional distress, physical functioning and social role participation-based on common metrics that allow for comparisons across domains, across chronic diseases, and with the general population. 8-items assessing self-reported perceptions of impairment due to sleep problems. Response options range from 1=Not at all to 5=Very much. Participants will be asked about the last 7 days. Responses are summed to create a raw score with higher scores indicating greater impairment.