Major Depressive DisorderNCT04159207
A Longitudinal Study of Inflammatory Pathways in Depression
An observational study of Major Depressive Disorder and Suicide, Attempted, run by Van Andel Research Institute at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Suicide accounts for at least 1 million deaths globally each year. This is likely a significant underestimate, because suicide is under-reported in many countries. In the US, over 42,000 people die from suicide annually. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Major Depressive Disorder, Suicide, Attempted
- How many people
- 130 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 1 Oct 2019to 30 Aug 2023
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: People who are above age of 18, have a Major Depressive Disorder diagnosis and no ongoing immune disorders.
Who may be able to join
- Men and women ages 18 years and older will be included in the study.
- 80 who are diagnosed with MDD by SCID but do not endorse current or past suicidal behaviors.
- 80 who are diagnosed with MDD by SCID and endorse current suicidal behavior as defined by C-SSRS (preparatory acts, aborted or interrupted attempts, as well as completed attempts).
- English speaking.
- Willing and able to take part of the different steps in the study, including follow-up interviews and blood draws.
Who cannot join
- Vulnerable populations (e.g. incarcerated individuals).
- Subjects with dementia or otherwise cognitively impaired subjects with difficulty understanding the study procedures.
- Patients with a primary psychiatric diagnosis other than MDD.
- Patients with an active somatic disorder primarily involving the immune system (autoimmune diseases such as Crohns disease, multiple sclerosis, or rheumatoid arthritis; or hematological diseases such as lymphoma or leukemia).
- Patients on chronic and systemic immunomodulatory treatment. Examples are patients with a liver- or kidney transplant or medications used for disorders involving the immune system, as mentioned above. Examples of immunomodulatory treatments are cyclosporin, azathioprine, infliximab, corticosteroid treatment.
- Patients undergoing active treatment for any form of cancer (chemotherapy or immunomodulatory treatments).
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services
Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49501
About this study
Suicide accounts for at least 1 million deaths globally each year. This is likely a significant underestimate, because suicide is under-reported in many countries. In the US, over 42,000 people die from suicide annually. Despite increased focus on identification and treatment, the rate of suicide has increased steadily over the past 15 years.
Our project aims both to improve our understanding of factors that increase the risk for suicide by comparing blood biomarkers associated with inflammation in patients with depression without suicidal behavior and patients with depression and suicidal behavior. The 160 individuals in this study will be followed with psychiatric assessments and blood samples at repeated time points over one year.
Read the detailed description
Suicide is a leading cause of death in the US, and its rate continues to increase. Most individuals who die by suicide are in contact with health care, but clinical risk assessment is challenging. Inflammatory biomarkers have tentatively been linked to suicide. However, longitudinal studies establishing their accuracy in tracking suicidal behavior and critical symptoms are lacking. This study is a longitudinal study, with 1,280 total assessments planned, measuring suicidal ideation and behavior, associated clinical symptoms and blood biomarkers of inflammation.
Our overriding aim is to identify a set of biomarkers that distinguish patients with suicidal behavior from depressive patients without suicidal behavior. Further, the investigators intend to define biomarkers that are elevated during active suicidal behavior (at- risk periods) within the same patients (longitudinally).
Our working model is that inflammation (via pro-inflammatory cytokines) induces the kynurenine pathway, leading to an increased production of neurotoxic kynurenine metabolites (i.e., the NMDA-receptor agonist quinolinic acid, or others), which trigger suicidal behavior. The Investigators predict that immunomodulatory cells and molecules, including cytokines and kynurenine metabolites in plasma, may constitute biomarkers of suicidal behavior. The Investigators also predict that elevated inflammatory markers in suicidal individuals will be associated with epigenetic changes, regulating the expression of kynurenine enzymes in blood cells.
Aims:
- Establish biomarkers that indicate risk for active suicidal behavior;
- Determine epigenetic markers in the blood of patients with suicidal behavior.
In Aim 1, the investigators will enroll patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and active suicidal behavior (planning or attempts), and MDD patients without current or past suicidal behavior. Each subject will be assessed at eight time-points over one year. The Investigators will measure interleukins and acute phase reactants as well as tryptophan, serotonin and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in peripheral blood.
For aim 2, the investigators will perform whole-genome methylation analysis using Illumina EPIC arrays, followed by gene pathway analyses, in blood of the enrolled patients.
Our project will aid the implementation of biomarkers in clinical care for patients with suicide risk, in order to enable intensified intervention during critical time-points. The biological insight obtained here can guide therapeutic development specifically targeting suicidality, with the ultimate goal of reducing suicide numbers.
- Conditions
- Major Depressive Disorder, Suicide, Attempted
- Keywords
- Depression, Suicide, Inflammation, Kynurenine, Cytokine
- Medical subject headings
- Depressive Disorder, Major, Suicide, Attempted, Depression, Suicide, Inflammation
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| A Longitudinal Study of Inflammatory Pathways in Depression | We target to recruit 80 patients with Major Depression Disorder diagnosis and 80 patients with Major Depression Disorder with suicidal behavior. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Suicidal behavior of participants
The presence of suicidal behavior over one year will be classified as yes/no as the primary outcome measure. The Identification of participants with suicidal behavior at each study time point will be achieved by assessment using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) regarding attempt, interrupted or aborted attempt, or preparatory acts over the past 7 days.
Measured: One year.
Establish metabolic biomarkers that indicate risk for suicidal behavior
Evaluate if metabolic biomarkers are predictive of suicidal behavior (planning, attempting) among patients with depression. Metabolites will be measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography, ultra-high performace liquid-chromatography and gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry). The main metabolite biomarker outcomes are quinolinic, kynurenic and picolinic acids as well as 3-HK and kynurenine (nM).
Measured: One year.
Establish inflammatory biomarkers that indicate risk for suicidal behavior
Evaluate if inflammatory biomarkers are predictive of suicidal behavior (planning, attempting) among patients with depression. Inflammatory markers will be measured using high-sensitivity ELISAs, Mesoscale platform or Luminex platforms. The main cytokine outcomes are TNF-alpha and IL-6 (pg/ml).
Measured: One year.
Determine epigenetic marks in blood cells from patients with suicidal behavior
DNA methylation will be measured by Illumina Infinum methylationEPIC BeadChip microarrays, and compacted between patients with suicidal behavior and patients without suicidal behavior.
Measured: One year.
Functional validation of the significant methylation changes
mRNA will be quantified by qPCR in the same peripheral blood samples as used for the EPIC array for functional validation of the significant methylation changes.
Measured: One year.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted12 Nov 2019
- Study start1 Oct 2019
- Primary completion30 Aug 2023
- Study completion30 Aug 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (36)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Major Depressive DisorderStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 130 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Van Andel Research Institute
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Columbia University, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Lena Brundin, Van Andel Research Institute
- Investigators
- Lena C Brundin, M.D.; Ph.D., Principal investigator, Van Andel Research InstituteEric Achtyes, M.D., Principal investigator, Pine Rest Christian Mental Health ServicesJoseph Mann, M.D., Principal investigator, Columbia University Health Sciences
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04159207
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 19010
- Other IDs
- 1R01MH118211-01A1
- Status last verified
- Apr 2023
- First submitted
- 30 Sep 2019
- Last updated
- 6 Apr 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Suicide. 2018.
Shepard DS, Gurewich D, Lwin AK, Reed GA Jr, Silverman MM. Suicide and Suicidal Attempts in the United States: Costs and Policy Implications. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2016 Jun;46(3):352-62. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12225. Epub 2015 Oct 29.
PubMed 26511788Curtin SC, Warner M, Hedegaard H. Increase in Suicide in the United States, 1999-2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2016 Apr;(241):1-8.
PubMed 27111185Lutz PE, Mechawar N, Turecki G. Neuropathology of suicide: recent findings and future directions. Mol Psychiatry. 2017 Oct;22(10):1395-1412. doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.141. Epub 2017 Jul 11.
PubMed 28696430Roy B, Dwivedi Y. Understanding epigenetic architecture of suicide neurobiology: A critical perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017 Jan;72:10-27. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.031. Epub 2016 Nov 9.
PubMed 27836463Black C, Miller BJ. Meta-Analysis of Cytokines and Chemokines in Suicidality: Distinguishing Suicidal Versus Nonsuicidal Patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Jul 1;78(1):28-37. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.014. Epub 2014 Oct 30.
PubMed 25541493Bryleva EY, Brundin L. Suicidality and Activation of the Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2017;31:269-284. doi: 10.1007/7854_2016_5.
PubMed 27221623Gananca L, Oquendo MA, Tyrka AR, Cisneros-Trujillo S, Mann JJ, Sublette ME. The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016 Jan;63:296-310. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.008. Epub 2015 Oct 19.
PubMed 26546783Miyaoka H, Otsubo T, Kamijima K, Ishii M, Onuki M, Mitamura K. Depression from interferon therapy in patients with hepatitis C. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Jul;156(7):1120. doi: 10.1176/ajp.156.7.1120. No abstract available.
PubMed 10401474Lucaciu LA, Dumitrascu DL. Depression and suicide ideation in chronic hepatitis C patients untreated and treated with interferon: prevalence, prevention, and treatment. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015 Oct-Dec;28(4):440-7.
PubMed 26424594Yirmiya R, Pollak Y, Morag M, Reichenberg A, Barak O, Avitsur R, Shavit Y, Ovadia H, Weidenfeld J, Morag A, Newman ME, Pollmacher T. Illness, cytokines, and depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;917:478-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05412.x.
PubMed 11268375Yirmiya R. Endotoxin produces a depressive-like episode in rats. Brain Res. 1996 Mar 4;711(1-2):163-74. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01415-2.
PubMed 8680860O'Connor JC, Lawson MA, Andre C, Moreau M, Lestage J, Castanon N, Kelley KW, Dantzer R. Lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior is mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activation in mice. Mol Psychiatry. 2009 May;14(5):511-22. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002148. Epub 2008 Jan 15.
PubMed 18195714Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, Lanctot KL. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Mar 1;67(5):446-57. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033. Epub 2009 Dec 16.
PubMed 20015486Dahl J, Ormstad H, Aass HC, Malt UF, Bendz LT, Sandvik L, Brundin L, Andreassen OA. The plasma levels of various cytokines are increased during ongoing depression and are reduced to normal levels after recovery. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014 Jul;45:77-86. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.03.019. Epub 2014 Apr 6.
PubMed 24845179
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 6 Apr 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- A Longitudinal Study of Inflammatory Pathways in Depression
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04159207
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 19010
- Conditions
- Major Depressive Disorder, Suicide, Attempted
- Keywords
- Depression, Suicide, Inflammation, Kynurenine, Cytokine
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 130 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Van Andel Research InstituteUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Columbia University, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
- Study start
- 1 Oct 2019 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Aug 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Aug 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 12 Nov 2019 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Suicide accounts for at least 1 million deaths globally each year. This is likely a significant underestimate, because suicide is under-reported in many countries. In the US, over 42,000 people die from suicide annually. Despite increased focus on identification and treatment, the rate of suicide has increased steadily over the past 15 years.
Our project aims both to improve our understanding of factors that increase the risk for suicide by comparing blood biomarkers associated with inflammation in patients with depression without suicidal behavior and patients with depression and suicidal behavior. The 160 individuals in this study will be followed with psychiatric assessments and blood samples at repeated time points over one year.
Detailed description
Suicide is a leading cause of death in the US, and its rate continues to increase. Most individuals who die by suicide are in contact with health care, but clinical risk assessment is challenging. Inflammatory biomarkers have tentatively been linked to suicide. However, longitudinal studies establishing their accuracy in tracking suicidal behavior and critical symptoms are lacking. This study is a longitudinal study, with 1,280 total assessments planned, measuring suicidal ideation and behavior, associated clinical symptoms and blood biomarkers of inflammation.
Our overriding aim is to identify a set of biomarkers that distinguish patients with suicidal behavior from depressive patients without suicidal behavior. Further, the investigators intend to define biomarkers that are elevated during active suicidal behavior (at- risk periods) within the same patients (longitudinally).
Our working model is that inflammation (via pro-inflammatory cytokines) induces the kynurenine pathway, leading to an increased production of neurotoxic kynurenine metabolites (i.e., the NMDA-receptor agonist quinolinic acid, or others), which trigger suicidal behavior. The Investigators predict that immunomodulatory cells and molecules, including cytokines and kynurenine metabolites in plasma, may constitute biomarkers of suicidal behavior. The Investigators also predict that elevated inflammatory markers in suicidal individuals will be associated with epigenetic changes, regulating the expression of kynurenine enzymes in blood cells.
Aims:
- Establish biomarkers that indicate risk for active suicidal behavior;
- Determine epigenetic markers in the blood of patients with suicidal behavior.
In Aim 1, the investigators will enroll patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and active suicidal behavior (planning or attempts), and MDD patients without current or past suicidal behavior. Each subject will be assessed at eight time-points over one year. The Investigators will measure interleukins and acute phase reactants as well as tryptophan, serotonin and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in peripheral blood.
For aim 2, the investigators will perform whole-genome methylation analysis using Illumina EPIC arrays, followed by gene pathway analyses, in blood of the enrolled patients.
Our project will aid the implementation of biomarkers in clinical care for patients with suicide risk, in order to enable intensified intervention during critical time-points. The biological insight obtained here can guide therapeutic development specifically targeting suicidality, with the ultimate goal of reducing suicide numbers.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| A Longitudinal Study of Inflammatory Pathways in Depression | – | –We target to recruit 80 patients with Major Depression Disorder diagnosis and 80 patients with Major Depression Disorder with suicidal behavior. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- People who are above age of 18, have a Major Depressive Disorder diagnosis and no ongoing immune disorders.
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Men and women ages 18 years and older will be included in the study.
- 80 who are diagnosed with MDD by SCID but do not endorse current or past suicidal behaviors.
- 80 who are diagnosed with MDD by SCID and endorse current suicidal behavior as defined by C-SSRS (preparatory acts, aborted or interrupted attempts, as well as completed attempts).
- English speaking.
- Willing and able to take part of the different steps in the study, including follow-up interviews and blood draws.
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Vulnerable populations (e.g. incarcerated individuals).
- Subjects with dementia or otherwise cognitively impaired subjects with difficulty understanding the study procedures.
- Patients with a primary psychiatric diagnosis other than MDD.
- Patients with an active somatic disorder primarily involving the immune system (autoimmune diseases such as Crohns disease, multiple sclerosis, or rheumatoid arthritis; or hematological diseases such as lymphoma or leukemia).
- Patients on chronic and systemic immunomodulatory treatment. Examples are patients with a liver- or kidney transplant or medications used for disorders involving the immune system, as mentioned above. Examples of immunomodulatory treatments are cyclosporin, azathioprine, infliximab, corticosteroid treatment.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Primary outcome
Suicidal behavior of participants
Time frame: One year.
The presence of suicidal behavior over one year will be classified as yes/no as the primary outcome measure. The Identification of participants with suicidal behavior at each study time point will be achieved by assessment using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) regarding attempt, interrupted or aborted attempt, or preparatory acts over the past 7 days.
Establish metabolic biomarkers that indicate risk for suicidal behavior
Time frame: One year.
Evaluate if metabolic biomarkers are predictive of suicidal behavior (planning, attempting) among patients with depression. Metabolites will be measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography, ultra-high performace liquid-chromatography and gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry). The main metabolite biomarker outcomes are quinolinic, kynurenic and picolinic acids as well as 3-HK and kynurenine (nM).
Establish inflammatory biomarkers that indicate risk for suicidal behavior
Time frame: One year.
Evaluate if inflammatory biomarkers are predictive of suicidal behavior (planning, attempting) among patients with depression. Inflammatory markers will be measured using high-sensitivity ELISAs, Mesoscale platform or Luminex platforms. The main cytokine outcomes are TNF-alpha and IL-6 (pg/ml).
Determine epigenetic marks in blood cells from patients with suicidal behavior
Time frame: One year.
DNA methylation will be measured by Illumina Infinum methylationEPIC BeadChip microarrays, and compacted between patients with suicidal behavior and patients without suicidal behavior.
Functional validation of the significant methylation changes
Time frame: One year.
mRNA will be quantified by qPCR in the same peripheral blood samples as used for the EPIC array for functional validation of the significant methylation changes.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 6 Apr 2025.
- BackgroundCenter for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Suicide. 2018.
- Background: PubMed 26511788Shepard DS, Gurewich D, Lwin AK, Reed GA Jr, Silverman MM. Suicide and Suicidal Attempts in the United States: Costs and Policy Implications. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2016 Jun;46(3):352-62. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12225. Epub 2015 Oct 29.
- Background: PubMed 27111185Curtin SC, Warner M, Hedegaard H. Increase in Suicide in the United States, 1999-2014. NCHS Data Brief. 2016 Apr;(241):1-8.
- Background: PubMed 28696430Lutz PE, Mechawar N, Turecki G. Neuropathology of suicide: recent findings and future directions. Mol Psychiatry. 2017 Oct;22(10):1395-1412. doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.141. Epub 2017 Jul 11.
- Background: PubMed 27836463Roy B, Dwivedi Y. Understanding epigenetic architecture of suicide neurobiology: A critical perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017 Jan;72:10-27. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.031. Epub 2016 Nov 9.
- Background: PubMed 25541493Black C, Miller BJ. Meta-Analysis of Cytokines and Chemokines in Suicidality: Distinguishing Suicidal Versus Nonsuicidal Patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Jul 1;78(1):28-37. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.014. Epub 2014 Oct 30.
- Background: PubMed 27221623Bryleva EY, Brundin L. Suicidality and Activation of the Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2017;31:269-284. doi: 10.1007/7854_2016_5.
- Background: PubMed 26546783Gananca L, Oquendo MA, Tyrka AR, Cisneros-Trujillo S, Mann JJ, Sublette ME. The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016 Jan;63:296-310. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.008. Epub 2015 Oct 19.
- Background: PubMed 10401474Miyaoka H, Otsubo T, Kamijima K, Ishii M, Onuki M, Mitamura K. Depression from interferon therapy in patients with hepatitis C. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Jul;156(7):1120. doi: 10.1176/ajp.156.7.1120. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 26424594Lucaciu LA, Dumitrascu DL. Depression and suicide ideation in chronic hepatitis C patients untreated and treated with interferon: prevalence, prevention, and treatment. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015 Oct-Dec;28(4):440-7.
- Background: PubMed 11268375Yirmiya R, Pollak Y, Morag M, Reichenberg A, Barak O, Avitsur R, Shavit Y, Ovadia H, Weidenfeld J, Morag A, Newman ME, Pollmacher T. Illness, cytokines, and depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;917:478-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05412.x.
- Background: PubMed 8680860Yirmiya R. Endotoxin produces a depressive-like episode in rats. Brain Res. 1996 Mar 4;711(1-2):163-74. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01415-2.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Lena C Brundin, M.D.; Ph.D. principal investigator
Van Andel Research Institute
Eric Achtyes, M.D. principal investigator
Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services
Joseph Mann, M.D. principal investigator
Columbia University Health Sciences
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Major Depressive Disorder and Suicide, Attempted, run by Van Andel Research Institute at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 6 Apr 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Suicidal behavior of participants (time frame: One year.). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04159207, which also lists 36 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 6 Apr 2025.