PsA T2T Statin Trial on Carotid and Coronary Atherosclerosis

Treatment protocol This is a 1-year prospective, hospital-based, open-label, randomized, controlled trial. The trial comprised two arms. Group 1 will receive T2T strategy together with rosuvastain 20mg daily (T2T-statin group). Group 2 will receive T2T strategy only (T2T-only group). The method of concealed random allocation will be used. Simple randomization will be conducted by a computer-generated random list.

Use of statins The patients will be given the necessary number of rosuvastatin tablets at each visit. At the following visits, surplus medication will be returned to the investigator. Compliance is calculated as a percentage, based on the number of tablets returned.

No trials to date that have evaluated effects on CVD events have tested any medication in combination with statins or treatment to specific LDL-C goals, therefore we do not intensify the regimen for any particular level of LDL-C response. Measuring LDL-C response after initiating therapy in this study is mainly to assess adherence. In this primary prevention trial, in patients who do not tolerate statins, no lipid-lowering therapy will be administered. Potential interventions include lifestyle modification.

Use of DMARDs All participants will receive a 1-year protocolized treatment with the aim to achieve MDA. A predefined treatment protocol is developed based on the EULAR recommendations and the Hong Kong guideline for the use of bDMARDs. Patients fulfilling the criteria for bDMARDs can either pay out of pocket or can apply for the Samaritan Fund for financial assistance, provided they must pass a household-based financial assessment (http://www.ha.org.hk/visitor/ha_visitor_index.asp?content_id=212020). When patient cannot achieve treatment goal within 3-6 months of therapy, the treatment therapy will be escalated to the next step according to the protocol, unless the patient declined or toxic effects preclude this approach. For the introduction of DMARD only joint involvement is taken into account. The participants with active disease who failed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or those with poor prognostic factor will start with methotrexate monotherapy, which is increased to 20mg/week or maximum tolerated dose. Subsequent steps for patients who fail to achieve treatment goal include switching to other conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs), combination csDMARD therapy or TNFi, ustekinumab, secukinumab or tofacitinib. Intra-articular steroid or local steroid injection to enthesitis and dactylitis are allowed during the study but will be forbidden in the 4 weeks before assessment.

Clinical Assessment Assessment performed at each visit include pain, physicians' and patients' global assessments, number of tender joints count (TJC) and swollen joints count (SJC) (using the 68 tender/66 SJC), Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score (MASES), number of digits with dactylitis; ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score (ASDAS), modified health assessment questionnaire (M-HAQ); Disease Activity index for Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA), Psoriasis Area (BSA), Psoriasis Activity and Severity Index (PASI) were used to measure joint and skin disease activity.(31) MDA was used for assessment of treatment efficacy endpoint. The MDA criteria assess 7 domains [TJC ≤ 1, SJC ≤ 1, enthesitis count ≤ 1, skin (≤ 1 or BSA ≤ 3%), function (measured by the Health Assessment Questionnaire), ≤ 0.5, patient's global VAS on a 100-mm scale ≤ 20, and patient pain VAS on a 100 mm scale ≤ 15]. If 5 of 7 of the cutoffs for these domains are met, then the patient is deemed to be in MDA.

Cardiovascular assessments The following anthropomorphic assessment will be performed at each visit. Anthropomorphic measurements include body heights, body weight, waist and hip circumferences, two consecutive blood pressure readings in sitting position and heart rate. Hypertension status is defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90mmHg or the use of antihypertensive agents. Other data include menopausal status, smoking and drinking habits, history of DM, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, overt CVD, and family history of CVD, DM in first-degree male relatives <55 years of age or first-degree female relatives <65 years of age. Drug history is retrieved from case notes or elicited during the clinical assessment.

Laboratory assessments and inflammatory markers Laboratory assessments at each visit include complete blood count, liver and renal function tests, creatine kinase (CK), ESR and C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting blood glucose, lipid profile (total cholesterol [TC], LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C], triglycerides), fibrinogen and uric acid.

Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and plaque CIMT and plaque will be assessed at baseline and 12 months.CIMT will be measured using a high-resolution B-mode ultrasound machine (Philips EPIQ7) by an experienced sonographer blinded to all clinical information using a 30-MHz linear vascular probe (Philips L12-3 broadband linear array transducer). The CIMT will be measured offline in the distal common carotid artery, bulb, and proximal internal carotid artery using dedicated software (Philips Xcelera Cardiology Enterprise Viewer Client 4). The mean and maximal IMT values of 6 arterial segments will be calculated for further analysis. Plaque is defined as a localized thickening >1.2 mm that do not uniformly involve the whole artery. Progression of plaque is defined as an increase in region harboring plaque or number of plaque. Reproducibility of IMT was 0.97. Total plaque area (TPA) will be measured as described before. The plane for measurement of each plaque will be chosen by reviewing the video of the scan to find the largest extent of plaque as seen on the longitudinal view. TPA will be recorded as the sum of the areas of all plaques in the right and left carotid arteries. Reading of the ultrasound scans obtained at baseline and follow-up will be performed concurrently by a single reader (ITC) who is aware of the temporal order of the images but is blinded to all clinical data. The change in TPA will be calculated by subtracting the baseline TPA from the follow-up TPA. The intraobserver intraclass correlation coefficient for TPA was 0.94.

Coronary atherosclerosis assessment CCTA scans will be performed at baseline and 12 months 256-rows multidetector CT (General Electric (GE) Revolution CT) in accordance with the protocol employed in the ACCURACY trial, and will be analysed by an experienced radiologist blinded to clinical data (PT). Coronary artery calcium score (CAC) will be quantified by the Agatston method. The presence, site, stenosis level of plaques will be recorded. Coronary arteries will be standardised to American Heart Association 15-segment model. Segment involvement score (SIS) represented the total number of segments harbouring plaque. Lesions rendering over 50% stenosis of the lumen will be considered as obstructive. For multiple plaques, the most stenotic one will be recorded. Voxels with attenuation less than 130 HU will be assigned to the non-calcified volume of the plaque. For each segment, the presence or absence of 4 coronary artery high risk plaque features will be assessed: positive remodeling, low attenuation plaque, spotty calcification, and the "napkin ring" sign. Positive remodeling is defined as an outer vessel diameter that is 10% greater than the mean of the diameter of the segments immediately proximal and distal to the plaque. Low-attenuation plaque is defined as a focal central area of plaque with an attenuation density of <30 HU. Spotty calcification is defined as focal calcification within the coronary artery wall <3 mm in maximum diameter. The "napkin ring" sign is defined as a central area of low attenuation plaque that had a peripheral rim of high attenuation. Observer agreement for the assessment of coronary artery plaque characteristics has overall been shown to be fair. Plaque volume will be measured automatically based on attenuation (CardIQ Xpress 2.0 Reveal, General Electic).

Toxicity monitoring To monitor the possible side effect of the statin and DMARDs, complete blood count, CK, liver and renal function tests will be performed every visit. Chest X-rays will be obtained at baseline and at the end of the study. The treating physician record all adverse events and serious adverse events and, if necessary, make treatment adjustments in accordance with the protocol. Serious adverse events are defined as any adverse reaction resulting in any of the following outcomes: a life-threatening condition or death, a significant or permanent disability, a malignancy, hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization, a congenital abnormality, or a birth defect.