Predictors of Coronary Revascularization Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome

Diabetes mellitus (DM) doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease and about 75% of deaths in diabetic patients are due to coronary artery disease. Studies performed during the 1980's and 90's demonstrated increasing short and long-term mortality in diabetic patients undergoing CABG compared with non-diabetic patients. However, more recently, reports have shown a significant reduction in mortality among patients with diabetes. Alexander Kogan etal., 2018 Cardiac revascularization in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) is an important therapeutic intervention for the improvement of symptoms and prognosis. Prior to revascularization, patients must receive guideline-recommended medical therapy due to its established benefits. Thomas Nyström etal.,2018 Also notable is that the best current revascularization results achieved with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are with new-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) and for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with maximal use of arterial grafts. The multitude of studies for revascularization comparing PCI and CABG cannot provide a single solution for the entire spectrum of patients with stable CAD. Nevertheless, CABG results in more complete revascularization than PCI, particularly in complex multivessel CAD, which often is observed in patients with diabetes. Thomas Nyström etal., 2018 Approximately 25% of all patients who undergo multivessel revascularization have diabetes. A number of studies have demonstrated that CABG should be the preferred strategy for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes. In this group, CABG leads to improved survival rates and a reduced risk of myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization compared with revascularization with PCI. In the BARI (Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation) trial, a subset of 353 patients with diabetes who underwent PCI had almost a doubled 5-year mortality compared with those who underwent CABG. However, if only saphenous vein grafts were used as conduits, cardiac mortality was similar to that with PCI, demonstrating the importance of arterial grafting. It was further demonstrated in the BARI 2D (Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes) study that among patients with diabetes, prompt revascularization by CABG significantly reduced major CV events compared with intensive medical treatment alone. In contrast, there was no difference in CV events between patients who underwent PCI and patients who received only intensive medical treatment.Thomas Nyström etal.,2018 Pathological left ventricular remodeling (LVR) was the common characteristic of most cardiovascular diseases. It clinically defined as the adverse changes in LV mass, volume, and geometry after myocardial injury, which could be considered to be an adaptive response to cardiac performance inadequacy and a marker of poor prognosis in patients with underlying LV dysfunction. In recent years, the impact of non hemodynamic factors on cardiac structure and function, such as obesity and other metabolic disorder, had been gradually valued. Van Bilsen et al even proposed a theory of "metabolic remodeling." This theory held that glycolipid metabolism disturbance could change the metabolic pathway of myocardial energy and finally lead to LV remodeling and dysfunction. Qingqing Wang etal.,2018 Myocardial strain quantification by speckle tracking echocardiography has been well validated. It is a validated and accurate measure of regional systolic LV function.It has also been shown to be superior to visual assessment of wall motion in detection and quantification of regional systolic function. Strain and other deformation parameters are sensitive tools for detection of ischemia. It is hypothesized that global and regional left ventricular2D strain by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) facilitates an early and accurate non-invasive tool to predict the presence of acute coronary artery occlusion in patients with non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Viola William Keddeas,etal 2016