CoronavirusNCT04371419

COVID-19 Health Messaging to Underserved Communities

A study testing Messaging in people with Coronavirus, run by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. at 1 site in United States.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record

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Trial summary

Who is it for?: Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for: Coronavirus
What is being tested?: Messaging
Type of treatment: Lifestyle or therapy programme
Could I receive a placebo?: Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
How many people: 14,267 participants
Where: 1 siteUnited States
Study dates: 13 May 2020to 26 May 2020
Phase: Interventional
Are there results?: Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

Ages 18 years and older
All sexes
Healthy volunteers accepted
Adult, Older adult

Inclusion Criteria: Hispanic and African-American adult individuals, men and women - oversample of those with less completed education Exclusion Criteria: children, those who do not identify as above

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

United States1 site

JPAL North America
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138

Other trials in United States

About this study

Recent data have shown that covid19 is disproportionately infecting and killing African Americans and Latinx people in the United States. The aim of the study is to determine which messages are most effective at increasing knowledge and changing behaviors that can protect individuals and their communities from the virus. To accomplish this aim, we plan to recruit approximately 20,000 Hispanic and African-American individuals and randomly assign them to videos that vary either the sender or the framing of the message, while providing the relevant public health information.

Read the detailed description

The following procedures will be followed. The research subjects will participate online.

Doctors from MGH who express interest in participating will record messages according to our scripts (US Doctors Script African American, US Doctors Script Latinx). They will be instructed to film several different versions each.
We will recruit a sample of Latinx and African American study participants from across the country through Lucid, an online survey firm that has access to a large subject pool.
Participants will first read a consent script and give us their informed consent (US Doctors Messaging Consent)
Participants will then navigate through the following steps
Brief demographics survey questions (US Doctors Messaging Survey)
Videos 1 and 2: Introduction, Acknowledgement, Social Distancing (US Doctors Script African American, US Doctors Script Latinx). Individuals in the control group will not see videos.
Beliefs survey questions (US Doctors Messaging Survey)
Video 3: Masks (US Doctors Script African American, US Doctors Script Latinx). Again, individuals in the control group will not see a video here.
Main outcomes survey (US Doctors Messaging Survey)
Control group is shown a version of all 3 videos at end (US Doctors Script African American, US Doctors Script Latinx).
The video messages each participant in one of the treatment groups sees will be randomized on the following dimensions. The different versions are clearly demarcated in the US Doctors Scripts document.
Racial or ethnic identity of the doctor delivering the messages: concordant vs. discordant identity to the subject.
Whether the message includes an acknowledgment of "elephant in the room" issues for each target group: trust in the medical system or fear of deportation.
Whether the social distancing component of the message is delivered by Dr. Birx of the CDC or recorded by the MGH physicians.
Whether individuals are given information about how representative individuals perceive mask wearers of color. This information comes from results of our nationally representative pilot survey.
Some individuals in a control group will only see messages after all surveying has been completed.

Conditions: Coronavirus
Being tested: Messaging
Medical subject headings: Coronavirus Infections

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

MessagingBehavioural
- The video messages each participant in one of the treatment groups sees will be randomized on the following dimensions. The different versions are clearly demarcated in the US Doctors Scripts document.
- Racial or ethnic identity of the doctor delivering the messages: concordant vs. discordant identity to the subject.
- Whether the message includes an acknowledgment of "elephant in the room" issues for each target group: trust in the medical system or fear of deportation.
- Whether the social distancing component of the message is delivered by Dr. Birx of the CDC or recorded by the MGH physicians.
- Whether individuals are given information about how representative individuals perceive mask wearers of color. This information comes from results of our nationally representative pilot survey.
- Some individuals in a control group will see messages later.

Study groups in NCT04371419
Study group	Role	What they receive
Control - CDC - Mask (Control) - Concordant	Experimental	Control Intro, CDC Social Distancing, Mask Control version delivered by minority doctor of same background as the recipient - other definitions are similar Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Control - CDC - Mask (Control) - Discordant	Experimental	Control Intro, CDC Social Distancing, Mask Control version delivered by majority doctor of different background as the recipient - other definitions are similar Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Control - MGH - Mask (Control) - Concordant	Experimental	Control Intro, MGH Social Distancing, Mask Control version delivered by concordant doctor Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Control - MGH - Mask (Control) - Discordant	Experimental	Control Intro, MGH Social Distancing, Mask Control version delivered by discordant doctor Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Ack. Discrimination- MGH - Mask (Control) - Concordant	Experimental	Introduction Acknowledges past discrimination, MGH doctor talks about Social Distancing, Mask Control all by concordant MD Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Ack. Discrimination- MGH - Mask (Control) - Discordant	Experimental	Introduction Acknowledges past discrimination, MGH doctor talks about Social Distancing, Mask Control all by discordant MD Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Ack. econ. circumstance- MGH - Mask (Control ) Concordant	Experimental	Intro econ. circumstance -MGH - Mask (Control ) Concordant Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Ack. econ. circumstance - MGH - Mask (Control ) Discordant	Experimental	Not described Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Control Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant	Experimental	Control Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant messenger Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Control Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) Discordant	Experimental	Control Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) discordant messenger Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Control - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant messenger	Experimental	Control - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant sender Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Control- MGH-MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant messenger	Experimental	Control - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant sender Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Ack. Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant	Experimental	Acknowledge Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant sender Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Ack. Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant	Experimental	Acknowledge Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant sender Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Ack. Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant	Experimental	Acknowledge Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant sender Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Ack. Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) Discordant	Experimental	Acknowledge Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) discordant sender Receives: Behavioral: Messaging
Info later - Pure Control	Placebo comparator	This group will not receive the videos but will receive information later. Receives: Behavioral: Messaging

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention
Incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 7
Measured: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the 15-minute baseline survey.
Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior: Control vs. Any Intervention
Incidence rate for Information-seeking behavior is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 10
Measured: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the 15-minute baseline survey.
Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps by Intervention
Incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 7
Measured: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the 15-minute baseline survey.
Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior by Intervention
Incidence rate for Information-seeking behavior is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 10
Measured: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the 15-minute baseline survey.

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

13 May 202026 May 2020

First posted1 May 2020
Study start13 May 2020
Primary completion24 May 2020
Study completion26 May 2020

Resources

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
Other trials for CoronavirusStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design

Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase N/A
Primary purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Parallel groups
Masking: None (open label)
Enrolment: 14,267 participants (actual)

IDs, dates and publications

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04371419
Sponsor's protocol ID: 2003000118
Status last verified: Jul 2021
First submitted: 28 Apr 2020
Last updated: 27 Jul 2021
Results posted: Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
Data monitoring committee: No
FDA-regulated drug: No
FDA-regulated device: No
Individual data sharing: Yes: Generally, economists will post code and de-identified data when the findings are published

Publications

Alsan M, Stanford FC, Banerjee A, Breza E, Chandrasekhar AG, Eichmeyer S, Goldsmith-Pinkham P, Ogbu-Nwobodo L, Olken BA, Torres C, Sankar A, Vautrey PL, Duflo E. Comparison of Knowledge and Information-Seeking Behavior After General COVID-19 Public Health Messages and Messages Tailored for Black and Latinx Communities : A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr;174(4):484-492. doi: 10.7326/M20-6141. Epub 2020 Dec 21.
PubMed 33347320

Want to know more?

The sponsor has not listed a contact. The official record may have more details.

Talk to your doctor first and take this page with you. Only the study team can confirm whether you can join.

Questions to ask the study team

What is the study trying to find out?
What would I need to do, and how often would I visit?
Could I receive a placebo instead of the treatment?
What are the possible risks and benefits for me?
Will it cost me anything? Are travel or time paid for?
Can I keep seeing my own doctor during the study?
What happens when the study ends?

See locations

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All Coronavirus trials

Study at a glance

From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 27 Jul 2021. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.

Official title: COVID-19 Health Messaging to Underserved Communities
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04371419
Acronym / sponsor ID: 2003000118
Conditions: Coronavirus
Study type: Interventional
Recruitment status: Completed
Enrolment: 14,267 participants (actual)
Lead sponsor: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.University, hospital or other
Collaborators: Massachusetts General Hospital, Stanford University, Yale University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University
Study start: 13 May 2020 (actual)
Primary completion: 24 May 2020 (actual)
Study completion: 26 May 2020 (actual)
First posted: 1 May 2020 (actual)
Results: Posted 27 Jul 2021

Clinical summary

The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.

Detailed description

The following procedures will be followed. The research subjects will participate online.

Doctors from MGH who express interest in participating will record messages according to our scripts (US Doctors Script African American, US Doctors Script Latinx). They will be instructed to film several different versions each.
We will recruit a sample of Latinx and African American study participants from across the country through Lucid, an online survey firm that has access to a large subject pool.
Participants will first read a consent script and give us their informed consent (US Doctors Messaging Consent)
Participants will then navigate through the following steps
Brief demographics survey questions (US Doctors Messaging Survey)
Videos 1 and 2: Introduction, Acknowledgement, Social Distancing (US Doctors Script African American, US Doctors Script Latinx). Individuals in the control group will not see videos.
Beliefs survey questions (US Doctors Messaging Survey)
Video 3: Masks (US Doctors Script African American, US Doctors Script Latinx). Again, individuals in the control group will not see a video here.
Main outcomes survey (US Doctors Messaging Survey)
Control group is shown a version of all 3 videos at end (US Doctors Script African American, US Doctors Script Latinx).
The video messages each participant in one of the treatment groups sees will be randomized on the following dimensions. The different versions are clearly demarcated in the US Doctors Scripts document.
Racial or ethnic identity of the doctor delivering the messages: concordant vs. discordant identity to the subject.
Whether the message includes an acknowledgment of "elephant in the room" issues for each target group: trust in the medical system or fear of deportation.
Whether the social distancing component of the message is delivered by Dr. Birx of the CDC or recorded by the MGH physicians.
Whether individuals are given information about how representative individuals perceive mask wearers of color. This information comes from results of our nationally representative pilot survey.
Some individuals in a control group will only see messages after all surveying has been completed.

Study design

Primary purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Parallel groups
Masking: None (open label)
Number of arms: 17

Arm	Type	Receives
Control - CDC - Mask (Control) - Concordant	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingControl Intro, CDC Social Distancing, Mask Control version delivered by minority doctor of same background as the recipient - other definitions are similar
Control - CDC - Mask (Control) - Discordant	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingControl Intro, CDC Social Distancing, Mask Control version delivered by majority doctor of different background as the recipient - other definitions are similar
Control - MGH - Mask (Control) - Concordant	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingControl Intro, MGH Social Distancing, Mask Control version delivered by concordant doctor
Control - MGH - Mask (Control) - Discordant	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingControl Intro, MGH Social Distancing, Mask Control version delivered by discordant doctor
Ack. Discrimination- MGH - Mask (Control) - Concordant	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingIntroduction Acknowledges past discrimination, MGH doctor talks about Social Distancing, Mask Control all by concordant MD
Ack. Discrimination- MGH - Mask (Control) - Discordant	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingIntroduction Acknowledges past discrimination, MGH doctor talks about Social Distancing, Mask Control all by discordant MD
Ack. econ. circumstance- MGH - Mask (Control ) Concordant	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingIntro econ. circumstance -MGH - Mask (Control ) Concordant
Ack. econ. circumstance - MGH - Mask (Control ) Discordant	Experimental	Behavioral: Messaging
Control Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingControl Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant messenger
Control Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) Discordant	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingControl Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) discordant messenger
Control - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant messenger	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingControl - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant sender
Control- MGH-MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant messenger	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingControl - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant sender
Ack. Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingAcknowledge Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant sender
Ack. Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingAcknowledge Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant sender
Ack. Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingAcknowledge Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant sender
Ack. Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) Discordant	Experimental	Behavioral: MessagingAcknowledge Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) discordant sender
Info later - Pure Control	Placebo comparator	Behavioral: MessagingThis group will not receive the videos but will receive information later.

Who may qualify

Ages: 18 years and older
Sex: All
Healthy volunteers: Accepted
Age groups: Adult, Older adult

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Interventions

Intervention	Type	Arms
Messagingo The video messages each participant in one of the treatment groups sees will be randomized on the following dimensions. The different versions are clearly demarcated in the US Doctors Scripts document. * Racial or ethnic identity of the doctor delivering the messages: concordant vs. discordant identity to the subject. * Whether the message includes an acknowledgment of "elephant in the room" issues for each target group: trust in the medical system or fear of deportation. * Whether the social distancing component of the message is delivered by Dr. Birx of the CDC or recorded by the MGH physicians. * Whether individuals are given information about how representative individuals perceive mask wearers of color. This information comes from results of our nationally representative pilot survey. * Some individuals in a control group will see messages later.	Behavioural	Ack. Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant, Ack. Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant, Ack. Discrimination- MGH - Mask (Control) - Concordant, Ack. Discrimination- MGH - Mask (Control) - Discordant, Ack. Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant, Ack. Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) Discordant, Ack. econ. circumstance - MGH - Mask (Control ) Discordant, Ack. econ. circumstance- MGH - Mask (Control ) Concordant, Control - CDC - Mask (Control) - Concordant, Control - CDC - Mask (Control) - Discordant, Control - MGH - Mask (Control) - Concordant, Control - MGH - Mask (Control) - Discordant, Control - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant messenger, Control Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant, Control Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) Discordant, Control- MGH-MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant messenger, Info later - Pure Control

Primary outcome

Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the 15-minute baseline survey.
Incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 7
Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior: Control vs. Any Intervention
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the 15-minute baseline survey.
Incidence rate for Information-seeking behavior is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 10
Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps by Intervention
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the 15-minute baseline survey.
Incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 7
Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior by Intervention
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the 15-minute baseline survey.
Incidence rate for Information-seeking behavior is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 10

Results and safety

Results posted to the registry on 27 Jul 2021, as reported by the sponsor. Figures are copied from the record, not re-analysed. Full results on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Participant flow

Group	Started	Completed
Control - CDC - Mask (Control) - Concordant	784	641
Control - CDC - Mask (Control) - Discordant	791	636
Control - MGH - Mask (Control) - Concordant	780	639
Control - MGH - Mask (Control) - Discordant	778	631
Ack. Discrimination- MGH - Mask (Control) - Concordant	777	644
Ack. Discrimination- MGH - Mask (Control) - Discordant	788	654
Ack. Econ. Circumstance- MGH - Mask (Control ) Concordant	783	639
Ack. Econ. Circumstance - MGH - Mask (Control ) Discordant	788	658
Control Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant	779	649
Control Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) Discordant	780	621
Control - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant Messenger	782	626
Control- MGH-MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant Messenger	790	662
Ack. Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant	779	633
Ack. Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant	786	660
Ack. Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant	781	626
Ack. Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) Discordant	781	625
Info Later - Pure Control	1,617	1,450

Primary outcome: Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention

Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the 15-minute baseline survey.. Mean (95% Confidence Interval). Unit: proportion of knowledge gaps

Measure	Study Participants - Control n = 1525	Study Participants - Any Intervention n = 10711
Value	0.085 (0.076 to 0.093)	0.065 (0.062 to 0.068)

Population analysed: Any intervention was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested against a control and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis.

Primary outcome: Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior: Control vs. Any Intervention

Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the 15-minute baseline survey.. Mean (95% Confidence Interval). Unit: proportion of links

Measure	Study Participants - Control n = 1450	Study Participants - Any Intervention n = 10244
Value	0.335 (0.318 to 0.352)	0.344 (0.338 to 0.351)

Primary outcome: Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps by Intervention

Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the 15-minute baseline survey.. Mean (95% Confidence Interval). Unit: proportion of knowledge gaps

Measure	Intervention 1: Racial Discordance/Concordance Between Physician and Participant-Discordant (Arm A) n = 5395	Intervention 1: Racial Discordance/Concordance Between Physician and Participant-Concordant (Arm B) n = 5316	Intervention 2: Video 2 Recorded by MGH Physician/Dr. Birx of the CDC - MGH Physician (Arm A) n = 8041	Intervention 2: Video 2 Recorded by MGH Physician/Dr. Birx of the CDC - Dr. Birx of the CDC (Arm B) n = 2670	Intervention 3: Received Acknowledgment of Discrimination - No (Arm A) n = 8010	Intervention 3: Received Acknowledgment of Discrimination - Yes (Arm B) n = 2701	Intervention 4: Received Acknowledgment of Economic Inequalities - No (Arm A) n = 8058	Intervention 4: Received Acknowledgment of Economic Inequalities - Yes (Arm B) n = 2653	Intervention 5: Received Information About Social Perception - No (Arm A) n = 5366	Intervention 5: Received Information About Social Perception - Yes (Arm B) n = 5345
Value	0.066 (0.061 to 0.070)	0.065 (0.061 to 0.069)	0.065 (0.061 to 0.068)	0.068 (0.061 to 0.074)	0.066 (0.063 to 0.070)	0.063 (0.057 to 0.069)	0.066 (0.063 to 0.070)	0.063 (0.057 to 0.069)	0.066 (0.062 to 0.071)	0.065 (0.060 to 0.069)

Population analysed: Each intervention indicated in Arm/Group Title was indeed an arm that included each sub arm of different types of message that we tested Arm A against Arm B, or vice versa, and pre-specified in our study protocol and analysis plan to combine arms for analysis. Arms A and B are indicated in each Arm/Group Title.

Primary outcome: Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior by Intervention

Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the 15-minute baseline survey.. Mean (95% Confidence Interval). Unit: proportion of links

Measure	Intervention 1: Racial Discordance/Concordance Between Physician and Participant-Discordant (Arm A) n = 5147	Intervention 1: Racial Discordance/Concordance Between Physician and Participant-Concordant (Arm B) n = 5097	Intervention 2: Video 2 Recorded by MGH Physician/Dr. Birx of the CDC - MGH Physician (Arm A) n = 7697	Intervention 2: Video 2 Recorded by MGH Physician/Dr. Birx of the CDC - Dr. Birx of the CDC (Arm B) n = 2547	Intervention 3: Received Acknowledgment of Discrimination - No (Arm A) n = 7653	Intervention 3: Received Acknowledgment of Discrimination - Yes (Arm B) n = 2591	Intervention 4: Received Acknowledgment of Economic Inequalities - No (Arm A) n = 7696	Intervention 4: Received Acknowledgment of Economic Inequalities - Yes (Arm B) n = 2548	Intervention 5: Received Information About Social Perception - No (Arm A) n = 5142	Intervention 5: Received Information About Social Perception - Yes (Arm B) n = 5102
Value	0.336 (0.327 to 0.346)	0.353 (0.343 to 0.362)	0.343 (0.336 to 0.351)	0.348 (0.335 to 0.362)	0.346 (0.338 to 0.353)	0.341 (0.328 to 0.354)	0.344 (0.337 to 0.352)	0.345 (0.332 to 0.358)	0.345 (0.336 to 0.355)	0.344 (0.334 to 0.353)

Adverse events

Time frame: 14 days. Other adverse events reported at 0% frequency or more

Group	Serious adverse events	Other adverse events	Deaths
Control - CDC - Mask (Control) - Concordant	0 of 784 (0%)	0 of 784 (0%)	0 of 784
Control - CDC - Mask (Control) - Discordant	0 of 791 (0%)	0 of 791 (0%)	0 of 791
Control - MGH - Mask (Control) - Concordant	0 of 780 (0%)	0 of 780 (0%)	0 of 780
Control - MGH - Mask (Control) - Discordant	0 of 778 (0%)	0 of 778 (0%)	0 of 778
Ack. Discrimination- MGH - Mask (Control) - Concordant	0 of 777 (0%)	0 of 777 (0%)	0 of 777
Ack. Discrimination- MGH - Mask (Control) - Discordant	0 of 788 (0%)	0 of 788 (0%)	0 of 788
Ack. Econ. Circumstance- MGH - Mask (Control ) Concordant	0 of 783 (0%)	0 of 783 (0%)	0 of 783
Ack. Econ. Circumstance - MGH - Mask (Control ) Discordant	0 of 788 (0%)	0 of 788 (0%)	0 of 788
Control Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant	0 of 779 (0%)	0 of 779 (0%)	0 of 779
Control Intro - CDC - Mask (antiStigma) Discordant	0 of 780 (0%)	0 of 780 (0%)	0 of 780
Control - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant Messenger	0 of 782 (0%)	0 of 782 (0%)	0 of 782
Control- MGH-MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant Messenger	0 of 790 (0%)	0 of 790 (0%)	0 of 790
Ack. Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Concordant	0 of 779 (0%)	0 of 779 (0%)	0 of 779
Ack. Discrimination - MGH - MaskS (antiStigma) Discordant	0 of 786 (0%)	0 of 786 (0%)	0 of 786
Ack. Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) Concordant	0 of 781 (0%)	0 of 781 (0%)	0 of 781
Ack. Econ Hardship- MGH - Mask (antiStigma) Discordant	0 of 781 (0%)	0 of 781 (0%)	0 of 781
Info Later - Pure Control

Limitations and caveats (from the sponsor): Participants' behavior was not directly observed, outcomes were measured immediately postintervention in May 2020, and online recruitment may not be representative.

Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…

Research links

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 27 Jul 2021.
Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
Derived from this study: PubMed 33347320Alsan M, Stanford FC, Banerjee A, Breza E, Chandrasekhar AG, Eichmeyer S, Goldsmith-Pinkham P, Ogbu-Nwobodo L, Olken BA, Torres C, Sankar A, Vautrey PL, Duflo E. Comparison of Knowledge and Information-Seeking Behavior After General COVID-19 Public Health Messages and Messages Tailored for Black and Latinx Communities : A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr;174(4):484-492. doi: 10.7326/M20-6141. Epub 2020 Dec 21.
Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. Generally, economists will post code and de-identified data when the findings are published

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SARS-CoV-2

Referral and contact

AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.

The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.

1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing Messaging in people with Coronavirus, run by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. at 1 site in United States.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Jul 2021. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 27 Jul 2021). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention (time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the 15-minute baseline survey.). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04371419, which also lists 1 linked publication.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Jul 2021.