Body Dysmorphic DisorderNCT04373629
Perceptual Abnormalities and Their Malleability in BDD
A study testing attentional modulation, perceptual modulation and naturalistic viewing in people with Body Dysmorphic Disorder, run by Centre for Addiction and Mental Health at 1 site in Canada.
Trial summary
A core symptom of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is perceptual distortions for appearance, which contributes to poor insight and delusionality, limits engagement in treatment, and puts individuals at risk for relapse. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 40 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- What is being tested?
- attentional modulation, perceptual modulation and naturalistic viewing
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 146 participants
- Where
- 1 siteCanada
- Study dates
- 1 Dec 2020to 1 Jun 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 40 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Body dysmorphic disorder: Inclusion:
- males or females
- ages 18-40
- meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 (DSM-5) criteria for Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- have a Body Dysmorphic Disorder version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale (BDD-YBOCS) score of ≥20
- primary appearance concerns of the face or head area
Show all 15Show fewer
- medication naïve or medication free for at least 8 weeks prior to enrollment
- Subclinical body dysmorphic disorder: Inclusion:
- males or females
- ages 18-40
- have a score on the Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire of ≥8 [1 standard deviation (STD) above population norms] - primary appearance concerns of the face or head area
- medication naïve or medication free for at least 8 weeks prior to enrollment
- Healthy controls: Inclusion
- Healthy males and females from any racial or ethnic background - ages 18-40
- have a score on the Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire of <8
Who cannot join
- Body dysmorphic disorder: Exclusion
- concurrent major Axis I disorders including substance use disorders, aside from anxiety disorders or depressive disorders, as these comorbidities are very common and the sample would otherwise be non-representative; however BDD must be the primary diagnosis.
- lifetime: bipolar disorder or psychotic disorder.
- psychotropic medications, aside from a short half-life sedative/hypnotic for insomnia, or a short half-life benzodiazepine as needed for anxiety but not exceeding a frequency of 3 doses in one week and not to be taken on the days of the training or MRI scan
- current cognitive-behavioral therapy
- Subclinical body dysmorphic disorder: Exclusion
Show all 21Show fewer
- meet full DSM-5 criteria for Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- current Axis I disorders including substance use disorders
- lifetime: bipolar disorder or psychotic disorder
- psychotropic medications, aside from a short half-life sedative/hypnotic for insomnia, or a short half-life benzodiazepine as needed for anxiety but not exceeding a frequency of 3 doses in one week and not to be taken on the days of the training or MRI scan
- current cognitive-behavioral therapy
- Healthy Controls: Exclusion
- Any current Axis I disorder
- lifetime: bipolar disorder or psychotic disorder
- Psychiatric medication
- All participants: Exclusion
- Neurological disorder
- Pregnancy
- Current major medical disorders that may affect cerebral metabolism such as diabetes or thyroid disorders - Current risk of suicide with a plan and intent
- Ferromagnetic metal implantations or devices (electronic implants or devices, infusion pumps, aneurysm clips, metal fragments or foreign bodies, metal prostheses, joints, rods or plates)
- Visual acuity worse than 20/35 for each eye as determined by Snellen close vision acuity chart (vision will be tested with corrective lenses if participant uses them).
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Canada1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H3
Jamie D Feusner, M.D., (416) 535-8501 ext. 33436, jamie.feusner@camh.ca
Jamie D Feusner, M.D.
About this study
Official title: Neural Mechanisms of Perceptual Abnormalities and Their Malleability in Body Dysmorphic Disorder
A core symptom of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is perceptual distortions for appearance, which contributes to poor insight and delusionality, limits engagement in treatment, and puts individuals at risk for relapse. Results from this study will provide a comprehensive mechanistic model of brain, behavioral, and emotional contributors to abnormal perceptual processing, as well as how malleable it is with visual modulation techniques. This will lay the groundwork for next-step translational perceptual retraining approaches.
Read the detailed description
Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) misperceive specific aspects of one's own appearance to be conspicuously flawed or defective, despite these being unnoticeable or appearing minuscule to others. With convictions of disfigurement and ugliness, individuals with BDD typically have poor insight or delusional beliefs, obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors, anxiety, and depression. These result in significant difficulties in functioning, depression, suicide attempts (25%), and psychiatric hospitalization (50%). Despite this, relatively few studies of the neurobiology, and few treatment studies, have been conducted. This underscores a critical need for research to identify novel targets for intervention based on a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms. Neuropsychological, behavioral, and neurobiological research by investigators have uncovered mechanisms that may contribute to perceptual distortions, including prominent abnormalities in visual processing systems. These have contributed to a model of diminished global/holistic processing and enhanced local/detailed processing, attributed to "bottom-up" and "top-down" disturbances in perception. Using psychophysical experiments and novel visual modulation techniques, investigators have probed the brain's visual systems responsible for global and local processing and found early evidence that they may be modifiable in BDD. These techniques include a "top-down" attentional modulation and a "bottom-up" perceptual modulation strategy. Abnormal eye gaze and emotional arousal when viewing faces may further contribute to abnormal perception. Whether these brain and behavior abnormalities are directly linked to abnormal perception remains to be understood. Accordingly, this study will determine a) if abnormalities in neural activation and connectivity in BDD when viewing one's own appearance are directly associated with abnormalities in perceptual functioning; and b) if changes in neural activation and connectivity from these visual modulation strategies are linked to changes in perceptual functioning, thus representing potential biomarkers. Investigators will also determine how attentional systems, eye gaze behaviors and emotional arousal interact with brain functioning in visual systems, and with global and local perceptual functioning. Investigators will enroll participants with BDD, with subclinical BDD, and healthy controls who will undergo functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing photographs of own, and others' faces. Investigators will obtain measures of global and local visual processing, emotional arousal while participants view own face, and eye gaze behaviors using eye tracking. To understand the malleability of global/local perception, and the neural mechanisms of these changes, investigators will determine whether repeated visual modulation using top-down and bottom-up strategies results in alterations of perceptual functioning and brain activity/connectivity, and relationships between them. Results will provide a comprehensive mechanistic model of abnormal visual information processing underlying the core symptom domain of misperceptions of appearance. This will lay the groundwork for next-step translational approaches.
- Conditions
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Being tested
- attentional modulation, perceptual modulation, naturalistic viewing
- Medical subject headings
- Body Dysmorphic Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
attentional modulationBehavioural
Attentional instructions when viewing faces will be given
perceptual modulationOther
Faces will be presented of varying durations
naturalistic viewingOther
Faces will be viewed without specific instructions
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| attention modulation | Experimental | Not described Receives: Behavioral: attentional modulation |
| perceptual modulation | Experimental | Not described Receives: Other: perceptual modulation |
| naturalistic viewing | Experimental | Not described Receives: Other: naturalistic viewing |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Face inversion effect
In a force-choice recognition task, participants will view sets of upright target faces followed by 2 upright selection faces, and sets of inverted target faces followed by 2 inverted selection faces. Participants will be instructed to select one of the two faces that is the same as the target face, as quickly and as accurately as possible. The dependent variable is the difference in response times for upright vs. inverted faces.
Measured: Baseline
Brain connectivity and activation in the dorsal and ventral visual stream
Investigators will obtain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data while participants view photographs of one's face. After preprocessing and analysis investigators will be able to determine: a) baseline associations between brain activity and connectivity and global/ local processing (face inversion effect), and b) associations between changes in brain activity and connectivity with changes in global/local processing (face inversion effect)
Measured: Baseline
Eye gaze behavior
Investigators will use eye-tracking for behavioral assessments related to viewing photos of one's face. The primary dependent variable will be mean fixation duration, defined as the mean time that eye gaze is limited to one area (using k-means clustering) across the total viewing duration. We will use an eye-tracker camera to collect data while individuals view photos of one's face. Each face will be 3.5 sec.
Measured: Baseline
Emotional valence
Investigators will use automated facial emotional recognition software to calculate valence based on the activity of specific facial landmarks automatically read from video capture of participants while viewing one's own face. The data will be collected simultaneously with the eye-tracking data collection while viewing own faces. The dependent variable of emotional is calculated as the mean, across the entire face viewing, of the intensity of positive emotional expressions minus the intensity of the negative expression with the highest intensity.
Measured: Baseline
Change in face inversion effect
In a force-choice recognition task, participants will view sets of upright target faces
Measured: Within a week after baseline
Change in brain connectivity and activation in the dorsal and ventral visual stream
Investigators will obtain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data while participants view photographs of one's own face. After preprocessing and analysis investigators will be able to determine: a) baseline associations between brain activity and connectivity and global/ local processing (face inversion effect), and b) associations between changes in brain activity and connectivity with changes in global/local processing (face inversion effect)
Measured: Within a week after baseline
Change in eye gaze behavior
Investigators will use eye-tracking for behavioral assessments related to viewing photos of one's face. The primary dependent variable will be mean fixation duration, defined as the mean time that eye gaze is limited to one area (using k-means clustering) across the total viewing duration. Investigators will use an eye-tracker camera to collect data while individuals view photos of one's own face. Each face will be 3.5 sec.
Measured: Within a week after baseline
Change in emotional valence
Investigators will use automated facial emotional recognition software to calculate valence based on the activity of specific facial landmarks automatically read from video capture of participants while viewing one's own face. The data will be collected simultaneously with the eye-tracking data collection while viewing own faces. The dependent variable of emotional is calculated as the mean, across the entire face viewing, of the intensity of positive emotional expressions minus the intensity of the negative expression with the highest intensity.
Measured: Within a week after baseline
Secondary outcomes (6)
The body dysmorphic version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale 0-48 values higher score= worse outcome
This is the most widely used scale to measure BDD symptom severity cross-sectionally, and as a measure of symptom change in treatment studies. It is a clinician-rated scale that consists of 12 items assessing appearance-related obsessions, compulsive behaviors, insight, and avoidance.
Measured: Baseline
The Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale 0-24 values higher score= worse outcome
This clinician-rated scale assesses insight and delusionality related to specific beliefs. It consists of six items that probe one's convictions about their beliefs, if others' agree with their beliefs, attempts to disprove their beliefs, and if their beliefs have psychological or psychiatric causes.
Measured: Baseline
Body Image States Scale 1-9 values higher the score= better outcome
This scale consists of six items to assess domains of current body experiences
Measured: Baseline
Change in the body dysmorphic version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive- Compulsive Scale 0-48 values higher score= worse outcome
This is the most widely used scale to measure BDD symptom severity cross-sectionally, and as a measure of symptom change in treatment studies. It is a clinician-rated scale that consists of 12 items assessing appearance-related obsessions, compulsive behaviors, insight, and avoidance.
Measured: 7-10 days after baseline
Change in the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale 0-24 values higher score= worse outcome
This clinician-rated scale assesses insight and delusionality related to specific beliefs. It consists of six items that probe one's convictions about their beliefs, if others' agree with their beliefs, attempts to disprove their beliefs, and if their beliefs have psychological or psychiatric causes.
Measured: 7-10 days after baseline
Change in the Body Image States Scale 1-9 values higher the score= better outcome
This scale consists of six items to assess domains of current body experiences
Measured: 7-10 days after baseline
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted4 May 2020
- Study start1 Dec 2020
- Primary completion1 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion1 Jun 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Body Dysmorphic DisorderStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 146 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Toronto
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Jamie D. Feusner, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- Investigators
- Jamie D Feusner, M.D., Principal investigator, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04373629
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- R01MH121520-01A1
- Other IDs
- R01MH121520
- Status last verified
- Nov 2025
- First submitted
- 24 Apr 2020
- Last updated
- 14 Nov 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 14 Nov 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Neural Mechanisms of Perceptual Abnormalities and Their Malleability in Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04373629
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- R01MH121520-01A1
- Conditions
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 146 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Centre for Addiction and Mental HealthUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Toronto
- Study start
- 1 Dec 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 1 Jun 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 4 May 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
A core symptom of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is perceptual distortions for appearance, which contributes to poor insight and delusionality, limits engagement in treatment, and puts individuals at risk for relapse. Results from this study will provide a comprehensive mechanistic model of brain, behavioral, and emotional contributors to abnormal perceptual processing, as well as how malleable it is with visual modulation techniques. This will lay the groundwork for next-step translational perceptual retraining approaches.
Detailed description
Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) misperceive specific aspects of one's own appearance to be conspicuously flawed or defective, despite these being unnoticeable or appearing minuscule to others. With convictions of disfigurement and ugliness, individuals with BDD typically have poor insight or delusional beliefs, obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors, anxiety, and depression. These result in significant difficulties in functioning, depression, suicide attempts (25%), and psychiatric hospitalization (50%). Despite this, relatively few studies of the neurobiology, and few treatment studies, have been conducted. This underscores a critical need for research to identify novel targets for intervention based on a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms. Neuropsychological, behavioral, and neurobiological research by investigators have uncovered mechanisms that may contribute to perceptual distortions, including prominent abnormalities in visual processing systems. These have contributed to a model of diminished global/holistic processing and enhanced local/detailed processing, attributed to "bottom-up" and "top-down" disturbances in perception. Using psychophysical experiments and novel visual modulation techniques, investigators have probed the brain's visual systems responsible for global and local processing and found early evidence that they may be modifiable in BDD. These techniques include a "top-down" attentional modulation and a "bottom-up" perceptual modulation strategy. Abnormal eye gaze and emotional arousal when viewing faces may further contribute to abnormal perception. Whether these brain and behavior abnormalities are directly linked to abnormal perception remains to be understood. Accordingly, this study will determine a) if abnormalities in neural activation and connectivity in BDD when viewing one's own appearance are directly associated with abnormalities in perceptual functioning; and b) if changes in neural activation and connectivity from these visual modulation strategies are linked to changes in perceptual functioning, thus representing potential biomarkers. Investigators will also determine how attentional systems, eye gaze behaviors and emotional arousal interact with brain functioning in visual systems, and with global and local perceptual functioning. Investigators will enroll participants with BDD, with subclinical BDD, and healthy controls who will undergo functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing photographs of own, and others' faces. Investigators will obtain measures of global and local visual processing, emotional arousal while participants view own face, and eye gaze behaviors using eye tracking. To understand the malleability of global/local perception, and the neural mechanisms of these changes, investigators will determine whether repeated visual modulation using top-down and bottom-up strategies results in alterations of perceptual functioning and brain activity/connectivity, and relationships between them. Results will provide a comprehensive mechanistic model of abnormal visual information processing underlying the core symptom domain of misperceptions of appearance. This will lay the groundwork for next-step translational approaches.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| attention modulation | Experimental | Behavioral: attentional modulation |
| perceptual modulation | Experimental | Other: perceptual modulation |
| naturalistic viewing | Experimental | Other: naturalistic viewing |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 40 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (15 listed)
- males or females
- ages 18-40
- meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 (DSM-5) criteria for Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- have a Body Dysmorphic Disorder version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale (BDD-YBOCS) score of ≥20
- primary appearance concerns of the face or head area
Key exclusion criteria (21 listed)
- Body dysmorphic disorder: Exclusion
- concurrent major Axis I disorders including substance use disorders, aside from anxiety disorders or depressive disorders, as these comorbidities are very common and the sample would otherwise be non-representative; however BDD must be the primary diagnosis.
- lifetime: bipolar disorder or psychotic disorder.
- psychotropic medications, aside from a short half-life sedative/hypnotic for insomnia, or a short half-life benzodiazepine as needed for anxiety but not exceeding a frequency of 3 doses in one week and not to be taken on the days of the training or MRI scan
- current cognitive-behavioral therapy
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| attentional modulationAttentional instructions when viewing faces will be given | Behavioural | attention modulation |
| perceptual modulationFaces will be presented of varying durations | Other | perceptual modulation |
| naturalistic viewingFaces will be viewed without specific instructions | Other | naturalistic viewing |
Primary outcome
Face inversion effect
Time frame: Baseline
In a force-choice recognition task, participants will view sets of upright target faces followed by 2 upright selection faces, and sets of inverted target faces followed by 2 inverted selection faces. Participants will be instructed to select one of the two faces that is the same as the target face, as quickly and as accurately as possible. The dependent variable is the difference in response times for upright vs. inverted faces.
Brain connectivity and activation in the dorsal and ventral visual stream
Time frame: Baseline
Investigators will obtain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data while participants view photographs of one's face. After preprocessing and analysis investigators will be able to determine: a) baseline associations between brain activity and connectivity and global/ local processing (face inversion effect), and b) associations between changes in brain activity and connectivity with changes in global/local processing (face inversion effect)
Eye gaze behavior
Time frame: Baseline
Investigators will use eye-tracking for behavioral assessments related to viewing photos of one's face. The primary dependent variable will be mean fixation duration, defined as the mean time that eye gaze is limited to one area (using k-means clustering) across the total viewing duration. We will use an eye-tracker camera to collect data while individuals view photos of one's face. Each face will be 3.5 sec.
Emotional valence
Time frame: Baseline
Investigators will use automated facial emotional recognition software to calculate valence based on the activity of specific facial landmarks automatically read from video capture of participants while viewing one's own face. The data will be collected simultaneously with the eye-tracking data collection while viewing own faces. The dependent variable of emotional is calculated as the mean, across the entire face viewing, of the intensity of positive emotional expressions minus the intensity of the negative expression with the highest intensity.
Change in face inversion effect
Time frame: Within a week after baseline
In a force-choice recognition task, participants will view sets of upright target faces
Change in brain connectivity and activation in the dorsal and ventral visual stream
Time frame: Within a week after baseline
Investigators will obtain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data while participants view photographs of one's own face. After preprocessing and analysis investigators will be able to determine: a) baseline associations between brain activity and connectivity and global/ local processing (face inversion effect), and b) associations between changes in brain activity and connectivity with changes in global/local processing (face inversion effect)
Change in eye gaze behavior
Time frame: Within a week after baseline
Investigators will use eye-tracking for behavioral assessments related to viewing photos of one's face. The primary dependent variable will be mean fixation duration, defined as the mean time that eye gaze is limited to one area (using k-means clustering) across the total viewing duration. Investigators will use an eye-tracker camera to collect data while individuals view photos of one's own face. Each face will be 3.5 sec.
Change in emotional valence
Time frame: Within a week after baseline
Investigators will use automated facial emotional recognition software to calculate valence based on the activity of specific facial landmarks automatically read from video capture of participants while viewing one's own face. The data will be collected simultaneously with the eye-tracking data collection while viewing own faces. The dependent variable of emotional is calculated as the mean, across the entire face viewing, of the intensity of positive emotional expressions minus the intensity of the negative expression with the highest intensity.
6 secondary outcomes
The body dysmorphic version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale 0-48 values higher score= worse outcome
Time frame: Baseline
The Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale 0-24 values higher score= worse outcome
Time frame: Baseline
Body Image States Scale 1-9 values higher the score= better outcome
Time frame: Baseline
Change in the body dysmorphic version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive- Compulsive Scale 0-48 values higher score= worse outcome
Time frame: 7-10 days after baseline
Change in the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale 0-24 values higher score= worse outcome
Time frame: 7-10 days after baseline
Change in the Body Image States Scale 1-9 values higher the score= better outcome
Time frame: 7-10 days after baseline
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 14 Nov 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Jamie D Feusner, M.D. principal investigator
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing attentional modulation, perceptual modulation and naturalistic viewing in people with Body Dysmorphic Disorder, run by Centre for Addiction and Mental Health at 1 site in Canada.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 15 inclusion and 21 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 14 Nov 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Canada. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Research Analyst ((416) 535-8501 ext. 32395, bdd.research@camh.ca), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Face inversion effect (time frame: Baseline). The study lists 8 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 14 Nov 2025.