MeningiomaPhase 4NCT04386642
Tranexamic Acid Reduce Blood Loss in Meningioma Resection
A Phase 4 study testing Tranexamic acid in people with Meningioma, run by Chiang Mai University at 1 site in Thailand.
Trial summary
In neurosurgical setting, a large sample size trials of tranexamic acid (TXA) has been limited to TBI and SAH. The evidence of TXA in brain tumor was scarce. A few case reports support the role of TXA in brain tumor patients with significant intraoperative bleeding and difficult achieving hemostasis. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 60 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Meningioma
- What is being tested?
- Tranexamic acid
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 44 participants
- Where
- 1 siteThailand
- Study dates
- 1 Sep 2021to 30 Sep 2022
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 60 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- The patients whose aged 18 to 60 years
- The patients who was diagnosed intracranial meningioma
- The radio-graphic finding of tumor diameter > 5 cm in at least 2 dimensions
- The patients have written informed consent
- The patients is scheduled for elective craniotomy to remove tumor
Who cannot join
- Patients who refuse to participate in this study
- Patients with recurrent tumor
- The patient is set operation for intracranial tissue biopsy
- The patients with history of TXA allergy
- The pregnant patients
- The patients with history of significant thromboembolic episode
- The patients with significant renal dysfunction (GFR ≤ 50 ml/min)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Effect of Tranexamic Acid Infusion to Reduce Intraoperative Blood Loss in Large Meningioma: A Prospective Randomized Double-blind Control Study
In neurosurgical setting, a large sample size trials of tranexamic acid (TXA) has been limited to TBI and SAH.
The evidence of TXA in brain tumor was scarce. A few case reports support the role of TXA in brain tumor patients with significant intraoperative bleeding and difficult achieving hemostasis. To prove the benefit of TXA for an attenuation of blood loss in brain tumor patients, research with a larger sample size is required. This prospective, randomized double-blind controlled study will be conducted to evaluate the effect of TXA in reducing blood loss and blood transfusion in patients with intracranial meningiomas, diameter > 5 cm in at least 2 dimensions from the latest radiographic findings.
Read the detailed description
Background and Literature review:
- Meningioma
- Coagulation in craniotomy to remove meningioma
- Bleeding in craniotomy to remove meningioma
- Tranexamic acid (TXA)
- Knowledge gap The topics shown above has been reviewed to conduct a prospective randomized double-blind, placebo controlled study.
To prove the study hypothesis: Will intraoperative TXA administration in adult patients scheduled for craniotomy to remove large meningioma decrease blood loss?
- Conditions
- Meningioma
- Being tested
- Tranexamic acid, Placebo
- Keywords
- Tranexamic acid, Meningioma, Blood loss
- Medical subject headings
- Meningioma, Hemorrhage
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Tranexamic acidDrug
Also called group T
Tranexamic acid 2000 mg dilute in normal saline solution 50 ml.
PlaceboDrug
Also called group N
normal saline solution in a clear 50-ml syringe
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Experiment group | Experimental | Each ampule contains TXA 250 mg. TXA preparation is 2000 mg dilute in normal saline 50 ml to get the concentration of 40 mg/ml. TXA will be administered 20 mg/kg loading over 20 min before skin incision followed by a maintenance infusion of 0.025 ml/kg/h (1 mg/kg/h) until the end of operation. Receives: Drug: Tranexamic acid |
| Control group | Placebo comparator | Normal saline solution 50 ml is prepared in a clear 50 ml syringe similar to the experiment group. Receives: Drug: Placebo |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
volume of intraoperative blood loss
- volume of blood presented in the suction bottle subtracted by the amount of water that the surgeon used in the surgical field
- the blood from the dry (30 ml) and wet swab (50 ml)
- serial Hgb / Hct periodically during surgery and compare to those obtain before surgery
Measured: in operating room during surgery
Secondary outcomes (6)
volume of blood being transfused
volume of pack red cell and other blood component (FFP, platelet)
Measured: during surgery and 24 hour after surgery
surgeon rated for the satisfaction on hemostatic scale
The surgeon will be informed about a Likert-type scale which is designed for clinical studies. The surgeon's satisfaction on hemostatic scale is a 3-graded scale modified from 5-graded validated bleeding severity scale. The original version is shown in the table 1. The surgeon will judge his satisfaction on hemostatic quality based on the most critical period or the overview of the surgical procedure. Even the long operative time, there will be one rate represent surgeon's opinion on hemostatic quality.
Measured: in 2 hours after finish the operation
the extent of tumor removal according to the surgeon decision
completely or partially resection is rated by the surgeons
Measured: in 2 hours after finish the operation
postoperative complications
bleeding, remarkable brain edema, re-craniotomy within 24 hours, worsening GCS, DIC, thromboembolic events, postoperative seizures
Measured: in ICU neuro in 24 hours
the duration of postoperative ventilator use
remain intubation
Measured: number of day remained intubation within 1 week after surgery
the length of neuro-ICU stays
how long the patient stay in ICU
Measured: number of day remained intubation within 1 week after surgery
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted13 May 2020
- Study start1 Sep 2021 (estimated)
- Primary completion31 Jul 2022 (estimated)
- Study completion30 Sep 2022 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for MeningiomaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- The patients will be randomized into two parallel groups by block of four randomization.
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 44 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Chiang Mai University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Pathomporn Pin on, M.D., Chiang Mai University
- Investigators
- Pathomporn Pin-on, MD, Principal investigator, Chiang Mai University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04386642
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- ANE_07052020
- Status last verified
- Jan 2021
- First submitted
- 7 May 2020
- Last updated
- 27 Jan 2021
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
1. Ostrom QT, Cioffi G, Gittleman H, Patil N, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012-2016. Neuro Oncol. 2019 Nov 1;21(Supplement_5): v1-v100. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noz150. 2. Islim, A.I., Mohan, M., Moon, R.D.C. et al. Incidental intracranial meningiomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factors and outcomes. J Neurooncol 142, 211-221 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-019-03104-3 3. Lemée, J., Corniola, M.V., Da Broi, M. et al. Extent of Resection in Meningioma: Predictive Factors and Clinical Implications. Sci Rep 9, 5944 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42451-z 4. Choy W, Kim W, Nagasawa D, Stramotas S, Yew A, Gopen Q, Parsa AT, Yang I. The molecular genetics and tumor pathogenesis of meningiomas and the future directions of meningioma treatments. Neurosurg Focus. 2011 May;30(5): E6. doi: 10.3171/2011.2. FOCUS1116. 5. Sawaya R, Rämö OJ, Shi ML, Mandybur G. Biological significance of tissue plasminogen activator content in brain tumors. J Neurosurg. 1991 Mar;74(3):480-6. 6. Goh KY, Poon WS, Chan DT, Ip CP. Tissue plasminogen activator expression in meningiomas and glioblastomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005 Jun;107(4):296-300. 7. Goh KY, Tsoi WC, Feng CS, Wickham N, Poon WS. Haemostatic changes during surgery for primary brain tumours. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997 Sep;63(3):334-8. 8. J. E. Brecknell, C. A. Mclean, H. Hirano & G. M. Malham. Disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating resection of a malignant meningioma, British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2006, 20:4, 239-241, DOI: 10.1080/02688690600852647 9. Velez AM, Friedman WA. Disseminated intravascular coagulation during resection of a meningioma: case report. Neurosurgery.2011Apr;68(4): E1165-9; discussion E1169.doi: 10.1227/ NEU. 0b013 e31820a18 1a 10. Hsu SY, Huang YH. Characterization and prognostic implications of significant blood loss during intracranial meningioma surgery. Transl Cancer Res 2016;5(6):797-804. doi: 10.21037/tcr.2016.11.72. 11. Wu WC, Trivedi A, Friedmann PD, et al. Association between hospital intraoperative blood transfusion practices for surgical blood loss and hospital surgical mortality rates. Ann Surg 2012; 255:708-14. 12. Tsyben A, Surour M, Budohoski K, et alP42 Predicting bleeding risk during meningioma surgery. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2019;90: e35. 13. Yates, J., Perelman, I., Khair, S., Taylor, J., Lampron, J., Tinmouth, A. and Saidenberg, E. (2019), Exclusion criteria and adverse events in perioperative trials of tranexamic acid: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transfusion, 59: 806-824. doi:10.1111/trf.15030 14. Chauncey JM, Wieters JS. Tranexamic Acid. [Updated 2019 Dec 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532909/ 15. Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, et al; CRASH-2 trial collaborators. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010; 376:23-32. 16. Roberts I, Shakur H, Afolabi A, et al; CRASH-2 collaborators. The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2011; 377:1096- 1101, 1101 e1091-1092. 17. WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017; 389:2105-2116. 18. Gayet-Ageron A, Prieto-Merino D, Ker K, Shakur H, Ageron FX, Roberts I; Antifibrinolytic Trials Collaboration. Effect of treatment delay on the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytics in acute severe haemorrhage: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data from 40 138 bleeding patients. Lancet. 2018; 391:125-132. 19. Hooda B, Muthuchellappan R. Tranexamic Acid in Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care: Time for Its Critical Appraisal. J Neuroanaesthesiol Crit Care 2019; 6:257-266. 20. Ker K, Prieto-Merino D, Roberts I. Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of tranexamic acid on surgical blood loss. Br J Surg 2013;100(10):1271-1279.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 27 Jan 2021. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effect of Tranexamic Acid Infusion to Reduce Intraoperative Blood Loss in Large Meningioma: A Prospective Randomized Double-blind Control Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04386642
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- ANE_07052020
- Conditions
- Meningioma
- Keywords
- Tranexamic acid, Meningioma, Blood loss
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Unknown status
- Enrolment
- 44 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Chiang Mai UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Sep 2021 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- 31 Jul 2022 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 30 Sep 2022 (estimated)
- First posted
- 13 May 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
In neurosurgical setting, a large sample size trials of tranexamic acid (TXA) has been limited to TBI and SAH.
The evidence of TXA in brain tumor was scarce. A few case reports support the role of TXA in brain tumor patients with significant intraoperative bleeding and difficult achieving hemostasis. To prove the benefit of TXA for an attenuation of blood loss in brain tumor patients, research with a larger sample size is required. This prospective, randomized double-blind controlled study will be conducted to evaluate the effect of TXA in reducing blood loss and blood transfusion in patients with intracranial meningiomas, diameter > 5 cm in at least 2 dimensions from the latest radiographic findings.
Detailed description
Background and Literature review:
- Meningioma
- Coagulation in craniotomy to remove meningioma
- Bleeding in craniotomy to remove meningioma
- Tranexamic acid (TXA)
- Knowledge gap The topics shown above has been reviewed to conduct a prospective randomized double-blind, placebo controlled study.
To prove the study hypothesis: Will intraoperative TXA administration in adult patients scheduled for craniotomy to remove large meningioma decrease blood loss?
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- The patients will be randomized into two parallel groups by block of four randomization.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Experiment group | Experimental | Drug: Tranexamic acidEach ampule contains TXA 250 mg. TXA preparation is 2000 mg dilute in normal saline 50 ml to get the concentration of 40 mg/ml. TXA will be administered 20 mg/kg loading over 20 min before skin incision followed by a maintenance infusion of 0.025 ml/kg/h (1 mg/kg/h) until the end of operation. |
| Control group | Placebo comparator | Drug: PlaceboNormal saline solution 50 ml is prepared in a clear 50 ml syringe similar to the experiment group. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 60 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- The patients whose aged 18 to 60 years
- The patients who was diagnosed intracranial meningioma
- The radio-graphic finding of tumor diameter > 5 cm in at least 2 dimensions
- The patients have written informed consent
- The patients is scheduled for elective craniotomy to remove tumor
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Patients who refuse to participate in this study
- Patients with recurrent tumor
- The patient is set operation for intracranial tissue biopsy
- The patients with history of TXA allergy
- The pregnant patients
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Tranexamic acidAlso: group TTranexamic acid 2000 mg dilute in normal saline solution 50 ml. | Drug | Experiment group |
| PlaceboAlso: group Nnormal saline solution in a clear 50-ml syringe | Drug | Control group |
Primary outcome
volume of intraoperative blood loss
Time frame: in operating room during surgery
1. volume of blood presented in the suction bottle subtracted by the amount of water that the surgeon used in the surgical field 2. the blood from the dry (30 ml) and wet swab (50 ml) 3. serial Hgb / Hct periodically during surgery and compare to those obtain before surgery
6 secondary outcomes
volume of blood being transfused
Time frame: during surgery and 24 hour after surgery
surgeon rated for the satisfaction on hemostatic scale
Time frame: in 2 hours after finish the operation
the extent of tumor removal according to the surgeon decision
Time frame: in 2 hours after finish the operation
postoperative complications
Time frame: in ICU neuro in 24 hours
the duration of postoperative ventilator use
Time frame: number of day remained intubation within 1 week after surgery
the length of neuro-ICU stays
Time frame: number of day remained intubation within 1 week after surgery
Results and safety
Results are not available in the source record.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 27 Jan 2021.
- Background1. Ostrom QT, Cioffi G, Gittleman H, Patil N, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012-2016. Neuro Oncol. 2019 Nov 1;21(Supplement_5): v1-v100. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noz150. 2. Islim, A.I., Mohan, M., Moon, R.D.C. et al. Incidental intracranial meningiomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factors and outcomes. J Neurooncol 142, 211-221 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-019-03104-3 3. Lemée, J., Corniola, M.V., Da Broi, M. et al. Extent of Resection in Meningioma: Predictive Factors and Clinical Implications. Sci Rep 9, 5944 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42451-z 4. Choy W, Kim W, Nagasawa D, Stramotas S, Yew A, Gopen Q, Parsa AT, Yang I. The molecular genetics and tumor pathogenesis of meningiomas and the future directions of meningioma treatments. Neurosurg Focus. 2011 May;30(5): E6. doi: 10.3171/2011.2. FOCUS1116. 5. Sawaya R, Rämö OJ, Shi ML, Mandybur G. Biological significance of tissue plasminogen activator content in brain tumors. J Neurosurg. 1991 Mar;74(3):480-6. 6. Goh KY, Poon WS, Chan DT, Ip CP. Tissue plasminogen activator expression in meningiomas and glioblastomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005 Jun;107(4):296-300. 7. Goh KY, Tsoi WC, Feng CS, Wickham N, Poon WS. Haemostatic changes during surgery for primary brain tumours. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997 Sep;63(3):334-8. 8. J. E. Brecknell, C. A. Mclean, H. Hirano & G. M. Malham. Disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating resection of a malignant meningioma, British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2006, 20:4, 239-241, DOI: 10.1080/02688690600852647 9. Velez AM, Friedman WA. Disseminated intravascular coagulation during resection of a meningioma: case report. Neurosurgery.2011Apr;68(4): E1165-9; discussion E1169.doi: 10.1227/ NEU. 0b013 e31820a18 1a 10. Hsu SY, Huang YH. Characterization and prognostic implications of significant blood loss during intracranial meningioma surgery. Transl Cancer Res 2016;5(6):797-804. doi: 10.21037/tcr.2016.11.72. 11. Wu WC, Trivedi A, Friedmann PD, et al. Association between hospital intraoperative blood transfusion practices for surgical blood loss and hospital surgical mortality rates. Ann Surg 2012; 255:708-14. 12. Tsyben A, Surour M, Budohoski K, et alP42 Predicting bleeding risk during meningioma surgery. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2019;90: e35. 13. Yates, J., Perelman, I., Khair, S., Taylor, J., Lampron, J., Tinmouth, A. and Saidenberg, E. (2019), Exclusion criteria and adverse events in perioperative trials of tranexamic acid: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transfusion, 59: 806-824. doi:10.1111/trf.15030 14. Chauncey JM, Wieters JS. Tranexamic Acid. [Updated 2019 Dec 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532909/ 15. Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, et al; CRASH-2 trial collaborators. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010; 376:23-32. 16. Roberts I, Shakur H, Afolabi A, et al; CRASH-2 collaborators. The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2011; 377:1096- 1101, 1101 e1091-1092. 17. WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017; 389:2105-2116. 18. Gayet-Ageron A, Prieto-Merino D, Ker K, Shakur H, Ageron FX, Roberts I; Antifibrinolytic Trials Collaboration. Effect of treatment delay on the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytics in acute severe haemorrhage: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data from 40 138 bleeding patients. Lancet. 2018; 391:125-132. 19. Hooda B, Muthuchellappan R. Tranexamic Acid in Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care: Time for Its Critical Appraisal. J Neuroanaesthesiol Crit Care 2019; 6:257-266. 20. Ker K, Prieto-Merino D, Roberts I. Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of tranexamic acid on surgical blood loss. Br J Surg 2013;100(10):1271-1279.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Pathomporn Pin-on, MD principal investigator
Chiang Mai University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 4 study testing Tranexamic acid in people with Meningioma, run by Chiang Mai University at 1 site in Thailand.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: status not confirmed, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Jan 2021. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Thailand. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 4 studies take place after a treatment is approved, to learn more about its long-term benefits and risks in everyday use.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
Results are not available in the source record.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Pathomporn Pin-on, MD (01166868970009, pinon.pathomporn@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
volume of intraoperative blood loss (time frame: in operating room during surgery). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04386642, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Jan 2021; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 7 Nov 2026.