COVIDPhase 2NCT04400929
Using GM-CSF as a Host Directed Therapeutic Against COVID-19
A Phase 2 study testing Sargramostim and Normal Saline 0.9% in people with COVID and Sars-CoV2, run by Singapore General Hospital at 1 site in Singapore.
Trial summary
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly become a pandemic. COVID-19 poses a mortality risk of 3-7%, rising to 20% in older patients with co-morbidities. Of all infected patients, 15-20% will develop severe respiratory symptoms necessitating hospital admission. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 21 to 80 years
- Conditions the study is for
- COVID, Sars-CoV2, ARDS, Human
- What is being tested?
- Sargramostim and Normal Saline 0.9%
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 2 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSingapore
- Study dates
- 2 Jun 2020to 4 Feb 2022
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 21 to 80 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- SARS-CoV-2 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 infection
- Presence of acute hypoxic respiratory failure defined as (either or both)
- Saturation < 94% on room air or requiring supplemental oxygen
- PaO2/FiO2 below 350
- Age 21-80
- Able and willing to provide informed consent
Who cannot join
- Patients who are already on supplemental oxygen of FiO2 ≥ 0.4
- Patients with known history of serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, to human GM-CSF such as Leukine®, yeast-derived products, or any component of the product.
- Mechanical ventilation before start of study
- Patients enrolled in another investigational drug study
- Pregnant or breastfeeding females (all female subjects of childbearing potential status must have negative pregnancy test at screening)
- Patients with peripheral white blood cell count above 25,000 per microliter and/or active myeloid malignancy
Show all 9Show fewer
- Patients on high dose systemic steroids (> 20mg methylprednisolone or equivalent)
- Patients on lithium carbonate therapy
- Patients with serum ferritin >2000 mcg/ml (which will exclude ongoing HLH)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Using GM-CSF as a Host Directed Therapeutic Against COVID-19 - a Phase 2 Investigator Initiated Trial
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly become a pandemic. COVID-19 poses a mortality risk of 3-7%, rising to 20% in older patients with co-morbidities. Of all infected patients, 15-20% will develop severe respiratory symptoms necessitating hospital admission. Around 5% of patients will require invasive mechanical ventilation, and up to 50% will die.
Evidence in severe COVID-19 suggests that these patients experience cytokine storm and progressed rapidly with acute respiratory distress syndrome and eventual multi-organ failure. Early identification and immediate treatment of hyperinflammation is thus recommended to reduce mortality. Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) has been shown to be a myelopoietic growth factor that has pleiotropic effects in promoting the differentiation of immature precursors into polymorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytes/ macrophages and dendritic cells, and also in controlling the function of fully mature myeloid cells. It plays an important role in priming monocytes for production of proinflammatory cytokines under TLR and NLR stimulation. It has a broad impact on the processes driving DC differentiation and affects DC effector function at the mature state. Importantly, GM-CSF plays a critical role in host defense and stimulating antiviral immunity. Detailed studies have also shown that GM-CSF is necessary for the maturation of alveolar macrophages from foetal monocytes and the maintenance of these cells in adulthood. The known toxicology, pharmacologic and safety data also support the use of Leukine® in hypoxic respiratory failure and ARDS due to COVID-19.
This study aims to recruit patients with evidence of pneumonia and hypoxia who have increased risk for severe disease and need for mechanical ventilation. The overall hypothesis is that GM-CSF has antiviral immunity, can provide the stimulus to restore immune homeostasis in the lung with acute lung injury from COVID-19, and can promote lung repair mechanisms, which would lead to improvement in lung oxygenation parameters.
Read the detailed description
The hypothesis of the proposed intervention is that GM-CSF has profound effects on antiviral immunity, can provide the stimulus to restore immune homeostasis in the lung with acute lung injury post COVID-19, and can promote lung repair mechanisms, which would lead to an improvement in lung oxygenation parameters. This hypothesis is based on experiments performed in mice showing that GM-CSF treatment can prevent mortality and prevent ARDS in mice with post-viral acute lung injury.
In the interim analysis of the SARPAC trial, patients who received nebulised Leukine® via a mesh inhaler showed a trend in improvement in their P(A-a)O2 gradient at day 6 compared to the SOC group. There are however, anticipated logistical difficulties of training and infection control concerns with administering of nebulised Leukine® via a specialised inhaler in the negative pressure room. Hence we propose to randomize patients with confirmed COVID-19 and acute hypoxic respiratory failure (saturation < 94% on room air or PaO2/FiO2 <350) to receive iv Leukine® 125mcg/m2 once a day for 5 days on top of SOC (treatment group A), or to receive SOC treatment only (placebo group B). Dosing of systemic Leukine® is based on prior experience of using this drug in patients with pneumonia-associated ARDS.
To measure the effectiveness of Leukine® in restoring lung homeostasis, the primary endpoint of this intervention is measuring oxygenation after 5 days of intravenous treatment through assessment of pre-treatment and post-treatment ratio of PaO2/FiO2, and through measurement of the P(A-a)O2 gradient, which can easily be performed in the setting of clinical observation of inpatients. During the 5-day treatment period, we will perform daily measurements of oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry) in relation to FiO2, and the slope of alterations in these parameters could also be an indicator that our hypothesis is correct.
Comparison will be between group A receiving iv Leukine® on top of standard of care (SOC) and placebo group B receiving SOC only. Data from the Wuhan COVID-19 epidemic show that patients that deteriorate are facing a prolonged period of mechanical ventilation. Therefore, the study will be unblinded at day 5, or at any time within the first 5 days of study should the patient deteriorate clinically with need for supplemental oxygen FiO2 requirement ≥ 0.5. Patients in group B will then have the option to receive 5 days of iv Leukine®, based on the treating physician's assessment. This group will be group D. Patients who require mechanical ventilation also have the option to receive an additional 5 days of iv Leukine®, based on the treating physician's assessment (group C and E).
A total of 30 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and acute hypoxic respiratory failure will be enrolled, 15 who will receive Leukine® + SOC, and 15 who will receive placebo + SOC. The target group of subjects is defined as confirmed COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure admitted to the COVID-19 isolation ward. Subjects will be recruited from the isolation wards located in Singapore General Hospital (SGH). Subjects will be identified by the primary managing physicians who are infectious diseases physicians.
Safety data, including blood leukocyte counts, will be collected in all patients. Efficacy data will also be collected and will include arterial blood gases, oxygenation parameters, need for ventilation, lung compliance, organ function, radiographic changes, ferritin levels, triglyceride levels, etc. as well as occurrence of secondary bacterial infections.
Patients will stop the investigational drug if there is unacceptable toxicity according to investigator's judgement.
- Conditions
- COVID, Sars-CoV2, ARDS, Human
- Being tested
- Sargramostim, Normal Saline 0.9%
- Keywords
- pandemic, host-directed therapeutic, GM-CSF, COVID-19, ARDS, SARS-CoV2
- Medical subject headings
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, COVID-19
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
SargramostimDrug
Also called GM-CSF, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor, Leukine®
Dosage for IV Leukine® injection: 125mcg/m2/day over a 4-hour period for up to 5 days.
Normal Saline 0.9%Other
IV normal saline 0.9% for 5 days
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Group A: Treatment Group | Experimental | Day 1 - 5: Receive study medication Leukine® 125mcg/m2 body surface area daily (via infusion into the vein) in addition to standard of care treatments Receives: Drug: Sargramostim |
| Group B: Placebo Group | Placebo comparator | Day 1 - 5: Receive normal saline 0.9% daily (via infusion into the vein) in addition to standard of care treatments Receives: Other: Normal Saline 0.9% |
| Group C | Experimental | Day 6 - 10: Subjects in Group A who require mechanical ventilation to receive an additional 5 days of IV Leukine® 125mcg/m2 body surface area daily, in addition to standard of care treatments (based on the treating physician's assessment) Receives: Drug: Sargramostim |
| Group D | Experimental | Day 6 - 10: Subjects from Group B to receive study medication (based on the treating physician's assessment), Leukine® 125mcg/m2 body surface area daily (via infusion into the vein) in addition to standard of care treatments Receives: Drug: Sargramostim |
| Group E | Experimental | Day 11 - 15: Subjects in Group D who require mechanical ventilation to receive an additional 5 days of IV Leukine® 125mcg/m2 body surface area daily, in addition to standard of care treatments (based on the treating physician's assessment) Receives: Drug: Sargramostim |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Measuring oxygenation
To measure the effectiveness of Leukine® in restoring lung homeostasis, the primary endpoint of this intervention is measuring oxygenation after 5 days of intravenous treatment through assessment of pre-treatment and post-treatment ratio of PaO2/FiO2, and through measurement of the P(A-a)O2 gradient, which can easily be performed in the setting of clinical observation of inpatients.
Measured: Day 1 to Day 6
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted26 May 2020
- Study start2 Jun 2020
- Primary completion26 Jan 2022
- Study completion4 Feb 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (30)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for COVIDStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of iv Leukine® in 30 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and acute hypoxic respiratory failure.
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Investigator
- Enrolment
- 2 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Singapore General Hospital
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Jenny Low, MBBS, Principal investigator, Singapore General Hospital
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04400929
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- SH-Leuk-01
- Status last verified
- May 2022
- First submitted
- 8 May 2020
- Last updated
- 10 May 2022
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Cheung CY, Poon LL, Ng IH, Luk W, Sia SF, Wu MH, Chan KH, Yuen KY, Gordon S, Guan Y, Peiris JS. Cytokine responses in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected macrophages in vitro: possible relevance to pathogenesis. J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7819-26. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.12.7819-7826.2005.
PubMed 15919935Kikkert M. Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory RNA Viruses. J Innate Immun. 2020;12(1):4-20. doi: 10.1159/000503030. Epub 2019 Oct 14.
PubMed 31610541Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020 Mar;38(1):1-9. doi: 10.12932/AP-200220-0772.
PubMed 32105090Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ; HLH Across Speciality Collaboration, UK. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1033-1034. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0. Epub 2020 Mar 16. No abstract available.
PubMed 32192578Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia J, Yu T, Zhang X, Zhang L. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):507-513. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. Epub 2020 Jan 30.
PubMed 32007143Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Correction to: Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Jun;46(6):1294-1297. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06028-z.
PubMed 32253449Park WY, Goodman RB, Steinberg KP, Ruzinski JT, Radella F 2nd, Park DR, Pugin J, Skerrett SJ, Hudson LD, Martin TR. Cytokine balance in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Nov 15;164(10 Pt 1):1896-903. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2104013.
PubMed 11734443Fowler AA, Fisher BJ, Centor RM, Carchman RA. Development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome: progressive alteration of neutrophil chemotactic and secretory processes. Am J Pathol. 1984 Sep;116(3):427-35.
PubMed 6476079Munford RS, Pugin J. Normal responses to injury prevent systemic inflammation and can be immunosuppressive. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Feb;163(2):316-21. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.2007102. No abstract available.
PubMed 11179099Monneret G, Lepape A, Voirin N, Bohe J, Venet F, Debard AL, Thizy H, Bienvenu J, Gueyffier F, Vanhems P. Persisting low monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression predicts mortality in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2006 Aug;32(8):1175-83. doi: 10.1007/s00134-006-0204-8. Epub 2006 Jun 2.
PubMed 16741700Tiegs G, Barsig J, Matiba B, Uhlig S, Wendel A. Potentiation by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor of lipopolysaccharide toxicity in mice. J Clin Invest. 1994 Jun;93(6):2616-22. doi: 10.1172/JCI117274.
PubMed 8201000Meisel C, Schefold JC, Pschowski R, Baumann T, Hetzger K, Gregor J, Weber-Carstens S, Hasper D, Keh D, Zuckermann H, Reinke P, Volk HD. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to reverse sepsis-associated immunosuppression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Oct 1;180(7):640-8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200903-0363OC. Epub 2009 Jul 9.
PubMed 19590022Toda H, Murata A, Oka Y, Uda K, Tanaka N, Ohashi I, Mori T, Matsuura N. Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on sepsis-induced organ injury in rats. Blood. 1994 May 15;83(10):2893-8.
PubMed 8180384Guilliams M, De Kleer I, Henri S, Post S, Vanhoutte L, De Prijck S, Deswarte K, Malissen B, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. Alveolar macrophages develop from fetal monocytes that differentiate into long-lived cells in the first week of life via GM-CSF. J Exp Med. 2013 Sep 23;210(10):1977-92. doi: 10.1084/jem.20131199. Epub 2013 Sep 16.
PubMed 24043763Naessens T, Schepens B, Smet M, Pollard C, Van Hoecke L, De Beuckelaer A, Willart M, Lambrecht B, De Koker S, Saelens X, Grooten J. GM-CSF treatment prevents respiratory syncytial virus-induced pulmonary exacerbation responses in postallergic mice by stimulating alveolar macrophage maturation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Mar;137(3):700-9.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.031. Epub 2015 Nov 10.
PubMed 26560044
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 10 May 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Using GM-CSF as a Host Directed Therapeutic Against COVID-19 - a Phase 2 Investigator Initiated Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04400929
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- SH-Leuk-01
- Conditions
- COVID, Sars-CoV2, ARDS, Human
- Keywords
- pandemic, host-directed therapeutic, GM-CSF, COVID-19, ARDS, SARS-CoV2
- Phase
- Phase 2
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 2 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Singapore General HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 2 Jun 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 26 Jan 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 4 Feb 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 26 May 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly become a pandemic. COVID-19 poses a mortality risk of 3-7%, rising to 20% in older patients with co-morbidities. Of all infected patients, 15-20% will develop severe respiratory symptoms necessitating hospital admission. Around 5% of patients will require invasive mechanical ventilation, and up to 50% will die.
Evidence in severe COVID-19 suggests that these patients experience cytokine storm and progressed rapidly with acute respiratory distress syndrome and eventual multi-organ failure. Early identification and immediate treatment of hyperinflammation is thus recommended to reduce mortality. Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) has been shown to be a myelopoietic growth factor that has pleiotropic effects in promoting the differentiation of immature precursors into polymorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytes/ macrophages and dendritic cells, and also in controlling the function of fully mature myeloid cells. It plays an important role in priming monocytes for production of proinflammatory cytokines under TLR and NLR stimulation. It has a broad impact on the processes driving DC differentiation and affects DC effector function at the mature state. Importantly, GM-CSF plays a critical role in host defense and stimulating antiviral immunity. Detailed studies have also shown that GM-CSF is necessary for the maturation of alveolar macrophages from foetal monocytes and the maintenance of these cells in adulthood. The known toxicology, pharmacologic and safety data also support the use of Leukine® in hypoxic respiratory failure and ARDS due to COVID-19.
This study aims to recruit patients with evidence of pneumonia and hypoxia who have increased risk for severe disease and need for mechanical ventilation. The overall hypothesis is that GM-CSF has antiviral immunity, can provide the stimulus to restore immune homeostasis in the lung with acute lung injury from COVID-19, and can promote lung repair mechanisms, which would lead to improvement in lung oxygenation parameters.
Detailed description
The hypothesis of the proposed intervention is that GM-CSF has profound effects on antiviral immunity, can provide the stimulus to restore immune homeostasis in the lung with acute lung injury post COVID-19, and can promote lung repair mechanisms, which would lead to an improvement in lung oxygenation parameters. This hypothesis is based on experiments performed in mice showing that GM-CSF treatment can prevent mortality and prevent ARDS in mice with post-viral acute lung injury.
In the interim analysis of the SARPAC trial, patients who received nebulised Leukine® via a mesh inhaler showed a trend in improvement in their P(A-a)O2 gradient at day 6 compared to the SOC group. There are however, anticipated logistical difficulties of training and infection control concerns with administering of nebulised Leukine® via a specialised inhaler in the negative pressure room. Hence we propose to randomize patients with confirmed COVID-19 and acute hypoxic respiratory failure (saturation < 94% on room air or PaO2/FiO2 <350) to receive iv Leukine® 125mcg/m2 once a day for 5 days on top of SOC (treatment group A), or to receive SOC treatment only (placebo group B). Dosing of systemic Leukine® is based on prior experience of using this drug in patients with pneumonia-associated ARDS.
To measure the effectiveness of Leukine® in restoring lung homeostasis, the primary endpoint of this intervention is measuring oxygenation after 5 days of intravenous treatment through assessment of pre-treatment and post-treatment ratio of PaO2/FiO2, and through measurement of the P(A-a)O2 gradient, which can easily be performed in the setting of clinical observation of inpatients. During the 5-day treatment period, we will perform daily measurements of oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry) in relation to FiO2, and the slope of alterations in these parameters could also be an indicator that our hypothesis is correct.
Comparison will be between group A receiving iv Leukine® on top of standard of care (SOC) and placebo group B receiving SOC only. Data from the Wuhan COVID-19 epidemic show that patients that deteriorate are facing a prolonged period of mechanical ventilation. Therefore, the study will be unblinded at day 5, or at any time within the first 5 days of study should the patient deteriorate clinically with need for supplemental oxygen FiO2 requirement ≥ 0.5. Patients in group B will then have the option to receive 5 days of iv Leukine®, based on the treating physician's assessment. This group will be group D. Patients who require mechanical ventilation also have the option to receive an additional 5 days of iv Leukine®, based on the treating physician's assessment (group C and E).
A total of 30 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and acute hypoxic respiratory failure will be enrolled, 15 who will receive Leukine® + SOC, and 15 who will receive placebo + SOC. The target group of subjects is defined as confirmed COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure admitted to the COVID-19 isolation ward. Subjects will be recruited from the isolation wards located in Singapore General Hospital (SGH). Subjects will be identified by the primary managing physicians who are infectious diseases physicians.
Safety data, including blood leukocyte counts, will be collected in all patients. Efficacy data will also be collected and will include arterial blood gases, oxygenation parameters, need for ventilation, lung compliance, organ function, radiographic changes, ferritin levels, triglyceride levels, etc. as well as occurrence of secondary bacterial infections.
Patients will stop the investigational drug if there is unacceptable toxicity according to investigator's judgement.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, investigator)
- Number of arms
- 5
- Model description
- This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of iv Leukine® in 30 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and acute hypoxic respiratory failure.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Group A: Treatment Group | Experimental | Drug: SargramostimDay 1 - 5: Receive study medication Leukine® 125mcg/m2 body surface area daily (via infusion into the vein) in addition to standard of care treatments |
| Group B: Placebo Group | Placebo comparator | Other: Normal Saline 0.9%Day 1 - 5: Receive normal saline 0.9% daily (via infusion into the vein) in addition to standard of care treatments |
| Group C | Experimental | Drug: SargramostimDay 6 - 10: Subjects in Group A who require mechanical ventilation to receive an additional 5 days of IV Leukine® 125mcg/m2 body surface area daily, in addition to standard of care treatments (based on the treating physician's assessment) |
| Group D | Experimental | Drug: SargramostimDay 6 - 10: Subjects from Group B to receive study medication (based on the treating physician's assessment), Leukine® 125mcg/m2 body surface area daily (via infusion into the vein) in addition to standard of care treatments |
| Group E | Experimental | Drug: SargramostimDay 11 - 15: Subjects in Group D who require mechanical ventilation to receive an additional 5 days of IV Leukine® 125mcg/m2 body surface area daily, in addition to standard of care treatments (based on the treating physician's assessment) |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 21 to 80 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- SARS-CoV-2 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 infection
- Presence of acute hypoxic respiratory failure defined as (either or both)
- Saturation < 94% on room air or requiring supplemental oxygen
- PaO2/FiO2 below 350
- Age 21-80
Key exclusion criteria (9 listed)
- Patients who are already on supplemental oxygen of FiO2 ≥ 0.4
- Patients with known history of serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, to human GM-CSF such as Leukine®, yeast-derived products, or any component of the product.
- Mechanical ventilation before start of study
- Patients enrolled in another investigational drug study
- Pregnant or breastfeeding females (all female subjects of childbearing potential status must have negative pregnancy test at screening)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| SargramostimAlso: GM-CSF, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor, Leukine®Dosage for IV Leukine® injection: 125mcg/m2/day over a 4-hour period for up to 5 days. | Drug | Group A: Treatment Group, Group C, Group D, Group E |
| Normal Saline 0.9%IV normal saline 0.9% for 5 days | Other | Group B: Placebo Group |
Primary outcome
Measuring oxygenation
Time frame: Day 1 to Day 6
To measure the effectiveness of Leukine® in restoring lung homeostasis, the primary endpoint of this intervention is measuring oxygenation after 5 days of intravenous treatment through assessment of pre-treatment and post-treatment ratio of PaO2/FiO2, and through measurement of the P(A-a)O2 gradient, which can easily be performed in the setting of clinical observation of inpatients.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 10 May 2022.
- Background: PubMed 15919935Cheung CY, Poon LL, Ng IH, Luk W, Sia SF, Wu MH, Chan KH, Yuen KY, Gordon S, Guan Y, Peiris JS. Cytokine responses in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-infected macrophages in vitro: possible relevance to pathogenesis. J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7819-26. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.12.7819-7826.2005.
- Background: PubMed 31610541Kikkert M. Innate Immune Evasion by Human Respiratory RNA Viruses. J Innate Immun. 2020;12(1):4-20. doi: 10.1159/000503030. Epub 2019 Oct 14.
- Background: PubMed 32105090Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020 Mar;38(1):1-9. doi: 10.12932/AP-200220-0772.
- Background: PubMed 32192578Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ; HLH Across Speciality Collaboration, UK. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1033-1034. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0. Epub 2020 Mar 16. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 32007143Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia J, Yu T, Zhang X, Zhang L. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):507-513. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. Epub 2020 Jan 30.
- Background: PubMed 32253449Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Correction to: Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Jun;46(6):1294-1297. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06028-z.
- Background: PubMed 11734443Park WY, Goodman RB, Steinberg KP, Ruzinski JT, Radella F 2nd, Park DR, Pugin J, Skerrett SJ, Hudson LD, Martin TR. Cytokine balance in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Nov 15;164(10 Pt 1):1896-903. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2104013.
- Background: PubMed 6476079Fowler AA, Fisher BJ, Centor RM, Carchman RA. Development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome: progressive alteration of neutrophil chemotactic and secretory processes. Am J Pathol. 1984 Sep;116(3):427-35.
- Background: PubMed 11179099Munford RS, Pugin J. Normal responses to injury prevent systemic inflammation and can be immunosuppressive. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Feb;163(2):316-21. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.2007102. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 16741700Monneret G, Lepape A, Voirin N, Bohe J, Venet F, Debard AL, Thizy H, Bienvenu J, Gueyffier F, Vanhems P. Persisting low monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression predicts mortality in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2006 Aug;32(8):1175-83. doi: 10.1007/s00134-006-0204-8. Epub 2006 Jun 2.
- Background: PubMed 8201000Tiegs G, Barsig J, Matiba B, Uhlig S, Wendel A. Potentiation by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor of lipopolysaccharide toxicity in mice. J Clin Invest. 1994 Jun;93(6):2616-22. doi: 10.1172/JCI117274.
- Background: PubMed 19590022Meisel C, Schefold JC, Pschowski R, Baumann T, Hetzger K, Gregor J, Weber-Carstens S, Hasper D, Keh D, Zuckermann H, Reinke P, Volk HD. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to reverse sepsis-associated immunosuppression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Oct 1;180(7):640-8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200903-0363OC. Epub 2009 Jul 9.
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COVID-19
Not yet recruitingPhase 1
Phase I Open-Label Safety Trial of Pembrolizumab for Neurological Post- Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PD1-PASC I)
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
RecruitingObservational study
Physiological Finding in Management of COVID 19 Patients
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Jenny Low, MBBS principal investigator
Singapore General Hospital
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 2 study testing Sargramostim and Normal Saline 0.9% in people with COVID and Sars-CoV2, run by Singapore General Hospital at 1 site in Singapore.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 9 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 10 May 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Singapore. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 2 studies give the treatment to a larger group to see whether it has the intended effect and to keep checking safety.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Measuring oxygenation (time frame: Day 1 to Day 6). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04400929, which also lists 30 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 10 May 2022.