AngerNCT04403126
To Increase Psychological Well-being by the Implementation of Forgiveness Education
A study testing forgiveness education intervention in people with Anger and Depressive Symptoms, run by University of Wisconsin, Madison at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
This project examines the development of psychological well-being in children and teachers through a 12- week forgiveness education program conducted in three conflict zones of the world, Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and Taiwan. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 10 to 65 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Anger, Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety
- What is being tested?
- forgiveness education intervention
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 1,300 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 3 Sep 2021to 31 Jul 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 10 to 65 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Students in 5th grade (US equivalency, aged 10-12)
- Teachers in 5th grade (US equivalency)
Who cannot join
- Students who are in grades other than 5th grade
- Teachers who are in grades other than 5th grade
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
About this study
Official title: Implementation of Forgiveness Education to Increase Psychological Well-being in Three Culturally Distinct Areas: Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and Taiwan
This project examines the development of psychological well-being in children and teachers through a 12- week forgiveness education program conducted in three conflict zones of the world, Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and Taiwan.
A 12-week forgiveness education program will be investigated in elementary schools in three conflict zones of the world, Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and Taiwan. The responsibilities of the sub-team in each of the three research sites will be:
Read more
- a. recruiting schools, assisting the teacher training before the forgiveness education program starts
- b. shepherding teachers, doing the fidelity checks, administering the instruments and collecting data during the forgiveness education program.
Once a school gives permission to be part of this study, the forgiveness curriculum will be implemented as a 12-week standard curriculum for the grade 5 (US equivalency) students. Teachers of the grade 5 classes will be trained to administer the program. Teachers, students and their parents must give the consent to take part in the measures of the study.
Read the detailed description
Classrooms participating in this study will be randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. The experimental group will receive the 1st forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks and then the control group will turn into an experimental group to receive a 2nd forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks.
In order to assess if such education increases psychological well-being in students (children) and teachers (adults), teachers and students in both groups will receive the same measures for four times in the study: within one week before the 1st forgiveness intervention, within one week after the 1st forgiveness intervention, within one week after the 2nd forgiveness intervention, four weeks after the 2nd forgiveness intervention.
The instruments include: for teachers, the assessment data will consist of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory Short Form (EFI-30), the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS): Anger, Anxiety, and Depression scales, the Ethnic Prejudice Scale, the Herth Hope Index, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, a Classroom Cooperation scale, and a Cross-Cultural Exit Interview (written questionnaire). For students, the assessment data will consist of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory for Children (EFI-C), the PROMIS measures for pediatric self-report (ages 8-17): Anger, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms scales, the Ethnic Prejudice Scale for children, the Children's Hope Scale, the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (School Form), and academic achievement (likely to be scores/grades of Math, writing and reading in their own language). After the 2nd forgiveness intervention, select participants (teachers and children) will take part in individual interviews.
- Conditions
- Anger, Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety
- Being tested
- forgiveness education intervention
- Medical subject headings
- Depression, Anxiety Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
forgiveness education interventionOther
The forgiveness education intervention primarily teaches the concept of forgiveness through stories. We chose the kind of stories that should appeal to children ages 10 through 12. Each lesson is planned according to the following procedure: story-telling/movie-watching, discussion, and in-class activities.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Forgiveness curriculum for 5th grade | Experimental | Classrooms randomly assigned to the experimental group will receive the forgiveness intervention. The forgiveness intervention will follow the curriculum - "The Journey Toward Forgiveness -A Guided Curriculum for Children Ages 10-12 (Grade 5 in the US)". The Forgiveness Curriculum Guide consists 14 lessons over 12 weeks. Each class meets weekly for 40 to 60 minutes to complete one lesson (in two of the weeks, there will be two lessons). Receives: Other: forgiveness education intervention |
| Regular school instruction | No intervention | Classrooms randomly assigned to the control group will have instruction as usual. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in forgiveness in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by EFI-30.
Enright Forgiveness Inventory Short Form (EFI-30), scores range from 30 to 180 with higher scores representing higher levels of forgiveness, which is a better outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in forgiveness in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by EFI-C.
Enright Forgiveness Inventory for Children (EFI-C): scores range from 30 to 120 with higher scores representing higher levels of forgiveness, which is a better outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in anger in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anger Short Form: scores range from 5 to 25 with higher scores representing higher levels of anger, which is a worse outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in anger in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Measures for Pediatric (ages 8-17) Anger Short Form: scores range from 5 to 25 with higher scores representing higher levels of anger, which is a worse outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in anxiety in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety Short Form: scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of anxiety, which is a worse outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in anxiety in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Measures for Pediatric (ages 8-17) Anxiety Short Form: scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of anxiety, which is a worse outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in depression in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression Short Form, scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of depression, which is a worse outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in depression in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Measures for Pediatric (ages 8-17) Depressive Symptoms Short Form: scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of depression, which is a worse outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in prejudice in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Ethnic Prejudice Scales.
The Ethnic Prejudice Scale: scores range from 20 to 100 with higher scores representing higher levels of prejudice, which is a worse outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in prejudice in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Ethnic Prejudice Scales.
Ethnic Prejudice Scales: wording changes in the adult form of the Ethnic Prejudice Scale will be made to bring it to the level of 5th grade students (aged 10-12). Scores range from 20 to 100 with higher scores representing higher levels of prejudice, which is a worse outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in hope in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by Herth Hope Index.
Herth Hope Index: scores range from 12 to 48 with higher scores representing more hopefulness, which is a better outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in hope in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by Children's Hope Scale.
The Children's Hope Scale: scores range from 6 to 36with higher scores representing more hopefulness, which is a better outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in self-esteem in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: scores range from 10 to 40 with higher scores representing higher self-esteem, which is a better outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in self-esteem in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory.
Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory Short Form: scores range from 0 to 25 with higher scores representing higher self-esteem, which is a better outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Change in classroom cooperation in students after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Classroom Cooperation Scale.
The Classroom Cooperation Scale is teachers' measure of student cooperation, scores range from 10 to 40 with higher scores representing higher level of cooperation, which is a better outcome.
Measured: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted27 May 2020
- Study start3 Sep 2021
- Primary completion31 Jul 2022
- Study completion31 Jul 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (12)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for AngerStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of Wisconsin, MadisonThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- Classrooms participating in this study will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group (with forgiveness intervention) or a control group (with regular instruction). The experimental group will receive the 1st forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks and then the control group will turn into an experimental group to receive a 2nd forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks.
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 1,300 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Wisconsin, Madison
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Stranmillis University College, Northern Ireland, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Robert W Enright, PhD, Principal investigator, University of Wisconsin, Madison
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04403126
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2020-0432
- Other IDs
- EDUC/EDUC PSYCH, A173000
- Status last verified
- Aug 2022
- First submitted
- 21 May 2020
- Last updated
- 4 Aug 2022
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: The individual participant data (IPD) that underlie the results reported in this article, after de-identification (text, tables, figures, and appendices).
Publications
Akhtar S, Barlow J. Forgiveness Therapy for the Promotion of Mental Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2018 Jan;19(1):107-122. doi: 10.1177/1524838016637079. Epub 2016 Mar 23.
PubMed 27009829Wade NG, Hoyt WT, Kidwell JE, Worthington EL. Efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to promote forgiveness: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014 Feb;82(1):154-70. doi: 10.1037/a0035268. Epub 2013 Dec 23.
PubMed 24364794Reed GL, Enright RD. The effects of forgiveness therapy on depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress for women after spousal emotional abuse. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006 Oct;74(5):920-9. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.920.
PubMed 17032096Baxter SD, Smith AF, Litaker MS, Baglio ML, Guinn CH, Shaffer NM. Children's Social Desirability and Dietary Reports. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2004 Mar-Apr;36(2):84-9. doi: 10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60138-3.
PubMed 15068757Snyder CR, Hoza B, Pelham WE, Rapoff M, Ware L, Danovsky M, Highberger L, Rubinstein H, Stahl KJ. The development and validation of the Children's Hope Scale. J Pediatr Psychol. 1997 Jun;22(3):399-421. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/22.3.399.
PubMed 9212556Freedman SR, Enright RD. Forgiveness as an intervention goal with incest survivors. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996 Oct;64(5):983-92. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.64.5.983.
PubMed 8916627Herth K. Abbreviated instrument to measure hope: development and psychometric evaluation. J Adv Nurs. 1992 Oct;17(10):1251-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01843.x.
PubMed 1430629Enright RD, Santos MJ, Al-Mabuk R. The adolescent as forgiver. J Adolesc. 1989 Mar;12(1):95-110. doi: 10.1016/0140-1971(89)90092-4.
PubMed 2708604Cattell RB. The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors. Multivariate Behav Res. 1966 Apr 1;1(2):245-76. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10. No abstract available.
PubMed 26828106CRANDALL VC, CRANDALL VJ, KATKOVSKY W. A CHILDREN'S SOCIAL DESIRABILITY QUESTIONNAIRE. J Consult Psychol. 1965 Feb;29:27-36. doi: 10.1037/h0020966. No abstract available.
PubMed 14277395CROWNE DP, MARLOWE D. A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. J Consult Psychol. 1960 Aug;24:349-54. doi: 10.1037/h0047358. No abstract available.
PubMed 13813058HORN JL. A RATIONALE AND TEST FOR THE NUMBER OF FACTORS IN FACTOR ANALYSIS. Psychometrika. 1965 Jun;30:179-85. doi: 10.1007/BF02289447. No abstract available.
PubMed 14306381
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 4 Aug 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Implementation of Forgiveness Education to Increase Psychological Well-being in Three Culturally Distinct Areas: Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and Taiwan
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04403126
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2020-0432
- Conditions
- Anger, Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 1,300 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of Wisconsin, MadisonUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Stranmillis University College, Northern Ireland, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
- Study start
- 3 Sep 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Jul 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Jul 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 27 May 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This project examines the development of psychological well-being in children and teachers through a 12- week forgiveness education program conducted in three conflict zones of the world, Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and Taiwan.
A 12-week forgiveness education program will be investigated in elementary schools in three conflict zones of the world, Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and Taiwan. The responsibilities of the sub-team in each of the three research sites will be:
- a. recruiting schools, assisting the teacher training before the forgiveness education program starts
- b. shepherding teachers, doing the fidelity checks, administering the instruments and collecting data during the forgiveness education program.
Once a school gives permission to be part of this study, the forgiveness curriculum will be implemented as a 12-week standard curriculum for the grade 5 (US equivalency) students. Teachers of the grade 5 classes will be trained to administer the program. Teachers, students and their parents must give the consent to take part in the measures of the study.
Detailed description
Classrooms participating in this study will be randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. The experimental group will receive the 1st forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks and then the control group will turn into an experimental group to receive a 2nd forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks.
In order to assess if such education increases psychological well-being in students (children) and teachers (adults), teachers and students in both groups will receive the same measures for four times in the study: within one week before the 1st forgiveness intervention, within one week after the 1st forgiveness intervention, within one week after the 2nd forgiveness intervention, four weeks after the 2nd forgiveness intervention.
The instruments include: for teachers, the assessment data will consist of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory Short Form (EFI-30), the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS): Anger, Anxiety, and Depression scales, the Ethnic Prejudice Scale, the Herth Hope Index, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, a Classroom Cooperation scale, and a Cross-Cultural Exit Interview (written questionnaire). For students, the assessment data will consist of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory for Children (EFI-C), the PROMIS measures for pediatric self-report (ages 8-17): Anger, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms scales, the Ethnic Prejudice Scale for children, the Children's Hope Scale, the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (School Form), and academic achievement (likely to be scores/grades of Math, writing and reading in their own language). After the 2nd forgiveness intervention, select participants (teachers and children) will take part in individual interviews.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Classrooms participating in this study will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group (with forgiveness intervention) or a control group (with regular instruction). The experimental group will receive the 1st forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks and then the control group will turn into an experimental group to receive a 2nd forgiveness intervention for 12 weeks.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Forgiveness curriculum for 5th grade | Experimental | Other: forgiveness education interventionClassrooms randomly assigned to the experimental group will receive the forgiveness intervention. The forgiveness intervention will follow the curriculum - "The Journey Toward Forgiveness -A Guided Curriculum for Children Ages 10-12 (Grade 5 in the US)". The Forgiveness Curriculum Guide consists 14 lessons over 12 weeks. Each class meets weekly for 40 to 60 minutes to complete one lesson (in two of the weeks, there will be two lessons). |
| Regular school instruction | No intervention | –Classrooms randomly assigned to the control group will have instruction as usual. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 10 to 65 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Students in 5th grade (US equivalency, aged 10-12)
- Teachers in 5th grade (US equivalency)
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Students who are in grades other than 5th grade
- Teachers who are in grades other than 5th grade
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| forgiveness education interventionThe forgiveness education intervention primarily teaches the concept of forgiveness through stories. We chose the kind of stories that should appeal to children ages 10 through 12. Each lesson is planned according to the following procedure: story-telling/movie-watching, discussion, and in-class activities. | Other | Forgiveness curriculum for 5th grade |
Primary outcome
Change in forgiveness in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by EFI-30.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Enright Forgiveness Inventory Short Form (EFI-30), scores range from 30 to 180 with higher scores representing higher levels of forgiveness, which is a better outcome.
Change in forgiveness in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by EFI-C.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Enright Forgiveness Inventory for Children (EFI-C): scores range from 30 to 120 with higher scores representing higher levels of forgiveness, which is a better outcome.
Change in anger in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anger Short Form: scores range from 5 to 25 with higher scores representing higher levels of anger, which is a worse outcome.
Change in anger in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Measures for Pediatric (ages 8-17) Anger Short Form: scores range from 5 to 25 with higher scores representing higher levels of anger, which is a worse outcome.
Change in anxiety in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety Short Form: scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of anxiety, which is a worse outcome.
Change in anxiety in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Measures for Pediatric (ages 8-17) Anxiety Short Form: scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of anxiety, which is a worse outcome.
Change in depression in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression Short Form, scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of depression, which is a worse outcome.
Change in depression in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by PROMIS Measures.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
The Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Measures for Pediatric (ages 8-17) Depressive Symptoms Short Form: scores range from 5 to 40 with higher scores representing higher levels of depression, which is a worse outcome.
Change in prejudice in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Ethnic Prejudice Scales.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
The Ethnic Prejudice Scale: scores range from 20 to 100 with higher scores representing higher levels of prejudice, which is a worse outcome.
Change in prejudice in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Ethnic Prejudice Scales.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Ethnic Prejudice Scales: wording changes in the adult form of the Ethnic Prejudice Scale will be made to bring it to the level of 5th grade students (aged 10-12). Scores range from 20 to 100 with higher scores representing higher levels of prejudice, which is a worse outcome.
Change in hope in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by Herth Hope Index.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Herth Hope Index: scores range from 12 to 48 with higher scores representing more hopefulness, which is a better outcome.
Change in hope in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by Children's Hope Scale.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
The Children's Hope Scale: scores range from 6 to 36with higher scores representing more hopefulness, which is a better outcome.
Change in self-esteem in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: scores range from 10 to 40 with higher scores representing higher self-esteem, which is a better outcome.
Change in self-esteem in child (students) after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory Short Form: scores range from 0 to 25 with higher scores representing higher self-esteem, which is a better outcome.
Change in classroom cooperation in students after forgiveness intervention assessed by the Classroom Cooperation Scale.
Time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.
The Classroom Cooperation Scale is teachers' measure of student cooperation, scores range from 10 to 40 with higher scores representing higher level of cooperation, which is a better outcome.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 4 Aug 2022.
- Background: PubMed 27009829Akhtar S, Barlow J. Forgiveness Therapy for the Promotion of Mental Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2018 Jan;19(1):107-122. doi: 10.1177/1524838016637079. Epub 2016 Mar 23.
- Background: PubMed 24364794Wade NG, Hoyt WT, Kidwell JE, Worthington EL. Efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to promote forgiveness: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014 Feb;82(1):154-70. doi: 10.1037/a0035268. Epub 2013 Dec 23.
- Background: PubMed 17032096Reed GL, Enright RD. The effects of forgiveness therapy on depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress for women after spousal emotional abuse. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006 Oct;74(5):920-9. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.920.
- Background: PubMed 15068757Baxter SD, Smith AF, Litaker MS, Baglio ML, Guinn CH, Shaffer NM. Children's Social Desirability and Dietary Reports. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2004 Mar-Apr;36(2):84-9. doi: 10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60138-3.
- Background: PubMed 9212556Snyder CR, Hoza B, Pelham WE, Rapoff M, Ware L, Danovsky M, Highberger L, Rubinstein H, Stahl KJ. The development and validation of the Children's Hope Scale. J Pediatr Psychol. 1997 Jun;22(3):399-421. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/22.3.399.
- Background: PubMed 8916627Freedman SR, Enright RD. Forgiveness as an intervention goal with incest survivors. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996 Oct;64(5):983-92. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.64.5.983.
- Background: PubMed 1430629Herth K. Abbreviated instrument to measure hope: development and psychometric evaluation. J Adv Nurs. 1992 Oct;17(10):1251-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01843.x.
- Background: PubMed 2708604Enright RD, Santos MJ, Al-Mabuk R. The adolescent as forgiver. J Adolesc. 1989 Mar;12(1):95-110. doi: 10.1016/0140-1971(89)90092-4.
- Background: PubMed 26828106Cattell RB. The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors. Multivariate Behav Res. 1966 Apr 1;1(2):245-76. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 14277395CRANDALL VC, CRANDALL VJ, KATKOVSKY W. A CHILDREN'S SOCIAL DESIRABILITY QUESTIONNAIRE. J Consult Psychol. 1965 Feb;29:27-36. doi: 10.1037/h0020966. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 13813058CROWNE DP, MARLOWE D. A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. J Consult Psychol. 1960 Aug;24:349-54. doi: 10.1037/h0047358. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 14306381HORN JL. A RATIONALE AND TEST FOR THE NUMBER OF FACTORS IN FACTOR ANALYSIS. Psychometrika. 1965 Jun;30:179-85. doi: 10.1007/BF02289447. No abstract available.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. The individual participant data (IPD) that underlie the results reported in this article, after de-identification (text, tables, figures, and appendices).
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Robert W Enright, PhD principal investigator
University of Wisconsin, Madison
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing forgiveness education intervention in people with Anger and Depressive Symptoms, run by University of Wisconsin, Madison at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 4 Aug 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in forgiveness in adult (teachers) after forgiveness intervention assessed by EFI-30. (time frame: Baseline, up to 14 weeks, up to 31 weeks, up to 34 weeks.). The study lists 15 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04403126, which also lists 12 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 4 Aug 2022.