Insulin ResistanceKel-LoadNCT04438590
Kelulut Honey as an Alternate Source of Carbo-Loading in Abdominal Surgery Involving the Digestive System
A study testing Kelulut Honey and Carborie in people with Insulin Resistance and ERAS, run by Universiti Sains Malaysia at 1 site in Malaysia.
Trial summary
The study aims to identify if Kelulut Honey can be a potential alternative for the use of preoperative carboloading instead of the commercially available product, Carborie. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Insulin Resistance, ERAS
- What is being tested?
- Kelulut Honey and Carborie
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 64 participants
- Where
- 1 siteMalaysia
- Study dates
- 1 Oct 2020to 30 Nov 2021
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Adult (Age ≥ 18)
- Elective Surgery with Intraabdominal Involvement
Who cannot join
- Known Diabetics
- Fasting Glucose Level > 7 mmol/L
- ASA > 3
- On Steroid Treatment
- Recent Infection Past 3 Months
- Preoperative Unintentional Weight Loss >10% of usual body weight within 6 months
- Emergency Surgery
- Minor (Age < 18)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Malaysia1 site
Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia
Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, 16150
About this study
Official title: The Use of Kelulut Honey for Carbohydrate-Loading in the Preoperative Period for Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery Involving the Digestive System as Part of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery as Opposed to VALENS® Carborie®Load
The study aims to identify if Kelulut Honey can be a potential alternative for the use of preoperative carboloading instead of the commercially available product, Carborie.
Read the detailed description
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery is a well-established, evidence based multimodal, multidisciplinary approach to the care of the surgical patient. The aim of the program, as per its nomenclature, is to establish a set of protocol to subject the surgical patient to in order to facilitate recovery, attenuate the metabolic responses from surgery, reduce complications and ultimately reduce length of stay as well as establish return of physiological function of the patient in an accelerated fashion.
As mentioned, given that ERAS involves a multimodal, multidisciplinary approach, there are many aspects and guidelines as to the implementation of ERAS. One particular modern care change is conversion of the surgical dogma of overnight fasting to carbo-loading; whereby the patient is subjected to consume a carbohydrate rich drink the evening prior to surgery, and 2 hours prior to induction with anaesthesia. The doctrine of overnight fasting or rather 6-8 hours of fasting has long been the core principal for many anaesthesiologists and surgeons, given the rationale that this would reduce gastric acidity and volume, thereby reducing the risk of vomiting and gastric content aspiration. However, modern guidelines have shown that there are no evidence that shortened fast of 2-3 of oral fluids increase the risk of aspiration, regurgitation or increase morbidity as compared with fasting after midnight.
The problem with fasting, is that it increases insulin resistance. In line with acute-phase response, and loss of lean body mass, this will attenuate the affects of prolonged fasting. So, in an insulin resistant state, cell glucose uptake is reduced, and therefore glycogen formation reduces, which means, the liver and muscle glycogen storage are depleted. Hyperglycaemia ensues, due to the enhanced endogenous glucose production. Glucose control needs to be adequate to avoid risk of surgical complication and mortality.
The benefits of carbo-loading is well documented and the evidence is overwhelming. The evidence shows that oral ingestion of 50g of Carbohydrate has been shown to release Insulin similar to that of a mixed meal. The current guideline advocates 100g of carbohydrate consumed the evening prior to surgery and another 50g 2 hours before surgery. The first dose is consumed with 800 mL of water, and the subsequent dose with 400mL.
Kelulut honey is a natural product, which contains sugar in the form of fructose and glucose produced by bees (Meliponini Sp). They have a rapid onset, as they are freely absorbed into the blood stream without requiring digestion. Honey also has a proven role in facilitating wound healing, and as an anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of honey as an alternative to maltodextrin extract for carbo-loading in patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery (Upper GI and Lower GI) and its effects.
- Conditions
- Insulin Resistance, ERAS
- Being tested
- Kelulut Honey, Carborie
- Keywords
- carbohydrate loading, honey, insulin resistance, stingless bee, ERAS
- Medical subject headings
- Insulin Resistance
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Kelulut HoneyDietary supplement
The Substance being tested to be used as an alternative
CarborieDietary supplement
The commercially available substance
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Kelulut Honey | Experimental | Medical Grade Kelulut Honey which will be in 2 doses.
The first would be diluted to 800 ml of water, and the second dose in 400ml of water. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Kelulut Honey |
| Carborie | Active comparator | Carborie Load which will be 100g of carbohydrate in 800 ML of water and 50g of carbohydrate in 400ml of water. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Carborie |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Kelulut Honey Improves Insulin Resistance when used as carbo-loading preoperatively
- To compare blood sugar levels between patients receiving Kelulut Honey and Carborie pre, intra, and post operatively.
Measured: 48 Hours
Kelulut Honey would be completely cleared within 2 hours after consumption when used for carbo-loading preoperatively.
- To compare Residual Gastric Volume between patients receiving Kelulut Honey and Carborie preoperatively.
Measured: 2 hours
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted19 Jun 2020
- Study start1 Oct 2020
- Primary completion25 Sep 2021
- Study completion30 Nov 2021
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (15)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Insulin ResistanceStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 64 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, B. Karthik Krishnan, Universiti Sains Malaysia
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04438590
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- USMKK
- Acronym
- Kel-Load
- Status last verified
- Dec 2021
- First submitted
- 16 Jun 2020
- Last updated
- 13 Jan 2022
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Publications
Liz Goldenberg., Fasting versus Carb-Loading: What's the Evidence for Your Enhanced Recovery after Bariatric Surgery Program?, Bariatric Times. 2018;15(11):28-29
Yagci G, Can MF, Ozturk E, Dag B, Ozgurtas T, Cosar A, Tufan T. Effects of preoperative carbohydrate loading on glucose metabolism and gastric contents in patients undergoing moderate surgery: a randomized, controlled trial. Nutrition. 2008 Mar;24(3):212-6. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.11.003. Epub 2007 Dec 21.
PubMed 18096368Scott MJ, Fawcett WJ. Oral carbohydrate preload drink for major surgery - the first steps from famine to feast. Anaesthesia. 2014 Dec;69(12):1308-13. doi: 10.1111/anae.12921. Epub 2014 Oct 23. No abstract available.
PubMed 25346490Nakamura M, Uchida K, Akahane M, Watanabe Y, Ohtomo K, Yamada Y. The effects on gastric emptying and carbohydrate loading of an oral nutritional supplement and an oral rehydration solution: a crossover study with magnetic resonance imaging. Anesth Analg. 2014 Jun;118(6):1268-73. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182a9956f.
PubMed 24384864Mustafa MZ, Yaacob NS, Sulaiman SA. Reinventing the Honey Industry: Opportunities of the Stingless Bee. Malays J Med Sci. 2018 Jul;25(4):1-5. doi: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.4.1. Epub 2018 Aug 30.
PubMed 30914843Maitra S, Kirtania J, Pal S, Bhattacharjee S, Layek A, Ray S. Intraoperative blood glucose levels in nondiabetic patients undergoing elective major surgery under general anaesthesia receiving different crystalloid solutions for maintenance fluid. Anesth Essays Res. 2013 May-Aug;7(2):183-8. doi: 10.4103/0259-1162.118953.
PubMed 25885830Ljungqvist O, Scott M, Fearon KC. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: A Review. JAMA Surg. 2017 Mar 1;152(3):292-298. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.4952.
PubMed 28097305Lassen K, Soop M, Nygren J, Cox PB, Hendry PO, Spies C, von Meyenfeldt MF, Fearon KC, Revhaug A, Norderval S, Ljungqvist O, Lobo DN, Dejong CH; Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Group. Consensus review of optimal perioperative care in colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Group recommendations. Arch Surg. 2009 Oct;144(10):961-9. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.2009.170.
PubMed 19841366Kratzing C. Pre-operative nutrition and carbohydrate loading. Proc Nutr Soc. 2011 Aug;70(3):311-5. doi: 10.1017/S0029665111000450.
PubMed 21781358Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Schwenk W, Demartines N, Roulin D, Francis N, McNaught CE, Macfie J, Liberman AS, Soop M, Hill A, Kennedy RH, Lobo DN, Fearon K, Ljungqvist O; Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society, for Perioperative Care; European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN); International Association for Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition (IASMEN). Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colonic surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS((R))) Society recommendations. World J Surg. 2013 Feb;37(2):259-84. doi: 10.1007/s00268-012-1772-0. No abstract available.
PubMed 23052794Gianotti L, Biffi R, Sandini M, Marrelli D, Vignali A, Caccialanza R, Vigano J, Sabbatini A, Di Mare G, Alessiani M, Antomarchi F, Valsecchi MG, Bernasconi DP. Preoperative Oral Carbohydrate Load Versus Placebo in Major Elective Abdominal Surgery (PROCY): A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter, Phase III Trial. Ann Surg. 2018 Apr;267(4):623-630. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002325.
PubMed 28582271Bilku DK, Dennison AR, Hall TC, Metcalfe MS, Garcea G. Role of preoperative carbohydrate loading: a systematic review. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2014 Jan;96(1):15-22. doi: 10.1308/003588414X13824511650614.
PubMed 24417824Zulkhairi Amin FA, Sabri S, Mohammad SM, Ismail M, Chan KW, Ismail N, Norhaizan ME, Zawawi N. Therapeutic Properties of Stingless Bee Honey in Comparison with European Bee Honey. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2018 Dec 26;2018:6179596. doi: 10.1155/2018/6179596. eCollection 2018.
PubMed 30687402Sudiyatmo, et al., Effects of Preoperative Honey Drink on Gastric Content, Perioperative Discomfort and Insulin Resistance in Patients Undergoing Open Colorectal Surgery a Randomized, Controlled Trial. British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 14(7): 1-8, 2016.
Abdul JA, et al., Surgical Services In Malaysian Hospitals. National Healthcare Establishment & Workforce Statistics (NHEWS) 2011, NCRC/HSU/2013.1 C4:47-63, 2013
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 13 Jan 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Use of Kelulut Honey for Carbohydrate-Loading in the Preoperative Period for Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery Involving the Digestive System as Part of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery as Opposed to VALENS® Carborie®Load
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04438590
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Kel-Load / USMKK
- Conditions
- Insulin Resistance, ERAS
- Keywords
- carbohydrate loading, honey, insulin resistance, stingless bee, ERAS
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 64 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Universiti Sains MalaysiaUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Oct 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 25 Sep 2021 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Nov 2021 (actual)
- First posted
- 19 Jun 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The study aims to identify if Kelulut Honey can be a potential alternative for the use of preoperative carboloading instead of the commercially available product, Carborie.
Detailed description
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery is a well-established, evidence based multimodal, multidisciplinary approach to the care of the surgical patient. The aim of the program, as per its nomenclature, is to establish a set of protocol to subject the surgical patient to in order to facilitate recovery, attenuate the metabolic responses from surgery, reduce complications and ultimately reduce length of stay as well as establish return of physiological function of the patient in an accelerated fashion.
As mentioned, given that ERAS involves a multimodal, multidisciplinary approach, there are many aspects and guidelines as to the implementation of ERAS. One particular modern care change is conversion of the surgical dogma of overnight fasting to carbo-loading; whereby the patient is subjected to consume a carbohydrate rich drink the evening prior to surgery, and 2 hours prior to induction with anaesthesia. The doctrine of overnight fasting or rather 6-8 hours of fasting has long been the core principal for many anaesthesiologists and surgeons, given the rationale that this would reduce gastric acidity and volume, thereby reducing the risk of vomiting and gastric content aspiration. However, modern guidelines have shown that there are no evidence that shortened fast of 2-3 of oral fluids increase the risk of aspiration, regurgitation or increase morbidity as compared with fasting after midnight.
The problem with fasting, is that it increases insulin resistance. In line with acute-phase response, and loss of lean body mass, this will attenuate the affects of prolonged fasting. So, in an insulin resistant state, cell glucose uptake is reduced, and therefore glycogen formation reduces, which means, the liver and muscle glycogen storage are depleted. Hyperglycaemia ensues, due to the enhanced endogenous glucose production. Glucose control needs to be adequate to avoid risk of surgical complication and mortality.
The benefits of carbo-loading is well documented and the evidence is overwhelming. The evidence shows that oral ingestion of 50g of Carbohydrate has been shown to release Insulin similar to that of a mixed meal. The current guideline advocates 100g of carbohydrate consumed the evening prior to surgery and another 50g 2 hours before surgery. The first dose is consumed with 800 mL of water, and the subsequent dose with 400mL.
Kelulut honey is a natural product, which contains sugar in the form of fructose and glucose produced by bees (Meliponini Sp). They have a rapid onset, as they are freely absorbed into the blood stream without requiring digestion. Honey also has a proven role in facilitating wound healing, and as an anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial agent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of honey as an alternative to maltodextrin extract for carbo-loading in patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery (Upper GI and Lower GI) and its effects.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Kelulut Honey | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Kelulut HoneyMedical Grade Kelulut Honey which will be in 2 doses. The first would be diluted to 800 ml of water, and the second dose in 400ml of water. |
| Carborie | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: CarborieCarborie Load which will be 100g of carbohydrate in 800 ML of water and 50g of carbohydrate in 400ml of water. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Adult (Age ≥ 18)
- Elective Surgery with Intraabdominal Involvement
Key exclusion criteria (8 listed)
- Known Diabetics
- Fasting Glucose Level > 7 mmol/L
- ASA > 3
- On Steroid Treatment
- Recent Infection Past 3 Months
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Kelulut HoneyThe Substance being tested to be used as an alternative | Dietary supplement | Kelulut Honey |
| CarborieThe commercially available substance | Dietary supplement | Carborie |
Primary outcome
Kelulut Honey Improves Insulin Resistance when used as carbo-loading preoperatively
Time frame: 48 Hours
• To compare blood sugar levels between patients receiving Kelulut Honey and Carborie pre, intra, and post operatively.
Kelulut Honey would be completely cleared within 2 hours after consumption when used for carbo-loading preoperatively.
Time frame: 2 hours
• To compare Residual Gastric Volume between patients receiving Kelulut Honey and Carborie preoperatively.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 13 Jan 2022.
- BackgroundLiz Goldenberg., Fasting versus Carb-Loading: What's the Evidence for Your Enhanced Recovery after Bariatric Surgery Program?, Bariatric Times. 2018;15(11):28-29
- Results publication: PubMed 18096368Yagci G, Can MF, Ozturk E, Dag B, Ozgurtas T, Cosar A, Tufan T. Effects of preoperative carbohydrate loading on glucose metabolism and gastric contents in patients undergoing moderate surgery: a randomized, controlled trial. Nutrition. 2008 Mar;24(3):212-6. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.11.003. Epub 2007 Dec 21.
- Results publication: PubMed 25346490Scott MJ, Fawcett WJ. Oral carbohydrate preload drink for major surgery - the first steps from famine to feast. Anaesthesia. 2014 Dec;69(12):1308-13. doi: 10.1111/anae.12921. Epub 2014 Oct 23. No abstract available.
- Results publication: PubMed 24384864Nakamura M, Uchida K, Akahane M, Watanabe Y, Ohtomo K, Yamada Y. The effects on gastric emptying and carbohydrate loading of an oral nutritional supplement and an oral rehydration solution: a crossover study with magnetic resonance imaging. Anesth Analg. 2014 Jun;118(6):1268-73. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182a9956f.
- Results publication: PubMed 30914843Mustafa MZ, Yaacob NS, Sulaiman SA. Reinventing the Honey Industry: Opportunities of the Stingless Bee. Malays J Med Sci. 2018 Jul;25(4):1-5. doi: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.4.1. Epub 2018 Aug 30.
- Results publication: PubMed 25885830Maitra S, Kirtania J, Pal S, Bhattacharjee S, Layek A, Ray S. Intraoperative blood glucose levels in nondiabetic patients undergoing elective major surgery under general anaesthesia receiving different crystalloid solutions for maintenance fluid. Anesth Essays Res. 2013 May-Aug;7(2):183-8. doi: 10.4103/0259-1162.118953.
- Results publication: PubMed 28097305Ljungqvist O, Scott M, Fearon KC. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: A Review. JAMA Surg. 2017 Mar 1;152(3):292-298. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.4952.
- Results publication: PubMed 19841366Lassen K, Soop M, Nygren J, Cox PB, Hendry PO, Spies C, von Meyenfeldt MF, Fearon KC, Revhaug A, Norderval S, Ljungqvist O, Lobo DN, Dejong CH; Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Group. Consensus review of optimal perioperative care in colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Group recommendations. Arch Surg. 2009 Oct;144(10):961-9. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.2009.170.
- Results publication: PubMed 21781358Kratzing C. Pre-operative nutrition and carbohydrate loading. Proc Nutr Soc. 2011 Aug;70(3):311-5. doi: 10.1017/S0029665111000450.
- Results publication: PubMed 23052794Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Schwenk W, Demartines N, Roulin D, Francis N, McNaught CE, Macfie J, Liberman AS, Soop M, Hill A, Kennedy RH, Lobo DN, Fearon K, Ljungqvist O; Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society, for Perioperative Care; European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN); International Association for Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition (IASMEN). Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colonic surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS((R))) Society recommendations. World J Surg. 2013 Feb;37(2):259-84. doi: 10.1007/s00268-012-1772-0. No abstract available.
- Results publication: PubMed 28582271Gianotti L, Biffi R, Sandini M, Marrelli D, Vignali A, Caccialanza R, Vigano J, Sabbatini A, Di Mare G, Alessiani M, Antomarchi F, Valsecchi MG, Bernasconi DP. Preoperative Oral Carbohydrate Load Versus Placebo in Major Elective Abdominal Surgery (PROCY): A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter, Phase III Trial. Ann Surg. 2018 Apr;267(4):623-630. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002325.
- Results publication: PubMed 24417824Bilku DK, Dennison AR, Hall TC, Metcalfe MS, Garcea G. Role of preoperative carbohydrate loading: a systematic review. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2014 Jan;96(1):15-22. doi: 10.1308/003588414X13824511650614.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Kelulut Honey and Carborie in people with Insulin Resistance and ERAS, run by Universiti Sains Malaysia at 1 site in Malaysia.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 8 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 13 Jan 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Malaysia. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Kelulut Honey Improves Insulin Resistance when used as carbo-loading preoperatively (time frame: 48 Hours). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04438590, which also lists 15 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 13 Jan 2022.