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Cutaneous T-Cell LymphomaPhase 1NCT04447027

Romidepsin, CC-486 (5-azacitidine), Dexamethasone, and Lenalidomide (RAdR) for Relapsed/Refractory T-cell Malignancies

A Phase 1 study testing Romidepsin, Lenalidomide and CC-486 (5-azacitidine) in people with Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma and Mature T-cell Malignancies, run by National Cancer Institute (NCI) at 1 site in United States.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record

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Trial summary

Background: Mature T-cell malignancies (TCMs) are a rare group of cancers that usually do not have effective treatments or cures. Because of this, participants with TCMs often relapse and have a poor overall prognosis. This trial is testing if combining several drugs against TCMs can be a more effective. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 18 years and older
What is being tested?
Romidepsin, Lenalidomide and CC-486 (5-azacitidine)
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
26 participants
Where
1 siteUnited States
Study dates
17 Dec 2020to 17 Dec 2025
Phase
Phase 1

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 18 years and older
  • All sexes
  • No healthy volunteers
  • Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • Patients must have relapsed after or progressed during at least one line of prior systemic therapy (which may include allogeneic stem cell transplantation) for mature T or NK/T neoplasm, i.e. have relapsed and/or refractory mature T and natural killer (NK) neoplasm per 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification excluding chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of NK cells, aggressive NK-cell leukemia, and Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma.
  • T or NK/T neoplasm from initial diagnosis or recurrence must be histologically or cytologically proven and diagnosis be confirmed by the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (NCI),
  • Patients with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) or cluster of differentiation (CD30) positive mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sézary syndrome (SS) must have relapsed after or become intolerant to prior anti-CD30 targeting therapy treatment with brentuximab vedotin
  • For patients without circulating leukemia/lymphoma cells detectable by flow cytometry, a formalin fixed tissue block or 15 slides of tumor sample (archival or fresh) must be available at enrollment for performance of correlative studies. NOTE: Patients without circulating malignant cells must be willing to have a tumor biopsy if prior tissue or adequate archival tissue is not available (i.e., post-enrollment and prior to treatment).
  • Disease must be measurable with at least one measurable lesion by response evaluation criteria in lymphoma (RECIL) 2017 or Modified Severity-Weighted Assessment Tool (mSWAT) criteria, or have an abnormal clonal T-cell population detectable by peripheral blood flow cytometry
  • Age >18 years
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  • Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status <=2, or <= 3 if the decreased performance status is deemed to be due to disease and not residual toxicity from prior therapy or other causes.
  • Adequate organ and marrow function as defined below:
  • Absolute neutrophil count >= 1,000/mcL
  • Platelets >= 75,000/mcL
  • Total bilirubin <= 1.5 X institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)
  • Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) <= 2.5 X institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)
  • Serum Creatinine <= 1.5 mg/dL OR
  • Creatinine Clearance >= 60 mL/min/1.73 m^2 as calculated by direct measurement of 24-hour urine for creatinine clearance
  • Negative serum or urine pregnancy test at screening for women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) NOTE: WOCBP is defined as any female who has experienced menarche and who has not undergone successful surgical sterilization or who is not postmenopausal. WOCBP must have a negative pregnancy test (hemoglobin (HCG) blood or urine) during screening.
  • All study participants must be registered into the mandatory Revlimid REMS(R) program and be willing and able to comply with the requirements of the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS(R) program.
  • Women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry, for the duration of study participation, and for at least 6 months after completion of treatment for women, and for at least 3 months after completion of treatment for men. Females of reproductive potential must adhere to the scheduled pregnancy testing as required in the Revlimid REMS(R) program.
  • Ability of subject to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document.

Who cannot join

  • Patients who are receiving any other investigational agents.
  • Anti-cancer treatment within 2 weeks prior to enrollment. (4 weeks for monoclonal antibodies and 6 weeks for nitrosoureas or mitomycin C).
  • Patients who have received two of the following drugs at any point: lenalidomide, romidepsin, and 5-azacitidine. Patients who have received only one of the three drugs remain eligible.
  • Patients with a diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) are excluded from participation in the expansion cohort.
  • Other malignancy that requires ongoing systemic hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy.
  • History of allergic reactions or known or suspected hypersensitivity attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to lenalidomide, romidepsin and 5-azacitidine
Show all 19Show fewer
  • Patients with uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection requiring systemic therapy, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements.
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on effective antiretroviral therapy with undetectable viral load within 6 months are eligible for this trial.
  • For patients with evidence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the HBV viral load must be undetectable on suppressive therapy, if indicated.
  • Patients with a history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection must have been treated and cured. For patients with HCV infection who are currently on treatment, they are eligible if they have an undetectable HCV viral load.
  • History of inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), celiac disease (i.e., sprue), prior gastrectomy or upper bowel removal, or any other gastrointestinal disorder or defect that would interfere with the absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of the study drug and/or predispose the subject to an increased risk of gastrointestinal toxicity.
  • Clinically significant (i.e., active) cardiovascular disease: cerebral vascular accident/stroke (< 6 months prior to enrollment), myocardial infarction (< 6 months prior to enrollment), unstable angina, congestive heart failure (>= New York Heart Association Classification Class II), congenital long QT syndrome, or other serious cardiac arrhythmia including 2nd degree atrio ventricular (AV) block type II, 3rd degree AV block, or bradycardia (ventricular rate less than 50 beats/min).
  • Hypertrophic cardiomegaly or restrictive cardiomyopathy from prior treatment or other causes.
  • Uncontrolled hypertension, i.e., blood pressure (BP) of >=160/95; patients who have a history of hypertension controlled by medication must be on a stable dose (for at least one month) and meet all other inclusion criteria.
  • Triplicate average baseline QT corrected for heart rate by Fridericia's (QTcF) interval >= 480 ms
  • Patients taking drugs leading to significant QT prolongation Note: A 5 half-life washout period must have elapsed following the use of these drugs prior to administration of romidepsin.
  • Concomitant use of rifampin and other strong cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors and inducers within 2 weeks prior to starting protocol therapy.
  • Other severe acute or chronic medical conditions including psychiatric conditions such as recent (within the past year) or active suicidal ideation or behavior; or laboratory abnormalities that may increase the risk associated with study participation or study treatment administration or may interfere with the interpretation of study results and, in the judgment of the investigator, would make the patient inappropriate for entry into this study.
  • Pregnant or lactating women. Pregnant women are excluded from this study because lenalidomide is a Class X agent with the potential for teratogenic or abortifacient effects. Because there is an unknown but potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother with lenalidomide, breastfeeding should be discontinued if the mother is treated with lenalidomide. These potential risks may also apply to other agents used in this study.

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

United States1 site
  • National Institutes of Health Clinical Center

    Bethesda, Maryland, 20892

Other trials in United States

About this study

Official title: A Phase 1 Study of Romidepsin, CC-486 (5-azacitidine), Dexamethasone, and Lenalidomide (RAdR) for Relapsed/Refractory T-cell Malignancies

Background:

Mature T-cell malignancies (TCMs) are a rare group of cancers that usually do not have effective treatments or cures. Because of this, participants with TCMs often relapse and have a poor overall prognosis. This trial is testing if combining several drugs against TCMs can be a more effective.

Read more

Primary Objective:

To test if the combination of romidepsin, CC-486 (5-azacitidine), dexamethasone, and lenalidomide (RAdR) can be given safely to participants with relapsed or treatment refractory TCM.

Other (Secondary) Objective:

Measure the activity of this combination treatment.

Eligibility:

People age 18 and older who have a failed or relapsed after standard treatments for mature TCMs.

Design:

Participants will be screened for eligibility by performing the following tests or procedures:

Physical exam

Medical history

Medicine review

Blood and urine tests

Symptom review

Bone marrow examination

Total Body imaging scans or x-rays

Tumor biopsy

Participants will have blood tests during treatment to make sure their blood cell counts are okay.

Romidepsin is infused through an intravenous (IV) placed in one of the veins usually in the arm. Lenalidomide, dexamethasone, and CC-486 (5-azacitidine) are pills or capsules taken by mouth.

Participants are asked to keep a diary of when they take their pills to make sure they are taking these medicines properly.

Participants will have tumor imaging scans after every 2nd cycle (or 6 weeks) to check if the treatment is working. If the doctors are concerned the cancer has spread to the brain and/or spine, they will have scans of the area(s) and a sampling of the fluid around the brain/spine which is obtained through a small needle inserted into the lower part of the back for a short time to collect the fluid. This procedure is called a spinal tap or lumbar puncture.

Participants who have tumor in their skin will have repeat exams of their skin and sometimes photographs taken of these areas to see if the treatment is working.

Participants will also be asked to give blood, saliva, and sometimes have optional biopsies of their tumor where these tests are done for research purposes.

After they have completed the protocol treatment (6 cycles), they will be asked to return to clinic 30 days after treatment has ended, then every other month (or 60 days) for the first 6 months, then every 3 months (90 days) for 2 years, and then every 6 months for years 2 to 4 after completing treatment. After 4.5 years, they will be seen once a year.

Read the detailed description

Background:

  • Mature T-cell malignancies (TCM) are rare and heterogeneous group of leukemias and lymphomas accounting for 5 to 10% of all lymphomas in the US
  • Patients with systemic TCM are most commonly treated with a CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone)-like regimens, that produce long-term progression-free survival in about 30% of these cases
  • Patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) TCM have very poor prognosis with median overall survival of less than 1 year. Treatment options for R/R TCM are very few and of limited efficacy, thus novel treatment strategies are urgently needed.
  • Mutations in epigenetic regulators are common in aggressive TCMs and standard treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) such as romidepsin show modest clinical activity with single agent the overall response (ORR) around 25%
  • Combination of romidepsin and 5-azacitidine (hypomethylating agents) was synergistic in preclinical models, and has demonstrated high clinical activity with an ORR of 79%
  • Many TCMs rely on The Ikaros-dependent nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) signaling pathway to maintain proliferation, which is why lenalidomide, which induces degradation of Ikaros and downregulates IRF4, has single agent activity in R/R TCM with overall response rate (ORR) of 26% to 42%, depending on the subtype.
  • Lenalidomide synergizes with romidepsin and enhances tumor cell death in TCM cell lines, predicting that the addition of lenalidomide to the established romidepsin/ CC-486 (5-azacitidine) combination will further improve efficacy.

Objectives:

-To determine the safety and toxicity profile and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the four-drug combination of CC-486 (5-azacitidine), romidepsin, lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with TCM

Eligibility:

  • Refractory/relapsed TCM (excluding in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma) defined as follows:
  • Patients with systemic disease
  • Have received at least one line of prior therapy
  • Must have received brentuximab vedotin if the disease is anaplastic large cell lymphoma or cluster of differentiation 30 (CD30)-positive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
  • Age >= 18 years of age
  • Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of <= 2 (or <= 3 if decrease is due to the disease)
  • Histologically or cytologically confirmed relapsed and/or refractory mature TCM
  • Adequate organ and marrow function

Design:

  • Open-label, single-center, uncontrolled Phase 1 study
  • 3 + 3 design will be used to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of dose-escalated lenalidomide with fixed dose of romidepsin and CC-486 (5-azacitidine)
  • An expansion cohort of 9 patients will be evaluated at the MTD
  • Maximum 6 cycles (28-day cycle) of combination therapy
  • To explore all dose levels, including further evaluation in a dose expansion cohort, the accrual ceiling will be set at 30 patients
Being tested
Romidepsin, Lenalidomide, CC-486 (5-azacitidine), Dexamethasone, EKG
Keywords
Immunomodulatory Drugs (IMiDs), TCM, ALCL, Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (HDACi)
Medical subject headings
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous, Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • RomidepsinDrug

    Also called Istodax

    Romidepsin (12mg/ m^2) will be administered on days 1 and 10 of each cycle through a peripheral or central intravenous catheter for 6 cycles.

  • LenalidomideDrug

    Also called REVLIMID

    Lenalidomide will be administered by oral intake in a dose-escalation with a starting dose of 5mg daily, a second dose level of 10mg daily, a third dose level at 15mg daily, and a fourth dose level at 20mg daily on days -7 to day 10 of first cycle. After the second cycle, lenalidomide will be given from day 1 to day 10 in each cycle for up to 6 cycles.

  • CC-486 (5-azacitidine)Drug

    Also called ONUREG

    CC-486 (5-azacitidine) with a dose of 300mg oral intake daily will be given on day 1 to day 10 for 6 cycles.

  • DexamethasoneDrug

    Also called azacitidine tablets

    Dexamethasone, 40mg, by mouth (PO), will be given on days 1 and 10 of each cycle.

  • EKGDiagnostic test

    Also called Electrocardiogram

    Screening

  • Bone Marrow Aspiration/BiopsyProcedure or surgery

    Also called BM Aspiration/Bx

    Baseline, end of treatment and disease progression, and Day 30 (+7).

  • MRIDiagnostic test

    Also called Magnetic resonance imaging

    Baseline, every 2 cycles, end of treatment and disease progression, and follow-up.

  • Lumbar PunctureProcedure or surgery

    Also called LP

    Baseline, every 2 cycles, end of treatment and disease progression, and follow-up.

  • TTEDiagnostic test

    Also called Transthoracic echocardiogram

    Screening

Study groups in NCT04447027
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
1- Experimental Treatment: Dose EscalationExperimentalLenalidomide by oral intake at escalating doses of 5, 10, 15, or 20 mg/day on days -7 to 10 of each 21-day cycle (max 6 cycles) with CC-486 (5-azacitidine) at 300mg/day by oral intake on days 1-10, romidepsin at 12mg/m^2 by intravenous (IV) infusion on Day 1 and 10 and dexamethasone at 40mg by oral intake on days 1 and 10 of each cycle, to determine maximum tolerated dose (MTD).
Receives: Drug: Romidepsin; Drug: Lenalidomide; Drug: CC-486 (5-azacitidine); Drug: Dexamethasone; Diagnostic Test: EKG; Procedure: Bone Marrow Aspiration/Biopsy; Diagnostic Test: MRI; Procedure: Lumbar Puncture; Diagnostic Test: TTE
2 - Experimental Treatment: Dose ExpansionExperimentalLenalidomide by oral intake at maximum tolerated dose (MTD) on days -7 to 10 of each 21-day cycle (max 6 cycles) with CC-486 (5-azacitidine) at 300mg/day by oral intake on days 1-10, romidepsin at 12mg/m^2 by intravenous (IV) infusion on Day 1 and 10 and dexamethasone at 40mg by oral intake on days 1 and 10 of each cycle
Receives: Drug: Romidepsin; Drug: Lenalidomide; Drug: CC-486 (5-azacitidine); Drug: Dexamethasone; Diagnostic Test: EKG; Procedure: Bone Marrow Aspiration/Biopsy; Diagnostic Test: MRI; Procedure: Lumbar Puncture; Diagnostic Test: TTE

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD)

    The MTD is the dose level at which no more than 1 of up to 6 participants experience dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) during the DLT evaluation window(s), or the dose below that at which at least 2 (of ≤6) participants have DLT. A DLT is defined as any treatment-emergent and related severe (grade ≥3) toxicity related to lenalidomide, romidepsin and/or CC-486 (5-azacitidine) and occurring during the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) observation time, defined as day -7 until end of cycle 1 (normally day 22).

    Measured: 21 days

  2. Rate and Severity of Serious and/or Non-serious Adverse Events (AE's) by Grade and Type of Toxicity

    Rate and severity of AEs will be summarized by grade and type of toxicity. Adverse events were assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v5.0). A non-serious adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence. A serious adverse event is an adverse event or suspected adverse reaction that results in death, a life-threatening adverse drug experience, hospitalization, disruption of the ability to conduct normal life functions, congenital anomaly/birth defect or important medical events that jeopardize the patient or subject and may require medical or surgical intervention to prevent one of the previous outcomes mentioned. Grade 1 is mild. Grade 2 is moderate. Grade 3 is severe. Grade 4 is life-threatening. Grade 5 is death related to adverse event.

    Measured: 6 cycles (each cycle is 28 days)

  3. Number of Treatment Emergent Grades 3, 4 and/or 5 Adverse Events Possibly Related to Drug Grouped by Severity

    Adverse events were assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v5.0). Grade 3 is severe. Grade 4 is life-threatening. Grade 5 is death related to adverse event.

    Measured: 6 cycles (each cycle is 28 days)

  4. Arm 1, Cohort 1, Dose Level -1, 1, and 2 Treatment Emergent Serious Grades 3, 4, and/or 5 Adverse Events Possibly Related to Drug Grouped by Relationship to the Study Drug and/or Combination

    Treatment emergent grades 3, 4, and/or 5 adverse events possibly related grouped by relationship to the study drug (e.g., lenalidomide, romidepsin, CC-486 (5-azacitidine) in any combinations) assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v5.0). Grade 3 is severe. Grade 4 is life threatening. Grade 5 is death related to adverse event.

    Measured: 6 cycles (each cycle is 28 days)

  5. Arm 1, Cohort 1, Dose Level 3, and Arm 1, Cohort 1, Dose Level 4 Treatment Emergent Serious Grades 3, 4, and/or 5 Adverse Events Possibly Related to Drug Grouped by Relationship to the Study Drug and/or Combination

    Treatment emergent grades 3, 4, and/or 5 adverse events possibly related grouped by relationship to the study drug (e.g., lenalidomide, romidepsin, CC-486 (5-azacitidine) in any combinations) assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v5.0). Grade 3 is severe. Grade 4 is life threatening. Grade 5 is death related to adverse event.

    Measured: 6 cycles (each cycle is 28 days)

  6. Arm 2, Cohort 2, Dose Level 2 and 4; and Arm 3, Cohort 2, Dose Level 4 Treatment Emergent Serious Grades 3, 4, and/or 5 Adverse Events Possibly Related to Drug Grouped by Relationship to the Study Drug and/or Combination

    Treatment emergent grades 3, 4, and/or 5 adverse events possibly related grouped by relationship to the study drug (e.g., lenalidomide, romidepsin, CC-486 (5-azacitidine) in any combinations) assessed by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v5.0). Grade 3 is severe. Grade 4 is life threatening. Grade 5 is death related to adverse event.

    Measured: 6 cycles (each cycle is 28 days)

Secondary outcomes (5)
  1. Overall Response Rate (Complete Response + Partial Response)

    The response rate will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier curve and reported along with a 95% confidence interval. Response was measured by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Lymphoma (RECIL) 2017 criteria. Complete response (CR) is disappearance of all target lesions and all nodes with long axis <10mm. Partial response (PR) is a ≥30% decrease in the sum of longest diameters of target lesions but not a CR.

    Measured: 6 cycles (each cycle is 28 days)

  2. Progression-free Survival (PFS) in Months Reported Along With a 95% Confidence Interval

    PFS will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier curve and reported along with a 95% confidence interval. PFS is defined as the duration of time from the date of study enrollment until time of disease relapse, disease progression, or death, whichever occurs first measured by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Lymphoma (RECIL) 2017 criteria. Progressive disease is >20% increase in the sum of longest diameters of target lesions. Disease relapse is defined as new areas of disease or >50% increase in growth of target lesion.

    Measured: up to a median of 13.1 months

  3. Complete Response Rate (CRR)

    CRR will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier curve and reported along with a 95% confidence interval. Response was measured by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Lymphoma (RECIL) 2017 criteria. Complete response (CR) is disappearance of all target lesions and all nodes with long axis <10mm.

    Measured: 6 cycles (each cycle is 28 days)

  4. Duration of Response (DOR) in Months Reported Along With a 95% Confidence Interval

    DOR will be determined and reported along with a 95% confidence interval. DOR is measured from the time measurement criteria are met for complete response (CR) or partial response (PR (whichever is recorded first) until the first date that recurrent or progressive disease is objectively documented. Response was measured by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Lymphoma (RECIL) 2017 criteria. Complete response (CR) is disappearance of all target lesions and all nodes with long axis <10mm. Partial response (PR) is a ≥30% decrease in the sum of longest diameters of target lesions but not a CR. Progressive disease is >20% increase in the sum of longest diameters of target lesions.

    Measured: up to a median of 11.7 months

  5. Overall Survival (OS)

    OS will be estimated using the Kaplan-Meier curve and reported along with a 95% confidence interval. OS is defined as the time from the date of study enrollment until time of death from any cause.

    Measured: up to a median of 8.7 months

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted25 Jun 2020
  2. Study start17 Dec 2020
  3. Primary completion1 Jul 2024
  4. Study completion17 Dec 2025

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase 1
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Non-randomised
Intervention model
Sequential
Masking
None (open label)
Enrolment
26 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT04447027
Sponsor's protocol ID
200127
Other IDs
20-C-0127
Status last verified
Aug 2026
First submitted
24 Jun 2020
Last updated
14 Oct 2026
Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
Yes
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
Yes: All individual participant data (IPD) recorded in the medical record will be shared with intramural investigators upon request. In addition, all large-scale genomic sequencing data will be shared with subscribers to the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP).

Publications

  • Gordon MJ, Miljkovic MD, Milhon P, Lakhotia R, Melani C, Johnson K, Bryant B, Pittaluga S, Jaffe ES, Conlon K, Staudt LM, Wilson WH, Roschewski M, Ng S. A phase 1 trial of romidepsin, azacitidine, dexamethasone, and lenalidomide in relapsed or refractory T-cell lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2026 May 26;10(10):3398-3408. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2025019186.

    PubMed 41779512

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