ACTyourCHANGE Study Protocol. Promoting Healthy Lifestyle With ACT for Obesity

Obesity is one of the most serious health problems in global public health (Durrer Schutz et al., 2019). Recent estimates pointed out that over the last years obesity reached epidemic proportions, and its prevalence is still rising. In 2016 over 1.9 billion adults in the world were overweight and, of these, more than 650 million were obese (Castelnuovo, Pietrabissa, Manzoni, Cattivelli, Rossi, Novelli, Varallo, 2017).

Defined as an excess of body weight, obesity is a significant risk factor for a plethora of physical, psychological, and social problems, all of which can heavily impact health, quality of life, and global functioning. Obesity is frequently associated with many physical comorbidities, including type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, kidney failure, and osteoarthritis (Afolabi et al., 2020), psychological problems such as depression, feelings of shame, low self-esteem, stigma (Riva et al., 2006), and eating disorders, as well as social and economic impairment (Kolotkin \& Andersen, 2017).

Given the complex nature of the phenomenon, comprehensive multidisciplinary and multi-component lifestyle interventions for the management of obesity in adults are recommended. They include nutrition and dieting, physical activity, and psychological support, aimed at fostering the adoption of a healthy lifestyle through the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-based interventions considered the gold standard for the treatment of obesity (Giusti et al., 2020).

Even if such programs have been recognized as effective in promoting healthy lifestyle adoption, the maintenance of behavioral change remains challenging. Most obese or overweight people who attend a weight loss rehabilitation program fail to maintain a healthy lifestyle over time. As a consequence, they regain about one-third of the weight lost over the following year after treatment (Castelnuovo \& Simpson, 2011; Roberto Cattivelli et al., 2018). This evidence has spurred research to investigate which factors represent barriers to weight loss maintenance and which factors may influence the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits.

Forman and Butryn's conceptual model (Forman \& Butryn, 2015) suggest that long-standing adherence to a healthy lifestyle is partially due to some self-regulation skills, such as distress tolerance, values clarity, metacognitive awareness, and behavioral commitment. Such skills were found to play a protective role against the excessive responsiveness to such internal (such as emotions) and external (the availability of tasty food in the modern environment) cues that motivate people to eat palatable food in response to negative internal states, as in case of emotional eating.

Emotional eating refers to eating in response to unpleasant emotional states (Frayn \& Knäuper, 2018). Since emotional eating has been associated with elevated consumption of high-calorie and high fat, it doesn't surprise that emotional eating was found to be strongly related to obesity (Konttinen et al., 2010) both in adults and in the younger population (Shapiro et al., 2007;van Strien et al., 2016).

The link between negative emotions and emotional eating has been well-established bot in general (Litwin et al., 2017) and in obese population (Varallo et al., 2021). Many studies suggested that dysfunctional eating habits, such as emotional eating may emerge as a failure of emotion regulation strategies that allow individuals to regulate their own emotions by modulating their responses (Gianini et al., 2013; Stice \& Bearman, 2001). As a results, individuals eat as an attempt to regulate their negative internal states.

The treatment of choice to promote self-regulation skills is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; Hayes et al., 2006). ACT is one of the recent third-wave Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (CBTs) rised in the last twenty years. It is a transdiagnostic approach aimed at promoting psychological flexibility defined as the ability of "being in contact with the present moment fully as a conscious human being and, basing on what the situation affords, changing or persisting in behavior in the service of chosen values" (Hayes et al., 2006). The promotion of psychological flexibility is based on three subcomponents of the psychological flexibility model: openness, awareness, and engagement. Openness refers to the willingness to develop an open and acceptable attitude toward one's personal internal states such as thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations; Awareness refers to the ability to act intentionally with awareness about personal thought and sensations, without automatically reacting; Engagement refers to engage oneself in committed behaviors related to personal values, that is chosen life directions (Strosahl et al., 2012).

Over the years, ACT has been successfully applied in various pathological conditions, including obesity management both in adult and young populations (Berman et al., 2016; Levin et al., 2020;Weineland et al., 2012). In an RCT (Cattivelli et al., 2021) comparing a standard CBT-based group psychological intervention with an ACT-based group psychological intervention within an in-hospital multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for weight loss for patients with obesity, it was found that, since there were no significant differences between groups from pre-to post interventions in weight reduction (both groups showed a decrease of weight and BMI from pre to post intervention), only participants in the ACT condition were able to maintain weight lost during the intervention, over the following 6 month after discharge. About the psychological conditions, CBT was greater than ACT in producing improvement in the psychological conditions (subjective well-being, psychological problems, life functioning, risk for self-harm or harm others) from pre-to-post-intervention. On the contrary, at 6 months-follow-up, the effect of the intervention was more extensive in the ACT condition than in CBT. The difference between the two intervention was reasonably attributed to the intrinsic different goals of the therapy: while CBT is focused on the reduction of symptoms (Teixera, Silva, Mata, Palmeira, \& Markland., 2012), providing an immediate - but not lasting - relief, ACT fosters psychological flexibility, considered the core mechanism of action of therapy (Hayes et al., 2006).

In the field of health promotion, it was found that psychological flexibility forsters the adoption and the maintenance of beahviors which are driven by personal values and promotes an open, willing and accepting attitude towards internal and external undesirable private events such as thoughts, emotions and bodily sensations. Finally, it improves the ability to be present, in the moment and face events in the context they happen (Butryn et al., 2011).

Even if it has been well-established that psychological flexibility is the core mechanism of action in the ACT-based interventions, less is known about how each subcomponent acts.

To the authors' knowledge, only one study (Villatte et al., 2016) has previously explored the specific effect of two subcomponents of the ACT on treatment processes and outcomes in 15 adult seeking mental health treatment, founding that both the modules - one targeting acceptance and defusion, and one targeting values-based activation - produced improvements in psychiatric symptoms and quality of life, as well as improvements in specific therapeutic processes. However, no study has already assessed the specific effect of every single sub-component of psychological flexibility model, in weight management.

On the basis of these premises, the aim of the current study is to assess - within the context of a brief ACT-based intervention aimed to promote the adoption and maintenance of healthy lifestyle behaviors in a sample of Italian adult individuals with obesity - the specific effect of each subcomponent of the ACT model on the promotion, and most importantly, the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle.

The intervention will be part of a multidisciplinary one-month rehabilitation program for weight loss.

Obesity is one of the most serious health problems in global public health (Durrer Schutz et al., 2019). Recent estimates pointed out that over the last years obesity reached epidemic proportions, and its prevalence is still rising. In 2016 over 1.9 billion adults in the world were overweight and, of these, more than 650 million were obese (Castelnuovo, Pietrabissa, Manzoni, Cattivelli, Rossi, Novelli, Varallo, 2017).

Defined as an excess of body weight, obesity is a significant risk factor for a plethora of physical, psychological, and social problems, all of which can heavily impact health, quality of life, and global functioning. Obesity is frequently associated with many physical comorbidities, including type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, kidney failure, and osteoarthritis (Afolabi et al., 2020), psychological problems such as depression, feelings of shame, low self-esteem, stigma (Riva et al., 2006), and eating disorders, as well as social and economic impairment (Kolotkin \& Andersen, 2017).

Given the complex nature of the phenomenon, comprehensive multidisciplinary and multi-component lifestyle interventions for the management of obesity in adults are recommended. They include nutrition and dieting, physical activity, and psychological support, aimed at fostering the adoption of a healthy lifestyle through the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-based interventions considered the gold standard for the treatment of obesity (Giusti et al., 2020).

Even if such programs have been recognized as effective in promoting healthy lifestyle adoption, the maintenance of behavioral change remains challenging. Most obese or overweight people who attend a weight loss rehabilitation program fail to maintain a healthy lifestyle over time. As a consequence, they regain about one-third of the weight lost over the following year after treatment (Castelnuovo \& Simpson, 2011; Roberto Cattivelli et al., 2018). This evidence has spurred research to investigate which factors represent barriers to weight loss maintenance and which factors may influence the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits.

Forman and Butryn's conceptual model (Forman \& Butryn, 2015) suggest that long-standing adherence to a healthy lifestyle is partially due to some self-regulation skills, such as distress tolerance, values clarity, metacognitive awareness, and behavioral commitment. Such skills were found to play a protective role against the excessive responsiveness to such internal (such as emotions) and external (the availability of tasty food in the modern environment) cues that motivate people to eat palatable food in response to negative internal states, as in case of emotional eating.

Emotional eating refers to eating in response to unpleasant emotional states (Frayn \& Knäuper, 2018). Since emotional eating has been associated with elevated consumption of high-calorie and high fat, it doesn't surprise that emotional eating was found to be strongly related to obesity (Konttinen et al., 2010) both in adults and in the younger population (Shapiro et al., 2007;van Strien et al., 2016).

The link between negative emotions and emotional eating has been well-established bot in general (Litwin et al., 2017) and in obese population (Varallo et al., 2021). Many studies suggested that dysfunctional eating habits, such as emotional eating may emerge as a failure of emotion regulation strategies that allow individuals to regulate their own emotions by modulating their responses (Gianini et al., 2013; Stice \& Bearman, 2001). As a results, individuals eat as an attempt to regulate their negative internal states.

The treatment of choice to promote self-regulation skills is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; Hayes et al., 2006). ACT is one of the recent third-wave Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (CBTs) rised in the last twenty years. It is a transdiagnostic approach aimed at promoting psychological flexibility defined as the ability of "being in contact with the present moment fully as a conscious human being and, basing on what the situation affords, changing or persisting in behavior in the service of chosen values" (Hayes et al., 2006). The promotion of psychological flexibility is based on three subcomponents of the psychological flexibility model: openness, awareness, and engagement. Openness refers to the willingness to develop an open and acceptable attitude toward one's personal internal states such as thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations; Awareness refers to the ability to act intentionally with awareness about personal thought and sensations, without automatically reacting; Engagement refers to engage oneself in committed behaviors related to personal values, that is chosen life directions (Strosahl et al., 2012).

Over the years, ACT has been successfully applied in various pathological conditions, including obesity management both in adult and young populations (Berman et al., 2016; Levin et al., 2020;Weineland et al., 2012). In an RCT (Cattivelli et al., 2021) comparing a standard CBT-based group psychological intervention with an ACT-based group psychological intervention within an in-hospital multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for weight loss for patients with obesity, it was found that, since there were no significant differences between groups from pre-to post interventions in weight reduction (both groups showed a decrease of weight and BMI from pre to post intervention), only participants in the ACT condition were able to maintain weight lost during the intervention, over the following 6 month after discharge. About the psychological conditions, CBT was greater than ACT in producing improvement in the psychological conditions (subjective well-being, psychological problems, life functioning, risk for self-harm or harm others) from pre-to-post-intervention. On the contrary, at 6 months-follow-up, the effect of the intervention was more extensive in the ACT condition than in CBT. The difference between the two intervention was reasonably attributed to the intrinsic different goals of the therapy: while CBT is focused on the reduction of symptoms (Teixera, Silva, Mata, Palmeira, \& Markland., 2012), providing an immediate - but not lasting - relief, ACT fosters psychological flexibility, considered the core mechanism of action of therapy (Hayes et al., 2006).

In the field of health promotion, it was found that psychological flexibility forsters the adoption and the maintenance of beahviors which are driven by personal values and promotes an open, willing and accepting attitude towards internal and external undesirable private events such as thoughts, emotions and bodily sensations. Finally, it improves the ability to be present, in the moment and face events in the context they happen (Butryn et al., 2011).

Even if it has been well-established that psychological flexibility is the core mechanism of action in the ACT-based interventions, less is known about how each subcomponent acts.

To the authors' knowledge, only one study (Villatte et al., 2016) has previously explored the specific effect of two subcomponents of the ACT on treatment processes and outcomes in 15 adult seeking mental health treatment, founding that both the modules - one targeting acceptance and defusion, and one targeting values-based activation - produced improvements in psychiatric symptoms and quality of life, as well as improvements in specific therapeutic processes. However, no study has already assessed the specific effect of every single sub-component of psychological flexibility model, in weight management.

On the basis of these premises, the aim of the current study is to assess - within the context of a brief ACT-based intervention aimed to promote the adoption and maintenance of healthy lifestyle behaviors in a sample of Italian adult individuals with obesity - the specific effect of each subcomponent of the ACT model on the promotion, and most importantly, the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle.

The intervention will be part of a multidisciplinary one-month rehabilitation program for weight loss.