Covid19NCT04502056
Covid-19 Messaging to Underserved Communities - 2nd Experiment
A study testing Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA, African American Sender Acknowledgement and African American Sender in Informational Videos. in people with Covid19, run by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The aim of the study is to build off results from our first experiment (NCT04371419) , and test whether messages that acknowledge racial injustice on behalf of institutions affect the retention of knowledge and movement of beliefs and behavior with respect to Covid-19. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Covid19
- What is being tested?
- Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA, African American Sender Acknowledgement and African American Sender in Informational Videos.
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 20,460 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 7 Aug 2020to 6 Sep 2020
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- adults who self-identify as African American or white.
- an oversample of individuals with less than a college education
Who cannot join
None listed.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
The aim of the study is to build off results from our first experiment (NCT04371419) , and test whether messages that acknowledge racial injustice on behalf of institutions affect the retention of knowledge and movement of beliefs and behavior with respect to Covid-19. The investigators will also test the effect of concordance of providers and whether highlighting the unequal burden of the disease has additional effects on knowledge, beliefs and behavior regarding covid-19. The sample will include African American and white adult Americans and oversample those with less than a college degree.
Read the detailed description
Recent data have shown that covid19 is disproportionately infecting and killing African Americans and Latinx people in the United States. Moreover, since our last experiment, the killing of George Floyd by Minnesota police has raised awareness of structural racism in the United States.
The aim of the study is to build off results from our first experiment (NCT04371419) , and test whether messages that acknowledge racial injustice on behalf of institutions affect the retention of knowledge and movement of beliefs and behavior with respect to Covid-19. The investigators will also test the effect of concordance of providers and whether highlighting the unequal burden of the disease has additional effects on knowledge, beliefs and behavior regarding covid-19.The sample will include African American and white adult Americans and oversample those with less than a college degree.
- Conditions
- Covid19
- Being tested
- Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA, African American Sender Acknowledgement, African American Sender in Informational Videos., Racial Inequality Highlighted, AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing
- Medical subject headings
- COVID-19
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMABehavioural
Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.
African American Sender AcknowledgementBehavioural
Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA
African American Sender in Informational Videos.Behavioural
Investigators will vary the sender of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive a African American sender in informational videos.
Racial Inequality HighlightedBehavioural
Investigators will include information on race-specific covid-19 cases and deaths in one variation in the messaging. In this arm, participants receive disproportionate race-specific Covid-19 facts
AMA Acknowledgement Drug PricingBehavioural
Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing
White Sender in AcknowledgementBehavioural
Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm, participants receive a white sender in the acknowledgement
White Sender in Informational VideosBehavioural
Investigators will vary the messenger of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive white sender in the informational video
No Racial Inequality HighlightingBehavioural
In this arm, the disproportionate burden of Covid-19 on communities of color will not be highlighted
Placebo videosBehavioural
Videos not related to covid-19 will be shown
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| AMA RI - B- B - R | Experimental | Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. Receives: Behavioral: Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA; Behavioral: African American Sender Acknowledgement; Behavioral: African American Sender in Informational Videos.; Behavioral: Racial Inequality Highlighted |
| AMA RI - B - B - N | Experimental | Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. Receives: Behavioral: Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA; Behavioral: African American Sender Acknowledgement; Behavioral: African American Sender in Informational Videos.; Behavioral: No Racial Inequality Highlighting |
| AMA RI - W - W - R | Experimental | Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. Receives: Behavioral: Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA; Behavioral: Racial Inequality Highlighted; Behavioral: White Sender in Acknowledgement; Behavioral: White Sender in Informational Videos |
| AMA RI - W - W - N | Experimental | Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. Receives: Behavioral: Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA; Behavioral: White Sender in Acknowledgement; Behavioral: White Sender in Informational Videos; Behavioral: No Racial Inequality Highlighting |
| AMA DP - B- B - R | Experimental | Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color . Receives: Behavioral: African American Sender Acknowledgement; Behavioral: African American Sender in Informational Videos.; Behavioral: Racial Inequality Highlighted; Behavioral: AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing |
| AMA DP - B- B - N | Experimental | Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. Receives: Behavioral: African American Sender Acknowledgement; Behavioral: African American Sender in Informational Videos.; Behavioral: AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing; Behavioral: No Racial Inequality Highlighting |
| AMA DP - W- W - R | Experimental | Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. Receives: Behavioral: Racial Inequality Highlighted; Behavioral: AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing; Behavioral: White Sender in Acknowledgement; Behavioral: White Sender in Informational Videos |
| AMA DP - W- W - N | Experimental | Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. Receives: Behavioral: AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing; Behavioral: White Sender in Acknowledgement; Behavioral: White Sender in Informational Videos; Behavioral: No Racial Inequality Highlighting |
| Control: AMA RI - B - B | Placebo comparator | Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA Receives: Behavioral: Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA; Behavioral: African American Sender Acknowledgement; Behavioral: African American Sender in Informational Videos.; Behavioral: Placebo videos |
| Control: AMA RI - W - W | Placebo comparator | Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be white - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.
Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice.
White Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a white sender in acknowledgment of AMA Receives: Behavioral: Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA; Behavioral: White Sender in Acknowledgement; Behavioral: White Sender in Informational Videos; Behavioral: Placebo videos |
| Control: AMA DP - B - B | Placebo comparator | Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.
African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing Receives: Behavioral: African American Sender Acknowledgement; Behavioral: African American Sender in Informational Videos.; Behavioral: AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing; Behavioral: Placebo videos |
| Control: AMA DP - W - W | Placebo comparator | Respondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be white - No message on Covid-19 will be shown.
White Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a white sender in acknowledgment of AMA
AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing Receives: Behavioral: AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing; Behavioral: White Sender in Acknowledgement; Behavioral: White Sender in Informational Videos; Behavioral: Placebo videos |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention
Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.
Measured: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention - Follow up
Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. Incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.
Measured: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention
Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior: Control vs. Any Intervention
Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to five links that included more content. We measured "information seeking behavior" as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5.
Measured: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Incidence Rate - Safety Gap Score: Control vs. Any Intervention
Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4.
Measured: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention.
Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks: Control vs. Any Intervention
WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card.
Measured: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap
Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
Measured: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up
Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
Measured: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention
Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior
Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to 5 links that included more content. We measured "information seeking behavior" as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
Measured: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score
Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
Measured: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention.
OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks
WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card. The regression coefficients compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single ordinary least squares (OLS) regression for WTP masks).
Measured: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted6 Aug 2020
- Study start7 Aug 2020
- Primary completion6 Sep 2020
- Study completion6 Sep 2020
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Covid19Studies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 20,460 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Stanford University, Yale University, Harvard University
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Esther Duflo, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04502056
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2029880
- Status last verified
- Jul 2021
- First submitted
- 2 Aug 2020
- Last updated
- 27 Jul 2021
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Torres C, Ogbu-Nwobodo L, Alsan M, Stanford FC, Banerjee A, Breza E, Chandrasekhar AG, Eichmeyer S, Karnani M, Loisel T, Goldsmith-Pinkham P, Olken BA, Vautrey PL, Warner E, Duflo E; COVID-19 Working Group. Effect of Physician-Delivered COVID-19 Public Health Messages and Messages Acknowledging Racial Inequity on Black and White Adults' Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices Related to COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jul 1;4(7):e2117115. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.17115.
PubMed 34259846
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 27 Jul 2021. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Covid-19 Messaging to Underserved Communities - 2nd Experiment
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04502056
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2029880
- Conditions
- Covid19
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 20,460 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Stanford University, Yale University, Harvard University
- Study start
- 7 Aug 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 6 Sep 2020 (actual)
- Study completion
- 6 Sep 2020 (actual)
- First posted
- 6 Aug 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 27 Jul 2021
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of the study is to build off results from our first experiment (NCT04371419) , and test whether messages that acknowledge racial injustice on behalf of institutions affect the retention of knowledge and movement of beliefs and behavior with respect to Covid-19. The investigators will also test the effect of concordance of providers and whether highlighting the unequal burden of the disease has additional effects on knowledge, beliefs and behavior regarding covid-19. The sample will include African American and white adult Americans and oversample those with less than a college degree.
Detailed description
Recent data have shown that covid19 is disproportionately infecting and killing African Americans and Latinx people in the United States. Moreover, since our last experiment, the killing of George Floyd by Minnesota police has raised awareness of structural racism in the United States.
The aim of the study is to build off results from our first experiment (NCT04371419) , and test whether messages that acknowledge racial injustice on behalf of institutions affect the retention of knowledge and movement of beliefs and behavior with respect to Covid-19. The investigators will also test the effect of concordance of providers and whether highlighting the unequal burden of the disease has additional effects on knowledge, beliefs and behavior regarding covid-19.The sample will include African American and white adult Americans and oversample those with less than a college degree.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 12
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| AMA RI - B- B - R | Experimental | Behavioral: Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA, Behavioral: African American Sender Acknowledgement, Behavioral: African American Sender in Informational Videos., Behavioral: Racial Inequality HighlightedRespondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. |
| AMA RI - B - B - N | Experimental | Behavioral: Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA, Behavioral: African American Sender Acknowledgement, Behavioral: African American Sender in Informational Videos., Behavioral: No Racial Inequality HighlightingRespondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. |
| AMA RI - W - W - R | Experimental | Behavioral: Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA, Behavioral: Racial Inequality Highlighted, Behavioral: White Sender in Acknowledgement, Behavioral: White Sender in Informational VideosRespondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. |
| AMA RI - W - W - N | Experimental | Behavioral: Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA, Behavioral: White Sender in Acknowledgement, Behavioral: White Sender in Informational Videos, Behavioral: No Racial Inequality HighlightingRespondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. |
| AMA DP - B- B - R | Experimental | Behavioral: African American Sender Acknowledgement, Behavioral: African American Sender in Informational Videos., Behavioral: Racial Inequality Highlighted, Behavioral: AMA Acknowledgement Drug PricingRespondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color . |
| AMA DP - B- B - N | Experimental | Behavioral: African American Sender Acknowledgement, Behavioral: African American Sender in Informational Videos., Behavioral: AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing, Behavioral: No Racial Inequality HighlightingRespondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. |
| AMA DP - W- W - R | Experimental | Behavioral: Racial Inequality Highlighted, Behavioral: AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing, Behavioral: White Sender in Acknowledgement, Behavioral: White Sender in Informational VideosRespondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. |
| AMA DP - W- W - N | Experimental | Behavioral: AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing, Behavioral: White Sender in Acknowledgement, Behavioral: White Sender in Informational Videos, Behavioral: No Racial Inequality HighlightingRespondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will be white - the message on Covid-19 will not include information on the disproportionate impact on communities of color. |
| Control: AMA RI - B - B | Placebo comparator | Behavioral: Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA, Behavioral: African American Sender Acknowledgement, Behavioral: African American Sender in Informational Videos., Behavioral: Placebo videosRespondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - No message on Covid-19 will be shown. Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice. African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA |
| Control: AMA RI - W - W | Placebo comparator | Behavioral: Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA, Behavioral: White Sender in Acknowledgement, Behavioral: White Sender in Informational Videos, Behavioral: Placebo videosRespondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging racial injustice read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be white - No message on Covid-19 will be shown. Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice. White Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a white sender in acknowledgment of AMA |
| Control: AMA DP - B - B | Placebo comparator | Behavioral: African American Sender Acknowledgement, Behavioral: African American Sender in Informational Videos., Behavioral: AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing, Behavioral: Placebo videosRespondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by an African American individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be African American - No message on Covid-19 will be shown. African American Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing |
| Control: AMA DP - W - W | Placebo comparator | Behavioral: AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing, Behavioral: White Sender in Acknowledgement, Behavioral: White Sender in Informational Videos, Behavioral: Placebo videosRespondents will be randomized to an AMA statement acknowledging drug pricing read by a white individual. The messenger / doctor in the follow-up AMA videos will also be white - No message on Covid-19 will be shown. White Sender Acknowledgement: Investigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a white sender in acknowledgment of AMA AMA Acknowledgement Drug Pricing: Investigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- adults who self-identify as African American or white.
- an oversample of individuals with less than a college education
Key exclusion criteria (0 listed)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMAInvestigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants will receive a AMA statement on racial injustice. | Behavioural | AMA RI - B - B - N, AMA RI - B- B - R, AMA RI - W - W - N, AMA RI - W - W - R, Control: AMA RI - B - B, Control: AMA RI - W - W |
| African American Sender AcknowledgementInvestigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm participants receive a African American sender in acknowledgment of AMA | Behavioural | AMA DP - B- B - N, AMA DP - B- B - R, AMA RI - B - B - N, AMA RI - B- B - R, Control: AMA DP - B - B, Control: AMA RI - B - B |
| African American Sender in Informational Videos.Investigators will vary the sender of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive a African American sender in informational videos. | Behavioural | AMA DP - B- B - N, AMA DP - B- B - R, AMA RI - B - B - N, AMA RI - B- B - R, Control: AMA DP - B - B, Control: AMA RI - B - B |
| Racial Inequality HighlightedInvestigators will include information on race-specific covid-19 cases and deaths in one variation in the messaging. In this arm, participants receive disproportionate race-specific Covid-19 facts | Behavioural | AMA DP - B- B - R, AMA DP - W- W - R, AMA RI - B- B - R, AMA RI - W - W - R |
| AMA Acknowledgement Drug PricingInvestigators will examine whether acknowledgements of racial inequality are helpful towards improving knowledge retention and behaviors associated with the intervention among participants. In this arm, participants receive AMA information on drug pricing | Behavioural | AMA DP - B- B - N, AMA DP - B- B - R, AMA DP - W- W - N, AMA DP - W- W - R, Control: AMA DP - B - B, Control: AMA DP - W - W |
| White Sender in AcknowledgementInvestigators will also vary the messenger of the acknowledgement sender. In this arm, participants receive a white sender in the acknowledgement | Behavioural | AMA DP - W- W - N, AMA DP - W- W - R, AMA RI - W - W - N, AMA RI - W - W - R, Control: AMA DP - W - W, Control: AMA RI - W - W |
| White Sender in Informational VideosInvestigators will vary the messenger of the informational covid-19 videos. In this arm, participants receive white sender in the informational video | Behavioural | AMA DP - W- W - N, AMA DP - W- W - R, AMA RI - W - W - N, AMA RI - W - W - R, Control: AMA DP - W - W, Control: AMA RI - W - W |
| No Racial Inequality HighlightingIn this arm, the disproportionate burden of Covid-19 on communities of color will not be highlighted | Behavioural | AMA DP - B- B - N, AMA DP - W- W - N, AMA RI - B - B - N, AMA RI - W - W - N |
| Placebo videosVideos not related to covid-19 will be shown | Behavioural | Control: AMA DP - B - B, Control: AMA DP - W - W, Control: AMA RI - B - B, Control: AMA RI - W - W |
Primary outcome
Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.
Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention - Follow up
Time frame: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention
Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. Incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10.
Incidence Rate for Information-seeking Behavior: Control vs. Any Intervention
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to five links that included more content. We measured "information seeking behavior" as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5.
Incidence Rate - Safety Gap Score: Control vs. Any Intervention
Time frame: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention.
Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4.
Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks: Control vs. Any Intervention
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card.
Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Knowledge Gap - Follow up
Time frame: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention
Participants were asked to identify ways to prevent COVID-19 spread and identify four common symptoms. The incidence rate for knowledge gaps is the count of knowledge gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 10. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Information-seeking Behavior
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
Participants were offered the option of requesting additional information on COVID-19 related resources by clicking on up to 5 links that included more content. We measured "information seeking behavior" as the number of links for which participants expressed interest, a count variable between 0 (lowest information seeking behavior) and 5 (greatest information seeking behavior). Incidence rate for interest in links is the count of links demanded divided by the maximum possible count: 5. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) - Safety Gap Score
Time frame: The outcome was measured at a follow-up within 2 weeks following the intervention.
Participants were asked about how often they engaged in four behaviors of interest: if they wore a mask indoors/outdoors; if they washed their hands; if they followed social distancing guidelines. The safety gap index takes values of 0 (if a participant reported that they always practiced the four behaviors of interest) up to 4 (none). Incidence rate for safety gaps is the count of safety gaps divided by the maximum possible count: 4. The incidence rate ratio compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single negative binomial regression.
OLS Regression Coefficients - Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Masks
Time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.
WTP: the participants will be asked to choose between two masks vs an unrestricted gift card. They will be asked what amount of gift card would make them just as happy to receive two mask versus the gift card. The regression coefficients compares the incidence rate of participants in Arm A vs. Arm B within the intervention group (i.e. those who received covid-19-related videos), within in the control group (i.e. those who saw placebo videos), or across the intervention and control group. Arms A and B are described in each Arm/Group Title. The overall number of participants analyzed is all equal across 6 arms/groups because the outcome measure data presented below came from a single ordinary least squares (OLS) regression for WTP masks).
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 27 Jul 2021.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 34259846Torres C, Ogbu-Nwobodo L, Alsan M, Stanford FC, Banerjee A, Breza E, Chandrasekhar AG, Eichmeyer S, Karnani M, Loisel T, Goldsmith-Pinkham P, Olken BA, Vautrey PL, Warner E, Duflo E; COVID-19 Working Group. Effect of Physician-Delivered COVID-19 Public Health Messages and Messages Acknowledging Racial Inequity on Black and White Adults' Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices Related to COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jul 1;4(7):e2117115. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.17115.
Related trials for Covid19
RecruitingPhase 3
A Study of Secutrelvir in Participants With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Who Are at High Risk for Progression to Severe Disease
SARS-CoV-2
Active, not recruitingPhase 2
COVID-FISETIN: Pilot in SARS-CoV-2 of Fisetin to Alleviate Dysfunction and Inflammation
Covid19
RecruitingObservational study
Natural History of Post-Coronavirus Disease 19 Convalescence at the National Institutes of Health
Post-Coronavirus Disease 19
Enrolling by invitationPhase 2
Immunotherapy for Neurological Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2
Systemic Inflammation, Neuroinflammation
Enrolling by invitationObservational study
Prescribing Trends and Associated Outcomes of Antiepileptic Drugs in US Nursing Homes Surrounding the COVID-19 Pandemic
Dementia
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Acknowledgement Racial Injustice AMA, African American Sender Acknowledgement and African American Sender in Informational Videos. in people with Covid19, run by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 0 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Jul 2021. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 27 Jul 2021). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Incidence Rate for Knowledge Gaps: Control vs. Any Intervention (time frame: The outcome was measured immediately following the intervention in the baseline survey.). The study lists 10 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04502056, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Jul 2021.