Elbow ForceNCT04503070
Motion Capture: Baseball Swing
An observational study of Elbow Force, run by The Methodist Hospital Research Institute at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The aim of this study will be to assess kinetic and kinematic data during different phases of baseball hitting progressions commonly employed in the rehabilitation setting. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 16 to 40 years, men only
- Conditions the study is for
- Elbow Force
- What is being tested?
- Motion capture participant
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- How many people
- 16 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 28 Oct 2019to 1 Aug 2020
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 16 to 40 years
- Men only
- No healthy volunteers
- Child, Adult
Study population: Collegiate baseball players
Who may be able to join
- Participants must be healthy volunteers who accept all provisions of the study and agree to complete the program in its entirety. Participants should have their own bat and relative experience of at least 2 years of hitting a baseball. Ages accepted will be 16-40.
Who cannot join
- Previous history of upper extremity injury
- Current painful dysfunction resulting in exercise or participation limitation
- Any health-related exercise limitation as ordered by physician
- Ages outside of 16-40
- Inability to access clinic and equipment
- Inexperience with baseball hitting or inability to follow instructions from study staff.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: The Kinetic and Kinematic Profile of the Upper Extremity During Progressive Phases of the Baseball Swing
The aim of this study will be to assess kinetic and kinematic data during different phases of baseball hitting progressions commonly employed in the rehabilitation setting.
Read the detailed description
Study participants will undergo consent and history process. Subjects must meet inclusion and exclusion criteria prior to consent. Once consent is obtained, each subject will undergo instruction and training expectations of each swing phase. Once an adequate determination of proficiency has been met, each subject will undergo EMG and MOTUS sleeve placement on each upper extremity:
- Forearm flexors
- Forearm extensors
- Medial epicondyle
- Lateral epicondyle
- Posterior rotator cuff musculature
Once participants have undergone appropriate calibration processes, they will perform listed swing progressions in a randomized order:
- Dry swings - reduced weight (wiffleball) bat - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) B. Dry swings - normal weight bat - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) C. Tee hitting - normal weight bat - middle strike zone level - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) D. Soft toss - underhand toss from assistant - middle strike zone placement - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) E. Simulated hitting - pitching machine - randomized strike zone placement - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort)
- Conditions
- Elbow Force
- Being tested
- Motion capture participant
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Motion capture participantBehavioural
Once participants have undergone appropriate calibration processes, they will perform listed swing progressions:
- 15 dry swings with a wiffle bat at low, medium and high effort
- 15 dry swings with a weighted bat at low, medium and high effort
- 15 swings off of a tee at low, medium and high effort
- 15 swings at an underhand toss at low, medium and high effort
- 15 swings from a pitching machine at low, medium and high effort
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Baseball Batters | Participants must be healthy volunteers who accept all provisions of the study and agree to complete the program in its entirety. Participants should have their own bat and relative experience of at least 2 years of hitting a baseball. Ages accepted will be 16-40. Receives: Behavioral: Motion capture participant |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Force on the elbow
Medial force (Newtons) across the elbow, normalized to the subject's body mass (kg), was calculated (N/kg).
Measured: January 21 - 27, 2020
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted6 Aug 2020
- Study start28 Oct 2019
- Primary completion1 Aug 2020
- Study completion1 Aug 2020
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (22)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Elbow ForceStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by The Methodist Hospital Research InstituteThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Case only
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 16 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Patrick McCulloch,MD, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute
- Investigators
- Patrick McCulloch, MD, Principal investigator, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04503070
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Pro00020389
- Status last verified
- Aug 2020
- First submitted
- 3 Aug 2020
- Last updated
- 19 Sep 2024
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Posner M, Cameron KL, Wolf JM, Belmont PJ Jr, Owens BD. Epidemiology of Major League Baseball injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Aug;39(8):1676-80. doi: 10.1177/0363546511411700. Epub 2011 Jun 27.
PubMed 21709023Li X, Zhou H, Williams P, Steele JJ, Nguyen J, Jager M, Coleman S. The epidemiology of single season musculoskeletal injuries in professional baseball. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2013 Feb 22;5(1):e3. doi: 10.4081/or.2013.e3. Print 2013 Feb 22.
PubMed 23705061Robinson TW, Corlette J, Collins CL, Comstock RD. Shoulder injuries among US high school athletes, 2005/2006-2011/2012. Pediatrics. 2014 Feb;133(2):272-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-2279. Epub 2014 Jan 13.
PubMed 24420804Monti R. RETURN TO HITTING: AN INTERVAL HITTING PROGRESSION AND OVERVIEW OF HITTING MECHANICS FOLLOWING INJURY. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015 Dec;10(7):1059-73.
PubMed 26672900Jack RA 2nd, Burn MB, Sochacki KR, McCulloch PC, Lintner DM, Harris JD. Performance and Return to Sport After Tommy John Surgery Among Major League Baseball Position Players. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jun;46(7):1720-1726. doi: 10.1177/0363546518762397. Epub 2018 Mar 30.
PubMed 29601208Begly JP, Guss MS, Wolfson TS, Mahure SA, Rokito AS, Jazrawi LM. Performance outcomes after medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in Major League Baseball positional players. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018 Feb;27(2):282-290. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.09.004.
PubMed 29332665Chang ES, Bishop ME, Baker D, West RV. Interval Throwing and Hitting Programs in Baseball: Biomechanics and Rehabilitation. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2016 Mar-Apr;45(3):157-62.
PubMed 26991569Wilk KE, Obma P, Simpson CD, Cain EL, Dugas JR, Andrews JR. Shoulder injuries in the overhead athlete. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009 Feb;39(2):38-54. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2009.2929.
PubMed 19194026Wilk KE, Hooks TR. Rehabilitation of the throwing athlete: where we are in 2014. Clin Sports Med. 2015 Apr;34(2):247-61. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2014.12.010. Epub 2015 Jan 28.
PubMed 25818712Reinold MM, Wilk KE, Reed J, Crenshaw K, Andrews JR. Interval sport programs: guidelines for baseball, tennis, and golf. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2002 Jun;32(6):293-8. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2002.32.6.293.
PubMed 12061709Wilk KE, Meister K, Andrews JR. Current concepts in the rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete. Am J Sports Med. 2002 Jan-Feb;30(1):136-51. doi: 10.1177/03635465020300011201.
PubMed 11799012Axe M, Hurd W, Snyder-Mackler L. Data-based interval throwing programs for baseball players. Sports Health. 2009 Mar;1(2):145-53. doi: 10.1177/1941738108331198.
PubMed 23015866Welch CM, Banks SA, Cook FF, Draovitch P. Hitting a baseball: a biomechanical description. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1995 Nov;22(5):193-201. doi: 10.2519/jospt.1995.22.5.193.
PubMed 8580946Higuchi T, Nagami T, Morohoshi J, Nakata H, Kanosue K. Disturbance in hitting accuracy by professional and collegiate baseball players due to intentional change of target position. Percept Mot Skills. 2013 Apr;116(2):627-39. doi: 10.2466/30.23.25.PMS.116.2.627-639.
PubMed 24032335Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS, DeRenne C, Taylor MK, Moorman CT 3rd, Imamura R, Barakatt E, Andrews JR. Effects of bat grip on baseball hitting kinematics. J Appl Biomech. 2009 Aug;25(3):203-9. doi: 10.1123/jab.25.3.203.
PubMed 19827469
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 19 Sep 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Kinetic and Kinematic Profile of the Upper Extremity During Progressive Phases of the Baseball Swing
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04503070
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Pro00020389
- Conditions
- Elbow Force
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 16 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- The Methodist Hospital Research InstituteUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 28 Oct 2019 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Aug 2020 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Aug 2020 (actual)
- First posted
- 6 Aug 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of this study will be to assess kinetic and kinematic data during different phases of baseball hitting progressions commonly employed in the rehabilitation setting.
Detailed description
Study participants will undergo consent and history process. Subjects must meet inclusion and exclusion criteria prior to consent. Once consent is obtained, each subject will undergo instruction and training expectations of each swing phase. Once an adequate determination of proficiency has been met, each subject will undergo EMG and MOTUS sleeve placement on each upper extremity:
- Forearm flexors
- Forearm extensors
- Medial epicondyle
- Lateral epicondyle
- Posterior rotator cuff musculature
Once participants have undergone appropriate calibration processes, they will perform listed swing progressions in a randomized order:
- Dry swings - reduced weight (wiffleball) bat - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) B. Dry swings - normal weight bat - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) C. Tee hitting - normal weight bat - middle strike zone level - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) D. Soft toss - underhand toss from assistant - middle strike zone placement - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort) E. Simulated hitting - pitching machine - randomized strike zone placement - 5 swings light intensity (25-50% effort), 5 swings moderate intensity (50-75% effort), 5 swings high intensity (75-100% effort)
Study design
- Observational model
- Case only
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Baseball Batters | – | Behavioral: Motion capture participantParticipants must be healthy volunteers who accept all provisions of the study and agree to complete the program in its entirety. Participants should have their own bat and relative experience of at least 2 years of hitting a baseball. Ages accepted will be 16-40. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 16 to 40 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
- Study population
- Collegiate baseball players
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Participants must be healthy volunteers who accept all provisions of the study and agree to complete the program in its entirety. Participants should have their own bat and relative experience of at least 2 years of hitting a baseball. Ages accepted will be 16-40.
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Previous history of upper extremity injury
- Current painful dysfunction resulting in exercise or participation limitation
- Any health-related exercise limitation as ordered by physician
- Ages outside of 16-40
- Inability to access clinic and equipment
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Motion capture participantOnce participants have undergone appropriate calibration processes, they will perform listed swing progressions: 1. 15 dry swings with a wiffle bat at low, medium and high effort 2. 15 dry swings with a weighted bat at low, medium and high effort 3. 15 swings off of a tee at low, medium and high effort 4. 15 swings at an underhand toss at low, medium and high effort 5. 15 swings from a pitching machine at low, medium and high effort | Behavioural | Baseball Batters |
Primary outcome
Force on the elbow
Time frame: January 21 - 27, 2020
Medial force (Newtons) across the elbow, normalized to the subject's body mass (kg), was calculated (N/kg).
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 19 Sep 2024.
- Background: PubMed 21709023Posner M, Cameron KL, Wolf JM, Belmont PJ Jr, Owens BD. Epidemiology of Major League Baseball injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Aug;39(8):1676-80. doi: 10.1177/0363546511411700. Epub 2011 Jun 27.
- Background: PubMed 23705061Li X, Zhou H, Williams P, Steele JJ, Nguyen J, Jager M, Coleman S. The epidemiology of single season musculoskeletal injuries in professional baseball. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2013 Feb 22;5(1):e3. doi: 10.4081/or.2013.e3. Print 2013 Feb 22.
- Background: PubMed 24420804Robinson TW, Corlette J, Collins CL, Comstock RD. Shoulder injuries among US high school athletes, 2005/2006-2011/2012. Pediatrics. 2014 Feb;133(2):272-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-2279. Epub 2014 Jan 13.
- Background: PubMed 26672900Monti R. RETURN TO HITTING: AN INTERVAL HITTING PROGRESSION AND OVERVIEW OF HITTING MECHANICS FOLLOWING INJURY. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015 Dec;10(7):1059-73.
- Background: PubMed 29601208Jack RA 2nd, Burn MB, Sochacki KR, McCulloch PC, Lintner DM, Harris JD. Performance and Return to Sport After Tommy John Surgery Among Major League Baseball Position Players. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jun;46(7):1720-1726. doi: 10.1177/0363546518762397. Epub 2018 Mar 30.
- Background: PubMed 29332665Begly JP, Guss MS, Wolfson TS, Mahure SA, Rokito AS, Jazrawi LM. Performance outcomes after medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in Major League Baseball positional players. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018 Feb;27(2):282-290. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.09.004.
- Background: PubMed 26991569Chang ES, Bishop ME, Baker D, West RV. Interval Throwing and Hitting Programs in Baseball: Biomechanics and Rehabilitation. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2016 Mar-Apr;45(3):157-62.
- Background: PubMed 19194026Wilk KE, Obma P, Simpson CD, Cain EL, Dugas JR, Andrews JR. Shoulder injuries in the overhead athlete. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009 Feb;39(2):38-54. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2009.2929.
- Background: PubMed 25818712Wilk KE, Hooks TR. Rehabilitation of the throwing athlete: where we are in 2014. Clin Sports Med. 2015 Apr;34(2):247-61. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2014.12.010. Epub 2015 Jan 28.
- Background: PubMed 12061709Reinold MM, Wilk KE, Reed J, Crenshaw K, Andrews JR. Interval sport programs: guidelines for baseball, tennis, and golf. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2002 Jun;32(6):293-8. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2002.32.6.293.
- Background: PubMed 11799012Wilk KE, Meister K, Andrews JR. Current concepts in the rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete. Am J Sports Med. 2002 Jan-Feb;30(1):136-51. doi: 10.1177/03635465020300011201.
- Background: PubMed 23015866Axe M, Hurd W, Snyder-Mackler L. Data-based interval throwing programs for baseball players. Sports Health. 2009 Mar;1(2):145-53. doi: 10.1177/1941738108331198.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Patrick McCulloch, MD principal investigator
The Methodist Hospital Research Institute
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Elbow Force, run by The Methodist Hospital Research Institute at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 19 Sep 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Force on the elbow (time frame: January 21 - 27, 2020). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04503070, which also lists 22 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 19 Sep 2024; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 2 Nov 2026.