Real-time Experiences With Sleep Training Study

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a persistent and profoundly impairing mental disorder characterized by interpersonal turmoil, severe emotion dysregulation, and impulsivity(1). BPD often first manifests in adolescence(2) and even subthreshold levels of symptoms are associated with significant psychosocial morbidity(3). Approximately 69% to 80% of persons with this condition engage in self-injurious behavior, and as many as 9% die by suicide(4-5). Although efficacious treatment approaches have been developed (e.g., Dialectical Behavior Therapy [DBT];6), they are typically expensive, lengthy, and intensive. Identifying methods for optimizing BPD treatment and prevention is an urgent public health priority.

Disrupted sleep is closely linked to defining characteristics of BPD such as higher sensitivity and reactivity to stress, behavioral impulsivity, interpersonal dysfunction, and poor emotion regulation(7). Studies have documented a range of sleep disturbances among BPD samples, and demonstrated that sleep problems are not better accounted for by concomitant depression or other psychiatric disorders(7-9). Importantly, sleep problems may worsen BPD symptom course and chronicity(10-11), heighten risk of suicide(12-13) and self-harm(14), and interfere with cognitive processes that are vital to behavioral intervention (e.g., memory consolidation, and attentional processes; 15). A greater understanding of sleep disturbance in BPD may help enrich treatment protocols, which currently place limited emphasis on sleep difficulties(11). Although approaches like Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and the Youth version of the Transdiagnostic Sleep and Circadian Intervention (TSC-Youth) are effective with many populations(16), it is currently unknown whether sleep-focused interventions can be tolerated or followed adherently by youth with BPD features (who are often extremely dysregulated across affective, interpersonal, and behavioral domains).

Objectives: 1) To assess transactional relations of sleep, interpersonal stressors, affect, impulsive behaviors, and self-harm among youth with BPD features (N = 57); 2) To assess the effects of a brief sleep intervention on subsequent sleep quality (primary outcome) and BPD symptoms (secondary outcome). This pilot study will establish recruitment feasibility, determine the acceptability and efficacy of a sleep-focused intervention among adolescents with BPD features, and provide crucial preliminary data to support future grants.

Methodology. The investigators will use a pre-post intervention design with 2 assessments. Changes in BPD symptoms, self-reported sleep quality, and ambulatory monitoring of electroencephalogram (EEG) during sleep, will be assessed approximately 30 days post-treatment. Two 10-day EMA protocols (one prospective and one post-intervention) will provide data for transactional analyses.

Participants: Adolescents ages 13-18 (N=57) will participate with a parent.

Recruitment will be conducted through chart review at the Huntsman Mental Health Institute, physician and therapist referrals, and ethics-approved media advertisements and fliers. Interested participants (and a parent) will complete a brief telephone or Zoom screen to determine initial eligibility and schedule two virtual visits.

Research Protocol:

1. Phone Screening/Eligibility: -Parental verbal consent for phone screen and Youth verbal assent for phone screen

• Brief interview to determine eligibility: McLean Screening Interview
• Schedule virtual visit 1

1. At visit 1, perform consent/assent and sign forms via electronic signature on REDCap; see "Parental Permission and Authorization Document" and "Assent")

Virtual Visit 1 via Zoom

• Pre-visit risk assessment with youth (UWRAP)
• Interviews:
• The Childhood Interview for Borderline Personality Disorder
• Lifetime Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Interview (L-SASII)
• Means-End Problem-Solving Task (MEPS)
• Schedule Sleep Band pick-up-participants to pick up on campus or coordinate other arrangements, as needed (e.g., mail).
• End-of-visit risk assessment with youth

1. Baseline Questionnaires:

• Send parents and youth measures via email for electronic completion on REDCap:

Youth questionnaires:

• Demographic Questionnaire
• The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF)
• Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale
• Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children-11(BPFS-C-11)
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Disturbances SF8
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Related Impairment SF8
• Self-Concept and Identity Measure (SCIM)
• Adolescent Sleep Wake Scale - 10 item version
• Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale Short form (UPPS-P)
• Items from the Sleep Practices and Attitudes Questionnaire

Parent-Report:

• Demographic Questionnaire
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Disturbances Parent Proxy SF8
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Practices Parent Proxy
• Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Related Impairment Parent Proxy SF4
• Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
• Participants receive/pick-up sleep band ~
• Provide psychoeducation and instructions on wearing sleep band and completing EMA protocol
• Schedule visit 2 (intervention visit)

1. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and EEG Protocol 1 (10 days):

• EMA assessments are collected 5 times per day. Upon waking, participants report bed time and wake time for calibration with sleep EEG data
• Each daily survey assesses current mood, sleep, and BPD symptoms since the last prompt (e.g., perceived emotional control/dyscontrol, emotional lability, interpersonal conflict, impulsive behavior, dissociation, self-harm urges/behaviors; see attached EMA protocol).
• Research staff monitor EMA responses each day.
• When responses during the EMA protocol indicate imminent risk of suicide or self-injury, 988 and SafeUT contact information automatically display on participants' smart phone, and research staff immediately receive an automated e-mail. Research staff are able to log into REDCap to view participants' responses, and may contact the participant by text or telephone for risk assessment and safety planning. Appropriate intervention or follow-up care will be arranged. In cases of immediate safety risk, the research team define a feasible safety plan with the participant (this may include other members in the participants' network and/or crisis intervention services and emergency care). If child abuse or neglect is disclosed, the alleged abuse will be reported to DCFS. During the consent process, all participants will be informed of limits to confidentiality and our legal obligations to report dangerous situations. EMA protocols of similar duration and assessment frequency have been successfully conducted with individuals at risk for self-harm with excellent participant compliance rates (21-23).

1. ~ Participant returns sleep band ~
2. Virtual visit 2 via Zoom

• Pre-visit risk assessment
• Together, youth and parent watch a video providing psychoeducation about sleep
• Youth will receive a sleep-focused skills training session with their parent:
• A clinical psychology graduate student or Dr. Kaufman completed the following handouts from the TSC Youth protocol (an established, evidence-based sleep intervention for adolescents) in collaboration with the participant and their parent:
• "Functional Analysis"
• "Improving Your Sleep Summary"
• "My Sleep Goals"
• "Rise-up checklist"
• "Wind-down handout"
• "Stimulus Control"
• Participants will be asked to practice the skills they have learned for the following month and be provided digital copies of their worksheets to support their unique sleep plan.
• End-of-visit risk assessment ~ 3-to-4-week period where youth implement and get accustomed to their new sleep plan ~

1. Sleep headband band pick-up (on campus)
2. Post-EMA and EEG Protocol 2 (10 days; 3-4 weeks post-intervention)

• EMA assessments will proceed as they did for protocol 1 (i.e., 5 times per day), with additional prompts to assess sleep plan/skill usage. ~Research staff monitored EMA responses daily for compliance and safety as described above.

1. Sleep headband drop-off (on campus)
2. Post-test Questionnaires:

• Send parents and youth measures via email for electronic completion on REDCap:

Youth:

• DERS-SF
• Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale
• BPFS-C-11
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Disturbances SF8
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Related Impairment SF8
• SCIM
• Adolescent Sleep Wake Scale - 10 item version
• UPPS-P
• Items from the Sleep Practices and Attitudes Questionnaire

Parents:

• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Disturbances Parent Proxy SF8
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Practices Parent Proxy
• Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Related Impairment Parent Proxy SF4 ~Questionnaires need to be completed no later than 1 week after 2nd EMA protocol.~

1. Payment given for EMA electronically (emailed) after sleep band is returned undamaged
2. 1-Month Follow-up

• Participants will be emailed questionnaires 1-month following completion of their second EMA protocol.
• Youth emailed:
• DERS-SF
• Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale
• BPFS-C-11
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Disturbances SF8
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Related Impairment SF8
• SCIM
• Adolescent Sleep Wake Scale - 10 item version -Parents emailed:
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Disturbances Parent Proxy SF8
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Practices Parent Proxy
• Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children
• PROMIS Pediatric Sleep Related Impairment Parent Proxy SF4