Specific Phobia, AnimalNCT04563403
Improving the Efficacy of Exposure Therapy for the Treatment of Cockroach Phobia
A study testing Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET) in people with Specific Phobia, Animal, run by Universitat Jaume I at 1 site in Spain.
Trial summary
The aim of this study is to test the efficacy and efficiency of the Projection-Based augmented reality therapy under two conditions: multiple stimuli (different types of cockroaches) (P-ARET MS) versus single stimulus (one cockroach) (P-ARET SS) for the treatment of participants diagnosed with cockroach phobia. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Specific Phobia, Animal
- What is being tested?
- Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET)
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 80 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSpain
- Study dates
- 30 Nov 2020to 1 Dec 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Being at least 18 years old
- Meeting DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for SP (animal subtype) to cockroaches -
- Having a minimum of six-month duration of the phobia
- Sign an informed consent
- Presenting a score of at least 4 on the fear and avoidance scales of the diagnostic interview applied
Who cannot join
- Presence of another severe mental disorder that requires immediate attention
- Having current alcohol or drug dependence or abuse, psychosis or severe organic illness
- Currently being treated in a similar treatment program
- Being capable of inserting their hands in a plastic container with a cockroach (during the behavioral test)
- Receiving other psychological treatment during the study for cockroach phobia
- Start receiving pharmacological treatment during the study (or in case of being already taking them, change the drug or dose)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Spain1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Universitat Jaume I
Castellon, Castellón, 12071
Soledad Quero, psychology, squero@uji.es
Juana María Bretón-López, psychology
About this study
Official title: Improving the Efficacy of Exposure Therapy Using Projection-Based Augmented Reality for the Treatment of Cockroach Phobia: A Randomized Clinical Trial
The aim of this study is to test the efficacy and efficiency of the Projection-Based augmented reality therapy under two conditions: multiple stimuli (different types of cockroaches) (P-ARET MS) versus single stimulus (one cockroach) (P-ARET SS) for the treatment of participants diagnosed with cockroach phobia.
Read the detailed description
Specific phobia (SP) refers to an extreme and persistent fear of a specific object or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger or threat. SP is the most prevalent anxiety disorder with substantial impairment and comorbidity. Animal fear is one of the most prevalent subtypes of SP. In vivo exposure is the treatment of choice for this problem, but this technique presents limitations in its implementation related to the access and acceptability (i.e., low acceptance on the part of patients and therapists, high dropout rates, limited access to the treatment and, difficulties in its application in the clinical context). Augmented Reality (AR) offers some advantages in delivering the exposure technique: 1) Exposure to multiple virtual stimuli; 2) Going beyond reality; 3) Allowing complete control over the situation; 4) It allows privacy and confidentiality. Particularly, the most significant aspect of AR is that the virtual elements add relevant and helpful information to the physical information available in the real world.
We pretend to go a step beyond and explore ways of optimizing exposure therapy based on the inhibitory learning approach. AR can maximize some strategies like "variability" (varying stimuli, durations, levels of intensity, or the order of the hierarchy items), greater control by the therapists or "exposure to multiple contexts" which can produce a positive effect in terms of fear renewal and generalization of the results. Therefore, the aim of this study is to test the efficacy and efficiency of varying the phobic stimuli during the ARET: using multiple stimuli (MS) (P-ARET MS) versus single stimulus (SS) (P-ARET SS) in participants with cockroach phobia.
The Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) will be conducted following the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT: http://www.consort-statement.org) and the SPIRIT guidelines (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Intervention Trials). Participants (N = 80) who received a diagnosis of SP for cockroaches (DSM-5), will be randomized into two experimental conditions: 1) Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET) with Multiple Stimuli (MS) (P-ARET MS); 2) Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET) with Single Stimulus (SS) (P-ARET SS). Five evaluation moments will be included: pre-intervention, post- intervention, and 1-, 6- and 12-month follow-ups.
- Conditions
- Specific Phobia, Animal
- Being tested
- Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET)
- Keywords
- Specific Phobia, Cockroach phobia, Exposure therapy, Projection-Based augmented reality therapy, Multiple Stimuli, Single Stimulus, Randomized Clinical Trial
- Medical subject headings
- Phobia, Specific
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET)Behavioural
The intervention will be based on exposure therapy to cockroaches using P-ARET. The treatment will follow the guidelines of the "one-session treatment" (OST). Main components: Psychoeducation, Exposure to the feared object (cockroach), modeling (the therapist will interact with the phobic stimulus first and if possible, the patient will follow the same steps), cognitive challenge, and reinforcement and relapse prevention.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Treatment with Multiple Stimuli | Experimental | Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET) with Multiple Stimuli (MS) (P-ARET MS). Intervention group that receives P-ARET treatment varying the stimuli available in the system (different cockroaches in colour, size, etc). Receives: Behavioral: Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET) |
| Treatment with Single Stimuli | Experimental | Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET) with Single Stimuli (SS) (P-ARET SS). Intervention group that receives P-ARET treatment using a single stimulus (one cockroach). Receives: Behavioral: Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET) |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT; adapted from Öst, Salkovskis, & Hellström's, 1991).
Patients will be confronted to a real cockroach and they will be encouraged to get closer and interact with the stimulus as much as they can. The anxiety level (0-10), distance and level of interaction with the animal will be registered and evaluated in a scale ranging from 0 (the participant does not enter the room) to 12 (the participant interacts with the cockroach).
Measured: Baseline ( At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment.
Secondary outcomes (7)
Change in Behavioral Avoidance Test through AR (BAT; adapted from Öst, Salkovskis, & Hellström's, 1991).
Patients will be confronted to a novel projected cockroach (not used before in any of the two treatment conditions) and they will be encouraged to get closer and interact with the stimulus as much as they can. The anxiety level (0-10), distance and level of interaction with the animal will be registered and evaluated in a scale ranging from 0 (the participant does not enter the room) to 12 (the participant interacts with the cockroach).
Measured: Baseline ( At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment.
Change in Fear of Cockroaches Questionnaire (adapted from Fear of Spiders Questionnaire; FSQ, Szymanski & O'Donohue, 1995).
This questionnaire assesses the level of fear to cockroaches. It has 18 items evaluated in a scale ranging from 0 ("I strongly disagree") to 7 ("I strongly agree") ).
Measured: Baseline ( At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment.
Change in Cockroach Phobia Beliefs Questionnaire (SBQ; adapted from Spider Phobia Beliefs Questionnaire; SBQ, Arntz, Lavy, van der Berg & van Rijssoort, 1993).
This questionnaire assesses two different constructs, namely catastrophic beliefs about cockroaches and beliefs about the patient's own ability to cope with a cockroach. It has 78 items evaluated in a scale ranging from 0 (I don´t believe so) to 100 (I´m convinced of it).
Measured: Baseline ( At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment.
Change in Fear and Avoidance Scales (adapted from Marks & Mathews, 1979).
This instrument assesses the level of fear and avoidance to the feared stimulus (i. e., cockroaches), ranged from 0 (nothing) to 10 (very much). It evaluates target behavior, negative thoughts and modulators.
Measured: Baseline ( At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment.
Change in Patient's Improvement Scale (adapted from the Clinical Global Impression scale; CGI, Guy, 1976).
This instrument evaluates the degree of improvement of the patient's symptoms after the treatment compared to the start. It is ranged from 1 (much worse) and 7 (much better).
Measured: Baseline ( At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment.
Change in Beck Depression Inventory 2nd edition (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, Brown, 1996; Spanish validation from Sanz, Navarro y Vázquez, 2003)
This instrument assesses the existence and severity of symptoms of depression following the DSM-IV criteria. The BDI-II is a self report instrument that contains 21 items ranged from 0 to 3
Measured: Baseline (At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, also at follow-up assessment periods (1, 6 and 12 months)
Change in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (adapted from Laux, Glanzmann, Schaffner, & Spielberger, 1981)
This instrument includes two scales designed to assess state and trait anxiety respectively. Each scale contains 20 items ranged from 0 (nothing/rarely) to 3 (very much/always).
Measured: Baseline (At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, also at follow-up assessment periods (1, 6 and 12 months).
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted24 Sep 2020
- Study start30 Nov 2020
- Primary completion1 Dec 2024 (estimated)
- Study completion1 Dec 2024 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (3)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Specific Phobia, AnimalStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Randomized Clinical Trial with two treatment conditions
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 80 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Universitat Jaume I
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04563403
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- TERA-P MS SS
- Status last verified
- May 2024
- First submitted
- 21 Sep 2020
- Last updated
- 10 May 2024
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: According to the preservation of the privacy of the participants, the data from the clinical trial will be available upon reasonable request,
Publications
Shiban Y, Schelhorn I, Pauli P, Muhlberger A. Effect of combined multiple contexts and multiple stimuli exposure in spider phobia: A randomized clinical trial in virtual reality. Behav Res Ther. 2015 Aug;71:45-53. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.05.014. Epub 2015 May 28.
PubMed 26072451Botella C, Mira A, Moragrega I, Garcia-Palacios A, Breton-Lopez J, Castilla D, Riera Lopez Del Amo A, Soler C, Molinari G, Quero S, Guillen-Botella V, Miralles I, Nebot S, Serrano B, Majoe D, Alcaniz M, Banos RM. An Internet-based program for depression using activity and physiological sensors: efficacy, expectations, satisfaction, and ease of use. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016 Feb 23;12:393-406. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S93315. eCollection 2016.
PubMed 27042067Palau-Batet M, Breton-Lopez J, Grimaldos J, Diaz-Sanahuja L, Quero S. Improving the efficacy of exposure therapy using projection-based augmented reality for the treatment of cockroach phobia: a randomised clinical trial protocol. BMJ Open. 2023 May 19;13(5):e069026. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069026.
PubMed 37208142
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 10 May 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Improving the Efficacy of Exposure Therapy Using Projection-Based Augmented Reality for the Treatment of Cockroach Phobia: A Randomized Clinical Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04563403
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- TERA-P MS SS
- Conditions
- Specific Phobia, Animal
- Keywords
- Specific Phobia, Cockroach phobia, Exposure therapy, Projection-Based augmented reality therapy, Multiple Stimuli, Single Stimulus, Randomized Clinical Trial
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Unknown status
- Enrolment
- 80 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Universitat Jaume IUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 30 Nov 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Dec 2024 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 1 Dec 2024 (estimated)
- First posted
- 24 Sep 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of this study is to test the efficacy and efficiency of the Projection-Based augmented reality therapy under two conditions: multiple stimuli (different types of cockroaches) (P-ARET MS) versus single stimulus (one cockroach) (P-ARET SS) for the treatment of participants diagnosed with cockroach phobia.
Detailed description
Specific phobia (SP) refers to an extreme and persistent fear of a specific object or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger or threat. SP is the most prevalent anxiety disorder with substantial impairment and comorbidity. Animal fear is one of the most prevalent subtypes of SP. In vivo exposure is the treatment of choice for this problem, but this technique presents limitations in its implementation related to the access and acceptability (i.e., low acceptance on the part of patients and therapists, high dropout rates, limited access to the treatment and, difficulties in its application in the clinical context). Augmented Reality (AR) offers some advantages in delivering the exposure technique: 1) Exposure to multiple virtual stimuli; 2) Going beyond reality; 3) Allowing complete control over the situation; 4) It allows privacy and confidentiality. Particularly, the most significant aspect of AR is that the virtual elements add relevant and helpful information to the physical information available in the real world.
We pretend to go a step beyond and explore ways of optimizing exposure therapy based on the inhibitory learning approach. AR can maximize some strategies like "variability" (varying stimuli, durations, levels of intensity, or the order of the hierarchy items), greater control by the therapists or "exposure to multiple contexts" which can produce a positive effect in terms of fear renewal and generalization of the results. Therefore, the aim of this study is to test the efficacy and efficiency of varying the phobic stimuli during the ARET: using multiple stimuli (MS) (P-ARET MS) versus single stimulus (SS) (P-ARET SS) in participants with cockroach phobia.
The Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) will be conducted following the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT: http://www.consort-statement.org) and the SPIRIT guidelines (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Intervention Trials). Participants (N = 80) who received a diagnosis of SP for cockroaches (DSM-5), will be randomized into two experimental conditions: 1) Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET) with Multiple Stimuli (MS) (P-ARET MS); 2) Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET) with Single Stimulus (SS) (P-ARET SS). Five evaluation moments will be included: pre-intervention, post- intervention, and 1-, 6- and 12-month follow-ups.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Randomized Clinical Trial with two treatment conditions
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Treatment with Multiple Stimuli | Experimental | Behavioral: Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET)Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET) with Multiple Stimuli (MS) (P-ARET MS). Intervention group that receives P-ARET treatment varying the stimuli available in the system (different cockroaches in colour, size, etc). |
| Treatment with Single Stimuli | Experimental | Behavioral: Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET)Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET) with Single Stimuli (SS) (P-ARET SS). Intervention group that receives P-ARET treatment using a single stimulus (one cockroach). |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Being at least 18 years old
- Meeting DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for SP (animal subtype) to cockroaches -
- Having a minimum of six-month duration of the phobia
- Sign an informed consent
- Presenting a score of at least 4 on the fear and avoidance scales of the diagnostic interview applied
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Presence of another severe mental disorder that requires immediate attention
- Having current alcohol or drug dependence or abuse, psychosis or severe organic illness
- Currently being treated in a similar treatment program
- Being capable of inserting their hands in a plastic container with a cockroach (during the behavioral test)
- Receiving other psychological treatment during the study for cockroach phobia
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET)The intervention will be based on exposure therapy to cockroaches using P-ARET. The treatment will follow the guidelines of the "one-session treatment" (OST). Main components: Psychoeducation, Exposure to the feared object (cockroach), modeling (the therapist will interact with the phobic stimulus first and if possible, the patient will follow the same steps), cognitive challenge, and reinforcement and relapse prevention. | Behavioural | Treatment with Multiple Stimuli, Treatment with Single Stimuli |
Primary outcome
Change in Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT; adapted from Öst, Salkovskis, & Hellström's, 1991).
Time frame: Baseline ( At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment.
Patients will be confronted to a real cockroach and they will be encouraged to get closer and interact with the stimulus as much as they can. The anxiety level (0-10), distance and level of interaction with the animal will be registered and evaluated in a scale ranging from 0 (the participant does not enter the room) to 12 (the participant interacts with the cockroach).
7 secondary outcomes
Change in Behavioral Avoidance Test through AR (BAT; adapted from Öst, Salkovskis, & Hellström's, 1991).
Time frame: Baseline ( At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment.
Change in Fear of Cockroaches Questionnaire (adapted from Fear of Spiders Questionnaire; FSQ, Szymanski & O'Donohue, 1995).
Time frame: Baseline ( At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment.
Change in Cockroach Phobia Beliefs Questionnaire (SBQ; adapted from Spider Phobia Beliefs Questionnaire; SBQ, Arntz, Lavy, van der Berg & van Rijssoort, 1993).
Time frame: Baseline ( At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment.
Change in Fear and Avoidance Scales (adapted from Marks & Mathews, 1979).
Time frame: Baseline ( At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment.
Change in Patient's Improvement Scale (adapted from the Clinical Global Impression scale; CGI, Guy, 1976).
Time frame: Baseline ( At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment.
Change in Beck Depression Inventory 2nd edition (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, Brown, 1996; Spanish validation from Sanz, Navarro y Vázquez, 2003)
Time frame: Baseline (At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, also at follow-up assessment periods (1, 6 and 12 months)
Change in State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (adapted from Laux, Glanzmann, Schaffner, & Spielberger, 1981)
Time frame: Baseline (At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, also at follow-up assessment periods (1, 6 and 12 months).
Results and safety
Results are not available in the source record.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 10 May 2024.
- Background: PubMed 26072451Shiban Y, Schelhorn I, Pauli P, Muhlberger A. Effect of combined multiple contexts and multiple stimuli exposure in spider phobia: A randomized clinical trial in virtual reality. Behav Res Ther. 2015 Aug;71:45-53. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.05.014. Epub 2015 May 28.
- Background: PubMed 27042067Botella C, Mira A, Moragrega I, Garcia-Palacios A, Breton-Lopez J, Castilla D, Riera Lopez Del Amo A, Soler C, Molinari G, Quero S, Guillen-Botella V, Miralles I, Nebot S, Serrano B, Majoe D, Alcaniz M, Banos RM. An Internet-based program for depression using activity and physiological sensors: efficacy, expectations, satisfaction, and ease of use. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016 Feb 23;12:393-406. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S93315. eCollection 2016.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 37208142Palau-Batet M, Breton-Lopez J, Grimaldos J, Diaz-Sanahuja L, Quero S. Improving the efficacy of exposure therapy using projection-based augmented reality for the treatment of cockroach phobia: a randomised clinical trial protocol. BMJ Open. 2023 May 19;13(5):e069026. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. According to the preservation of the privacy of the participants, the data from the clinical trial will be available upon reasonable request,
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Projection-based augmented reality therapy (P-ARET) in people with Specific Phobia, Animal, run by Universitat Jaume I at 1 site in Spain.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: status not confirmed, as of the sponsor's last update on 10 May 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Spain. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Results are not available in the source record.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Soledad Quero, Psychology (615063917, squero@uji.es), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Behavioral Avoidance Test (BAT; adapted from Öst, Salkovskis, & Hellström's, 1991). (time frame: Baseline ( At the beginning of the intervention) and immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the end of the treatment.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04563403, which also lists 3 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 10 May 2024.