Covid19NCT04568889
Minnesota COVID-19 Testing Project
A study testing A $10 Survey Incentive, A $20 Survey Incentive and Emphasis of Government Involvement in people with Covid19 and Infectious Disease, run by Harvard University at 10 sites in United States.
Trial summary
The goal of this project is to help the state of Minnesota understand why individuals are not getting tested and potentially identify trusted individuals or organizations that could be used in follow-up work to send messages. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Covid19, Infectious Disease
- What is being tested?
- A $10 Survey Incentive, A $20 Survey Incentive and Emphasis of Government Involvement
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 561 participants
- Where
- 10 sitesUnited States
- Study dates
- 28 Sep 2020to 31 Aug 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- All participants who are aged 18 or above and speak English or Spanish
Who cannot join
- Children, those who do not identify as above or adults who identify as above but do not agree to participate in survey during the consent stage.
Trial locations and contacts
10 sites in 1 country.
10 sites in 1 country
United States10 sites
Volunteers Enlisted to Assist People
Bloomington, Minnesota, 55420
Southern Anoka Community Assistance
Columbia Heights, Minnesota, 55421
People Reaching Out to People Food Shelf
Eden Prairie, Minnesota, 55344
Fridley Covenant Church
Fridley, Minnesota, 55432
Calvary Lutheran Church Food Shelf
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55407
NorthPoint Health and Wellness
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55411
Community Emergency Assistance Programs
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55429
Intercongregation Communities Association
Minnetonka, Minnesota, 55343
Valley Outreach
Stillwater, Minnesota, 55082
White Bear Area Foodshelf
White Bear Lake, Minnesota, 55110
About this study
The goal of this project is to help the state of Minnesota understand why individuals are not getting tested and potentially identify trusted individuals or organizations that could be used in follow-up work to send messages. Investigators focus on the first two issues of unit and item nonresponse, which is not random across the population and thus could lead to nonresponse bias. To do so, investigators are deploying flyers through 10 Twin City area food shelves and potentially through public housing units with information on how to answer an online questionnaire.
Read the detailed description
In the United States, recent statistics show that African American and Latinx communities bear a disproportionate burden from COVID-19. Reaching vulnerable and underserved populations is therefore crucial to combating the disease. However, most public messaging campaigns are not targeted toward underserved communities and don't address fears of social stigma, mistrust in the healthcare system, or concerns about immigration status.
The goal of this project is to help the state of Minnesota understand why individuals are not getting tested and potentially identify trusted individuals or organizations that could be used in follow-up work to send messages. To do so, investigators are deploying flyers through 10 Twin City area food shelves and potentially through public housing units with information on how to answer an online questionnaire.
This provides us with an opportunity to study who answers surveys and why - and what questions are particularly sensitive. This is of general interest to academicians and policymakers alike.
The quality of household surveys is in decline, for three main reasons. First, households have become increasingly less likely to answer surveys at all (unit nonresponse). Second, those that respond are less likely to answer certain questions (item nonresponse). Third, when households do provide answers, they are less likely to be accurate (measurement error). This is important since household surveys help to estimate the employment rate, healthcare needs and of course the census determines resources/representation.
Investigators focus on the first two issues of unit and item nonresponse, which is not random across the population and thus could lead to nonresponse bias. Census tracts with predominantly Hispanic or Black residents had significantly lower response rates to the American Community Survey as compared to the response rates in predominantly white tracts. Similarly, response rates to the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) were lower in areas with higher levels of Hispanic and minority residents.
Investigators hypothesize that financial incentives may encourage unit response; conversely, a close association with the government may discourage response. To test these hypotheses, investigators plan to cross-randomize the incentive amount offered and the emphasis placed on government involvement in the study on flyers advertising the baseline survey. Individuals will see either a) a 10 dollar incentive, or b) a 20 dollar incentive; and either a) messaging that emphasizes government involvement in the study, or b) messaging that emphasizes the involvement of academic researchers. Flyers will be randomized at the foodshelf-day level.
To test what affects item non-response on potentially sensitive questions, such as questions which ask for health information, investigators hypothesize that ethical framing may encourage individuals to answer questions. This takes two forms --- the deontological (or duty based) frame, and the consequential (or cost-benefit) frame. Moreover, knowing others feel the same way (regarding the obligation or benefits of providing health information) may amplify motivation. Finally, there is the possibility that emphasizing the importance of ethnic and racial disadvantage associated with COVID-19 outcomes may be important for improving item non-response on sensitive questions.
Upon completion of the demographic module of the survey but prior to starting several potentially sensitive survey modules, individuals will see a message that either a) emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (cost-benefit frame); b) emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (duty frame); c) emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups; or d) provides no messaging. Messaging content will be randomized at the individual level.
- Conditions
- Covid19, Infectious Disease
- Being tested
- A $10 Survey Incentive, A $20 Survey Incentive, Emphasis of Government Involvement, Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement, Cost-Benefit Frame
- Keywords
- COVID-19, Minnesota, Unit nonresponse, Item nonresponse
- Medical subject headings
- COVID-19, Communicable Diseases
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
A $10 Survey IncentiveBehavioural
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
A $20 Survey IncentiveBehavioural
Individuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey.
Emphasis of Government InvolvementBehavioural
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of the government in the study,
Emphasis of Academic Researchers InvolvementBehavioural
Individuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers in the study,
Cost-Benefit FrameBehavioural
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions in the baseline survey (cost-benefit frame).
Duty FrameBehavioural
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community in the baseline survey (duty frame),
Racial/Ethnic FrameBehavioural
Individuals will see messaging that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups in the baseline survey.
No MessagingBehavioural
Individuals will see no messaging in the baseline survey.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Government/High Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (i.e. cost-benefit frame). Receives: Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement; Behavioral: Cost-Benefit Frame |
| Government/High Incentive/Duty Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (i.e. duty frame). Receives: Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement; Behavioral: Duty Frame |
| Government/High Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups. Receives: Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement; Behavioral: Racial/Ethnic Frame |
| Government/High Incentive/No Message Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to the arm that provides no messaging. Receives: Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement; Behavioral: No Messaging |
| Researchers/High Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (i.e. cost-benefit frame). Receives: Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement; Behavioral: Cost-Benefit Frame |
| Researchers/High Incentive/Duty Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (i.e. duty frame). Receives: Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement; Behavioral: Duty Frame |
| Researchers/High Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups. Receives: Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement; Behavioral: Racial/Ethnic Frame |
| Researchers/High Incentive/No Message Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to the arm that provides no messaging. Receives: Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement; Behavioral: No Messaging |
| Government/Low Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (i.e. cost-benefit frame). Receives: Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement; Behavioral: Cost-Benefit Frame |
| Government/Low Incentive/Duty Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (i.e. duty frame). Receives: Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement; Behavioral: Duty Frame |
| Government/Low Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups. Receives: Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement; Behavioral: Racial/Ethnic Frame |
| Government/Low Incentive/No Message Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to the arm that provides no messaging. Receives: Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement; Behavioral: No Messaging |
| Researchers/Low Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (i.e. cost-benefit frame). Receives: Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement; Behavioral: Cost-Benefit Frame |
| Researchers/Low Incentive/Duty Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (i.e. duty frame). Receives: Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement; Behavioral: Duty Frame |
| Researchers/Low Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups. Receives: Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement; Behavioral: Racial/Ethnic Frame |
| Researchers/Low Incentive/No Message Frame | Experimental | The participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to the arm that provides no messaging. Receives: Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive; Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement; Behavioral: No Messaging |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Effect of monetary incentives in increasing unit response 1
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a $20 incentive and completed the survey
Measured: This outcome will be assessed when the individual agrees to participate in the Baseline survey, which takes approximately 20 minutes.
Effect of monetary incentives in increasing unit response 2
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a $10 incentive and completed the survey.
Measured: This outcome will be assessed when the individual agrees to participate in the Baseline survey, which takes approximately 20 minutes.
Effect of a government frame in reducing unit response 1
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a government frame and completed the survey
Measured: This outcome will be assessed when the individual agrees to participate in the Baseline survey, which takes approximately 20 minutes.
Effect of a government frame in reducing unit response 2
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a research frame and completed the survey.
Measured: This outcome will be assessed when the individual agrees to participate in the Baseline survey, which takes approximately 20 minutes.
Interactions between monetary incentives and a government frame 1
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a government frame and $20 incentive and completed the survey
Measured: This outcome will be assessed when the individual agrees to participate in the Baseline survey, which takes approximately 20 minutes.
Interactions between monetary incentives and a government frame 2
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a government frame and $10 incentive and completed the survey
Measured: This outcome will be assessed when the individual agrees to participate in the Baseline survey, which takes approximately 20 minutes.
Interactions between monetary incentives and a government frame 3
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a researcher frame and $20 incentive and completed the survey
Measured: This outcome will be assessed during the 20-minute Baseline Survey.
Interactions between monetary incentives and a government frame 4
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a researcher frame and $10 incentive and completed the survey
Measured: This outcome will be assessed during the 20-minute Baseline Survey.
Demographic characteristics of participants assigned into each treatment arm
Demographic characteristics (e.g. sex, education level, income level, race/ethnicity) of participants who are assigned to each treatment arm and completed the survey.
Measured: This outcome will be assessed during the 20-minute Baseline Survey.
Effect of various messaging frames in increasing item non-response
Number of survey participants who are randomly assigned to receive each messaging frame that: a) emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (cost-benefit frame); b) emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (duty frame); c) emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups; or d) provides no messaging.
Measured: This outcome will be assessed during the 20-minute Baseline Survey.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted29 Sep 2020
- Study start28 Sep 2020
- Primary completion31 Aug 2022
- Study completion31 Aug 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (3)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Covid19Studies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider
- Enrolment
- 561 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Harvard University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, Government of Minnesota Office of Management and Budget
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Marcella Alsan, Harvard University
- Investigators
- Marcella Alsan, MD, MPH, PhD, Principal investigator, Harvard Kennedy School
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04568889
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- IRB20-1444
- Status last verified
- Oct 2022
- First submitted
- 24 Sep 2020
- Last updated
- 14 Oct 2022
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Griffin, DH. Measuring survey nonresponse by race and ethnicity. In Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the American Statistical Association. 2002; 11-15.
Maitland A, Lin A, Cantor D, Jones M, Moser RP, Hesse BW, Davis T, Blake KD. A Nonresponse Bias Analysis of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). J Health Commun. 2017 Jul;22(7):545-553. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2017.1324539. Epub 2017 May 30.
PubMed 28557627Meyer, Bruce D., Wallace KC Mok, and James X. Sullivan. Household surveys in crisis. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2015; 29(4): 199-226.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 14 Oct 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Minnesota COVID-19 Testing Project
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04568889
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- IRB20-1444
- Conditions
- Covid19, Infectious Disease
- Keywords
- COVID-19, Minnesota, Unit nonresponse, Item nonresponse
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 561 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Harvard UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, Government of Minnesota Office of Management and Budget
- Study start
- 28 Sep 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Aug 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Aug 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 29 Sep 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this project is to help the state of Minnesota understand why individuals are not getting tested and potentially identify trusted individuals or organizations that could be used in follow-up work to send messages. Investigators focus on the first two issues of unit and item nonresponse, which is not random across the population and thus could lead to nonresponse bias. To do so, investigators are deploying flyers through 10 Twin City area food shelves and potentially through public housing units with information on how to answer an online questionnaire.
Detailed description
In the United States, recent statistics show that African American and Latinx communities bear a disproportionate burden from COVID-19. Reaching vulnerable and underserved populations is therefore crucial to combating the disease. However, most public messaging campaigns are not targeted toward underserved communities and don't address fears of social stigma, mistrust in the healthcare system, or concerns about immigration status.
The goal of this project is to help the state of Minnesota understand why individuals are not getting tested and potentially identify trusted individuals or organizations that could be used in follow-up work to send messages. To do so, investigators are deploying flyers through 10 Twin City area food shelves and potentially through public housing units with information on how to answer an online questionnaire.
This provides us with an opportunity to study who answers surveys and why - and what questions are particularly sensitive. This is of general interest to academicians and policymakers alike.
The quality of household surveys is in decline, for three main reasons. First, households have become increasingly less likely to answer surveys at all (unit nonresponse). Second, those that respond are less likely to answer certain questions (item nonresponse). Third, when households do provide answers, they are less likely to be accurate (measurement error). This is important since household surveys help to estimate the employment rate, healthcare needs and of course the census determines resources/representation.
Investigators focus on the first two issues of unit and item nonresponse, which is not random across the population and thus could lead to nonresponse bias. Census tracts with predominantly Hispanic or Black residents had significantly lower response rates to the American Community Survey as compared to the response rates in predominantly white tracts. Similarly, response rates to the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) were lower in areas with higher levels of Hispanic and minority residents.
Investigators hypothesize that financial incentives may encourage unit response; conversely, a close association with the government may discourage response. To test these hypotheses, investigators plan to cross-randomize the incentive amount offered and the emphasis placed on government involvement in the study on flyers advertising the baseline survey. Individuals will see either a) a 10 dollar incentive, or b) a 20 dollar incentive; and either a) messaging that emphasizes government involvement in the study, or b) messaging that emphasizes the involvement of academic researchers. Flyers will be randomized at the foodshelf-day level.
To test what affects item non-response on potentially sensitive questions, such as questions which ask for health information, investigators hypothesize that ethical framing may encourage individuals to answer questions. This takes two forms --- the deontological (or duty based) frame, and the consequential (or cost-benefit) frame. Moreover, knowing others feel the same way (regarding the obligation or benefits of providing health information) may amplify motivation. Finally, there is the possibility that emphasizing the importance of ethnic and racial disadvantage associated with COVID-19 outcomes may be important for improving item non-response on sensitive questions.
Upon completion of the demographic module of the survey but prior to starting several potentially sensitive survey modules, individuals will see a message that either a) emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (cost-benefit frame); b) emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (duty frame); c) emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups; or d) provides no messaging. Messaging content will be randomized at the individual level.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, care provider)
- Number of arms
- 16
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Government/High Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement, Behavioral: Cost-Benefit FrameThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (i.e. cost-benefit frame). |
| Government/High Incentive/Duty Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement, Behavioral: Duty FrameThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (i.e. duty frame). |
| Government/High Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement, Behavioral: Racial/Ethnic FrameThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups. |
| Government/High Incentive/No Message Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement, Behavioral: No MessagingThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to the arm that provides no messaging. |
| Researchers/High Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement, Behavioral: Cost-Benefit FrameThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (i.e. cost-benefit frame). |
| Researchers/High Incentive/Duty Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement, Behavioral: Duty FrameThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (i.e. duty frame). |
| Researchers/High Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement, Behavioral: Racial/Ethnic FrameThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups. |
| Researchers/High Incentive/No Message Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $20 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement, Behavioral: No MessagingThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $20 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to the arm that provides no messaging. |
| Government/Low Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement, Behavioral: Cost-Benefit FrameThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (i.e. cost-benefit frame). |
| Government/Low Incentive/Duty Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement, Behavioral: Duty FrameThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (i.e. duty frame). |
| Government/Low Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement, Behavioral: Racial/Ethnic FrameThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups. |
| Government/Low Incentive/No Message Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Government Involvement, Behavioral: No MessagingThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing government involvement and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to the arm that provides no messaging. |
| Researchers/Low Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement, Behavioral: Cost-Benefit FrameThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (i.e. cost-benefit frame). |
| Researchers/Low Incentive/Duty Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement, Behavioral: Duty FrameThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (i.e. duty frame). |
| Researchers/Low Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement, Behavioral: Racial/Ethnic FrameThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to be a message that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups. |
| Researchers/Low Incentive/No Message Frame | Experimental | Behavioral: A $10 Survey Incentive, Behavioral: Emphasis of Academic Researchers Involvement, Behavioral: No MessagingThe participant is assigned to receive a flyer that includes a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers and a $10 incentive. Then the participant is assigned to the arm that provides no messaging. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- All participants who are aged 18 or above and speak English or Spanish
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Children, those who do not identify as above or adults who identify as above but do not agree to participate in survey during the consent stage.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| A $10 Survey IncentiveIndividuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey. | Behavioural | Government/Low Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame, Government/Low Incentive/Duty Frame, Government/Low Incentive/No Message Frame, Government/Low Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame, Researchers/Low Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame, Researchers/Low Incentive/Duty Frame, Researchers/Low Incentive/No Message Frame, Researchers/Low Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame |
| A $20 Survey IncentiveIndividuals see a 10 dollar incentive on the flyers advertising the baseline survey. | Behavioural | Government/High Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame, Government/High Incentive/Duty Frame, Government/High Incentive/No Message Frame, Government/High Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame, Researchers/High Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame, Researchers/High Incentive/Duty Frame, Researchers/High Incentive/No Message Frame, Researchers/High Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame |
| Emphasis of Government InvolvementIndividuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of the government in the study, | Behavioural | Government/High Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame, Government/High Incentive/Duty Frame, Government/High Incentive/No Message Frame, Government/High Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame, Government/Low Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame, Government/Low Incentive/Duty Frame, Government/Low Incentive/No Message Frame, Government/Low Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame |
| Emphasis of Academic Researchers InvolvementIndividuals see a message emphasizing the involvement of academic researchers in the study, | Behavioural | Researchers/High Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame, Researchers/High Incentive/Duty Frame, Researchers/High Incentive/No Message Frame, Researchers/High Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame, Researchers/Low Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame, Researchers/Low Incentive/Duty Frame, Researchers/Low Incentive/No Message Frame, Researchers/Low Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame |
| Cost-Benefit FrameIndividuals will see messaging that emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions in the baseline survey (cost-benefit frame). | Behavioural | Government/High Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame, Government/Low Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame, Researchers/High Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame, Researchers/Low Incentive/Cost-Benefit Frame |
| Duty FrameIndividuals will see messaging that emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community in the baseline survey (duty frame), | Behavioural | Government/High Incentive/Duty Frame, Government/Low Incentive/Duty Frame, Researchers/High Incentive/Duty Frame, Researchers/Low Incentive/Duty Frame |
| Racial/Ethnic FrameIndividuals will see messaging that emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups in the baseline survey. | Behavioural | Government/High Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame, Government/Low Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame, Researchers/High Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame, Researchers/Low Incentive/Racial/Ethnic Frame |
| No MessagingIndividuals will see no messaging in the baseline survey. | Behavioural | Government/High Incentive/No Message Frame, Government/Low Incentive/No Message Frame, Researchers/High Incentive/No Message Frame, Researchers/Low Incentive/No Message Frame |
Primary outcome
Effect of monetary incentives in increasing unit response 1
Time frame: This outcome will be assessed when the individual agrees to participate in the Baseline survey, which takes approximately 20 minutes.
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a $20 incentive and completed the survey
Effect of monetary incentives in increasing unit response 2
Time frame: This outcome will be assessed when the individual agrees to participate in the Baseline survey, which takes approximately 20 minutes.
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a $10 incentive and completed the survey.
Effect of a government frame in reducing unit response 1
Time frame: This outcome will be assessed when the individual agrees to participate in the Baseline survey, which takes approximately 20 minutes.
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a government frame and completed the survey
Effect of a government frame in reducing unit response 2
Time frame: This outcome will be assessed when the individual agrees to participate in the Baseline survey, which takes approximately 20 minutes.
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a research frame and completed the survey.
Interactions between monetary incentives and a government frame 1
Time frame: This outcome will be assessed when the individual agrees to participate in the Baseline survey, which takes approximately 20 minutes.
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a government frame and $20 incentive and completed the survey
Interactions between monetary incentives and a government frame 2
Time frame: This outcome will be assessed when the individual agrees to participate in the Baseline survey, which takes approximately 20 minutes.
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a government frame and $10 incentive and completed the survey
Interactions between monetary incentives and a government frame 3
Time frame: This outcome will be assessed during the 20-minute Baseline Survey.
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a researcher frame and $20 incentive and completed the survey
Interactions between monetary incentives and a government frame 4
Time frame: This outcome will be assessed during the 20-minute Baseline Survey.
Number of participants who received a flyer that mentions a researcher frame and $10 incentive and completed the survey
Demographic characteristics of participants assigned into each treatment arm
Time frame: This outcome will be assessed during the 20-minute Baseline Survey.
Demographic characteristics (e.g. sex, education level, income level, race/ethnicity) of participants who are assigned to each treatment arm and completed the survey.
Effect of various messaging frames in increasing item non-response
Time frame: This outcome will be assessed during the 20-minute Baseline Survey.
Number of survey participants who are randomly assigned to receive each messaging frame that: a) emphasizes the public health benefits of answering the survey questions (cost-benefit frame); b) emphasizes an individual's responsibility to their community (duty frame); c) emphasizes the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on certain ethnic and racial groups; or d) provides no messaging.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 14 Oct 2022.
- BackgroundGriffin, DH. Measuring survey nonresponse by race and ethnicity. In Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the American Statistical Association. 2002; 11-15.
- Background: PubMed 28557627Maitland A, Lin A, Cantor D, Jones M, Moser RP, Hesse BW, Davis T, Blake KD. A Nonresponse Bias Analysis of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). J Health Commun. 2017 Jul;22(7):545-553. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2017.1324539. Epub 2017 May 30.
- Results publicationMeyer, Bruce D., Wallace KC Mok, and James X. Sullivan. Household surveys in crisis. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2015; 29(4): 199-226.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Marcella Alsan, MD, MPH, PhD principal investigator
Harvard Kennedy School
10 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing A $10 Survey Incentive, A $20 Survey Incentive and Emphasis of Government Involvement in people with Covid19 and Infectious Disease, run by Harvard University at 10 sites in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 14 Oct 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 10 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Effect of monetary incentives in increasing unit response 1 (time frame: This outcome will be assessed when the individual agrees to participate in the Baseline survey, which takes approximately 20 minutes.). The study lists 10 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04568889, which also lists 3 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 14 Oct 2022.