NaloxoneNalox-CommNCT04677387
Nalox-Comm: Naloxone Communication Training for Pharmacists
A study testing Nalox-comm Training Module and Prescribe to Prevent: Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Rescue Kits for Prescribers and Pharmacists in people with Naloxone, run by University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
This is a pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) in which 120 pharmacists will be randomized to an experimental or control group and data on naloxone dispensing and secondary outcomes will be collected over the course of the RCT. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 99 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Naloxone
- What is being tested?
- Nalox-comm Training Module and Prescribe to Prevent: Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Rescue Kits for Prescribers and Pharmacists
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 48 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 1 Jul 2021to 31 Jul 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 99 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- currently work at a pharmacy that stocks naloxone;
- currently work at a rural community pharmacy;
- are at least 18 years of age; and
- speak English.
Who cannot join
- Non-staff pharmacists such as pharmacy "floaters" or fill-in pharmacists will not be eligible to participate.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Asheville campus)
Asheville, North Carolina, 28804
About this study
Official title: Addressing the Opioid Epidemic Through Community Pharmacy Engagement: Randomized Controlled Trial (Aim 2)
This is a pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) in which 120 pharmacists will be randomized to an experimental or control group and data on naloxone dispensing and secondary outcomes will be collected over the course of the RCT.
Read the detailed description
This is a prospective pilot RCT that will evaluate the impact of naloxone communication training (Nalox-Comm) on 120 pharmacists' naloxone dispensing behaviors (primary outcome). Data will be collected at baseline, immediately after training is completed, and at 3-month follow up. Data sources include pharmacy records (for naloxone dispensing), simulated patient observations (to rate quality of communication), and survey data (for self-reports of knowledge and self-efficacy).
- Conditions
- Naloxone
- Being tested
- Nalox-comm Training Module, Prescribe to Prevent: Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Rescue Kits for Prescribers and Pharmacists
- Keywords
- community pharmacy, communication
- Medical subject headings
- Communication
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Nalox-comm Training ModuleBehavioural
The online communication module will be 30-60 minutes. Content will include: 1) using non-judgmental language, 2) how to raise the topic of overdose (OD) and naloxone with patients in a non-threatening manner; 3) videos modeling how to initiate the conversation with patients and caregivers; 4) considerations in how to communicate differently with patients versus caregivers; and 5) addressing pharmacists' perceived barriers to naloxone counseling. Pharmacists can receive continuing education credit (0.1 CEU) for completing the course.
Prescribe to Prevent: Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Rescue Kits for Prescribers and PharmacistsBehavioural
A 55 minute long online module with videos, didactic content, and quizzes that covers the following topics: risk factors for overdose (OD), how to respond to OD, how naloxone works, types of naloxone, how to administer naloxone, medico-legal issues, how to bill for naloxone, and strategies to address overdose. Pharmacists can receive continuing education credit (0.125 CEUs) for completing the course.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Prescribe to Prevent Naloxone Training Module | Placebo comparator | This a 55-minute online module that covers basic information about naloxone that is relevant to community pharmacists. Receives: Behavioral: Prescribe to Prevent: Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Rescue Kits for Prescribers and Pharmacists |
| Nalox-Comm | Experimental | This is a newly developed 30-60 minute online module focused on teaching pharmacists how to overcome naloxone communication barriers. Receives: Behavioral: Nalox-comm Training Module |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Naloxone Dispensing Rate Over a 6-month Period
Pharmacy records indicated the number of times each pharmacy dispensed naloxone and opioid prescriptions over the RCT period. These data were aggregated into the total number of naloxone and opioid prescriptions dispensed in the 3 months pre-intervention and the 3 months post-intervention.
The change in naloxone dispensing rates was measured by comparing pharmacy records of the number of naloxone products dispensed in the three months prior to study participation to the number of naloxone products dispensed in the three months after study completion. The rate was defined as the number of naloxone products dispensed divided by the number of opioid prescriptions dispensed in each 3-month period.
Measured: 3-month period before intervention and 3-month follow-up dispensing data
Secondary outcomes (3)
Mean Willingness to Dispense Naloxone Score
An online survey including 6 self-reported Likert-scale items will assess pharmacists' willingness to dispense naloxone. These items assess pharmacists' willingness to engage in naloxone counseling activities, including educating patients to recognize overdose and administer naloxone, proactively identify individuals for naloxone dispensation and dispense naloxone. Response options will range from 1= "not at all willing" to 4= "very willing." Items were averaged to create a mean willingness score (range = 1-4), with higher scores indicating more willingness to dispense naloxone.
Measured: up to 3-month Follow-up Survey
Mean Naloxone Counselling Self-Efficacy Score
An online survey including 6 self-reported Likert-scale items assessed pharmacists' self-efficacy to counsel about naloxone. Pharmacists rated their confidence to engage in various naloxone communication tasks including: engage in naloxone counseling when the pharmacy is busy and discuss naloxone in a way that does not offend customers. Response options ranged from 1= "not at all confident" to 4= "very confident." Items were averaged to create a mean self-efficacy score (range = 1-4), with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy to dispense naloxone.
Measured: up to 3-month Follow-up Survey
Mean Pharmacist Quality of Non-verbal Communication Score
Simulated patients (SPs) called pharmacists and used a validated observation guide that has been adapted for use for telephone interactions to rate the pharmacists' quality of non-verbal communication. The guide included 4 items (i.e., explained things clearly, listened carefully, showed respect, and spent enough time with the SP) measured on a 5-point scale (1= not at all satisfied, 2= partly satisfied, 3= satisfied, 4= more than satisfied, 5= very satisfied). Higher scores (range = 1-5) indicate a more positive evaluation of the interaction.
Measured: up to 1-month post-training
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted21 Dec 2020
- Study start1 Jul 2021
- Primary completion31 Jul 2023
- Study completion31 Jul 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (16)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for NaloxoneStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of North Carolina, Chapel HillThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 48 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Delesha Carpenter, PhD, MSPH, Principal investigator, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04677387
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 20-2192
- Other IDs
- R34DA046598
- Acronym
- Nalox-Comm
- Status last verified
- Oct 2023
- First submitted
- 15 Dec 2020
- Last updated
- 26 Jun 2024
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: Deidentified individual data that supports the results will be shared beginning 9 to 36 months following publication provided the investigator who proposes to use the data has approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB), Independent Ethics Committee (IEC), or Research Ethics Board (REB), as applicable, and executes a data use/sharing agreement with UNC.
Publications
Thornton JD, Lyvers E, Scott VGG, Dwibedi N. Pharmacists' readiness to provide naloxone in community pharmacies in West Virginia. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2017 Mar-Apr;57(2S):S12-S18.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2016.12.070. Epub 2017 Feb 2.
PubMed 28163027Hagemeier NE, Murawski MM, Lopez NC, Alamian A, Pack RP. Theoretical exploration of Tennessee community pharmacists' perceptions regarding opioid pain reliever abuse communication. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2014 May-Jun;10(3):562-75. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2013.07.004. Epub 2013 Aug 24.
PubMed 23981913Gamm L, Stone S, Pittman S. Mental health and mental disorders-A rural challenge: A literature review. Rural healthy people. 2010;1:97-114.
Browne T, Priester MA, Clone S, Iachini A, DeHart D, Hock R. Barriers and Facilitators to Substance Use Treatment in the Rural South: A Qualitative Study. J Rural Health. 2016 Winter;32(1):92-101. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12129. Epub 2015 Jul 15.
PubMed 26184098Freeman PR, Goodin A, Troske S, Strahl A, Fallin A, Green TC. Pharmacists' role in opioid overdose: Kentucky pharmacists' willingness to participate in naloxone dispensing. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2017 Mar-Apr;57(2S):S28-S33. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2016.12.064. Epub 2017 Jan 28.
PubMed 28139459Mueller SR, Koester S, Glanz JM, Gardner EM, Binswanger IA. Attitudes Toward Naloxone Prescribing in Clinical Settings: A Qualitative Study of Patients Prescribed High Dose Opioids for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain. J Gen Intern Med. 2017 Mar;32(3):277-283. doi: 10.1007/s11606-016-3895-8. Epub 2016 Oct 31.
PubMed 27798775Nielsen S, Menon N, Larney S, Farrell M, Degenhardt L. Community pharmacist knowledge, attitudes and confidence regarding naloxone for overdose reversal. Addiction. 2016 Dec;111(12):2177-2186. doi: 10.1111/add.13517. Epub 2016 Aug 16.
PubMed 27367125Liekens S, Vandael E, Roter D, Larson S, Smits T, Laekeman G, Foulon V. Impact of training on pharmacists' counseling of patients starting antidepressant therapy. Patient Educ Couns. 2014 Jan;94(1):110-5. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2013.09.023. Epub 2013 Oct 12.
PubMed 24169022Alte D, Weitschies W, Ritter CA. Evaluation of consultation in community pharmacies with mystery shoppers. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Jun;41(6):1023-30. doi: 10.1345/aph.1H565. Epub 2007 May 22.
PubMed 17519295Weiss MC, Booth A, Jones B, Ramjeet S, Wong E. Use of simulated patients to assess the clinical and communication skills of community pharmacists. Pharm World Sci. 2010 Jun;32(3):353-61. doi: 10.1007/s11096-010-9375-z. Epub 2010 Mar 18.
PubMed 20238164Madden JM, Quick JD, Ross-Degnan D, Kafle KK. Undercover careseekers: simulated clients in the study of health provider behavior in developing countries. Soc Sci Med. 1997 Nov;45(10):1465-82. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00076-2.
PubMed 9351137Bjornsdottir I, Granas AG, Bradley A, Norris P. A systematic review of the use of simulated patient methodology in pharmacy practice research from 2006 to 2016. Int J Pharm Pract. 2020 Feb;28(1):13-25. doi: 10.1111/ijpp.12570. Epub 2019 Aug 9.
PubMed 31397533Wilson JD, Spicyn N, Matson P, Alvanzo A, Feldman L. Internal medicine resident knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to naloxone prescription in hospital and clinic settings. Subst Abus. 2016 Jul-Sep;37(3):480-487. doi: 10.1080/08897077.2016.1142921. Epub 2016 Jan 28.
PubMed 26820604Williams AV, Strang J, Marsden J. Development of Opioid Overdose Knowledge (OOKS) and Attitudes (OOAS) Scales for take-home naloxone training evaluation. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Sep 1;132(1-2):383-6. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.02.007. Epub 2013 Feb 28.
PubMed 23453260Strahan R, Gerbasi K. Short, homogenous version of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1972;28(191):193.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 26 Jun 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Addressing the Opioid Epidemic Through Community Pharmacy Engagement: Randomized Controlled Trial (Aim 2)
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04677387
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Nalox-Comm / 20-2192
- Conditions
- Naloxone
- Keywords
- community pharmacy, communication
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 48 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of North Carolina, Chapel HillUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
- Study start
- 1 Jul 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Jul 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Jul 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 21 Dec 2020 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 26 Jun 2024
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This is a pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) in which 120 pharmacists will be randomized to an experimental or control group and data on naloxone dispensing and secondary outcomes will be collected over the course of the RCT.
Detailed description
This is a prospective pilot RCT that will evaluate the impact of naloxone communication training (Nalox-Comm) on 120 pharmacists' naloxone dispensing behaviors (primary outcome). Data will be collected at baseline, immediately after training is completed, and at 3-month follow up. Data sources include pharmacy records (for naloxone dispensing), simulated patient observations (to rate quality of communication), and survey data (for self-reports of knowledge and self-efficacy).
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Prescribe to Prevent Naloxone Training Module | Placebo comparator | Behavioral: Prescribe to Prevent: Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Rescue Kits for Prescribers and PharmacistsThis a 55-minute online module that covers basic information about naloxone that is relevant to community pharmacists. |
| Nalox-Comm | Experimental | Behavioral: Nalox-comm Training ModuleThis is a newly developed 30-60 minute online module focused on teaching pharmacists how to overcome naloxone communication barriers. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 99 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- currently work at a pharmacy that stocks naloxone;
- currently work at a rural community pharmacy;
- are at least 18 years of age; and
- speak English.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Non-staff pharmacists such as pharmacy "floaters" or fill-in pharmacists will not be eligible to participate.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Nalox-comm Training ModuleThe online communication module will be 30-60 minutes. Content will include: 1) using non-judgmental language, 2) how to raise the topic of overdose (OD) and naloxone with patients in a non-threatening manner; 3) videos modeling how to initiate the conversation with patients and caregivers; 4) considerations in how to communicate differently with patients versus caregivers; and 5) addressing pharmacists' perceived barriers to naloxone counseling. Pharmacists can receive continuing education credit (0.1 CEU) for completing the course. | Behavioural | Nalox-Comm |
| Prescribe to Prevent: Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Rescue Kits for Prescribers and PharmacistsA 55 minute long online module with videos, didactic content, and quizzes that covers the following topics: risk factors for overdose (OD), how to respond to OD, how naloxone works, types of naloxone, how to administer naloxone, medico-legal issues, how to bill for naloxone, and strategies to address overdose. Pharmacists can receive continuing education credit (0.125 CEUs) for completing the course. | Behavioural | Prescribe to Prevent Naloxone Training Module |
Primary outcome
Change in Naloxone Dispensing Rate Over a 6-month Period
Time frame: 3-month period before intervention and 3-month follow-up dispensing data
Pharmacy records indicated the number of times each pharmacy dispensed naloxone and opioid prescriptions over the RCT period. These data were aggregated into the total number of naloxone and opioid prescriptions dispensed in the 3 months pre-intervention and the 3 months post-intervention. The change in naloxone dispensing rates was measured by comparing pharmacy records of the number of naloxone products dispensed in the three months prior to study participation to the number of naloxone products dispensed in the three months after study completion. The rate was defined as the number of naloxone products dispensed divided by the number of opioid prescriptions dispensed in each 3-month period.
3 secondary outcomes
Mean Willingness to Dispense Naloxone Score
Time frame: up to 3-month Follow-up Survey
Mean Naloxone Counselling Self-Efficacy Score
Time frame: up to 3-month Follow-up Survey
Mean Pharmacist Quality of Non-verbal Communication Score
Time frame: up to 1-month post-training
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 26 Jun 2024.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 28163027Thornton JD, Lyvers E, Scott VGG, Dwibedi N. Pharmacists' readiness to provide naloxone in community pharmacies in West Virginia. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2017 Mar-Apr;57(2S):S12-S18.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2016.12.070. Epub 2017 Feb 2.
- Background: PubMed 23981913Hagemeier NE, Murawski MM, Lopez NC, Alamian A, Pack RP. Theoretical exploration of Tennessee community pharmacists' perceptions regarding opioid pain reliever abuse communication. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2014 May-Jun;10(3):562-75. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2013.07.004. Epub 2013 Aug 24.
- BackgroundGamm L, Stone S, Pittman S. Mental health and mental disorders-A rural challenge: A literature review. Rural healthy people. 2010;1:97-114.
- Background: PubMed 26184098Browne T, Priester MA, Clone S, Iachini A, DeHart D, Hock R. Barriers and Facilitators to Substance Use Treatment in the Rural South: A Qualitative Study. J Rural Health. 2016 Winter;32(1):92-101. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12129. Epub 2015 Jul 15.
- Background: PubMed 28139459Freeman PR, Goodin A, Troske S, Strahl A, Fallin A, Green TC. Pharmacists' role in opioid overdose: Kentucky pharmacists' willingness to participate in naloxone dispensing. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2017 Mar-Apr;57(2S):S28-S33. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2016.12.064. Epub 2017 Jan 28.
- Background: PubMed 27798775Mueller SR, Koester S, Glanz JM, Gardner EM, Binswanger IA. Attitudes Toward Naloxone Prescribing in Clinical Settings: A Qualitative Study of Patients Prescribed High Dose Opioids for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain. J Gen Intern Med. 2017 Mar;32(3):277-283. doi: 10.1007/s11606-016-3895-8. Epub 2016 Oct 31.
- Background: PubMed 27367125Nielsen S, Menon N, Larney S, Farrell M, Degenhardt L. Community pharmacist knowledge, attitudes and confidence regarding naloxone for overdose reversal. Addiction. 2016 Dec;111(12):2177-2186. doi: 10.1111/add.13517. Epub 2016 Aug 16.
- Background: PubMed 24169022Liekens S, Vandael E, Roter D, Larson S, Smits T, Laekeman G, Foulon V. Impact of training on pharmacists' counseling of patients starting antidepressant therapy. Patient Educ Couns. 2014 Jan;94(1):110-5. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2013.09.023. Epub 2013 Oct 12.
- Background: PubMed 17519295Alte D, Weitschies W, Ritter CA. Evaluation of consultation in community pharmacies with mystery shoppers. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Jun;41(6):1023-30. doi: 10.1345/aph.1H565. Epub 2007 May 22.
- Background: PubMed 20238164Weiss MC, Booth A, Jones B, Ramjeet S, Wong E. Use of simulated patients to assess the clinical and communication skills of community pharmacists. Pharm World Sci. 2010 Jun;32(3):353-61. doi: 10.1007/s11096-010-9375-z. Epub 2010 Mar 18.
- Background: PubMed 9351137Madden JM, Quick JD, Ross-Degnan D, Kafle KK. Undercover careseekers: simulated clients in the study of health provider behavior in developing countries. Soc Sci Med. 1997 Nov;45(10):1465-82. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00076-2.
- Background: PubMed 31397533Bjornsdottir I, Granas AG, Bradley A, Norris P. A systematic review of the use of simulated patient methodology in pharmacy practice research from 2006 to 2016. Int J Pharm Pract. 2020 Feb;28(1):13-25. doi: 10.1111/ijpp.12570. Epub 2019 Aug 9.
- Parker T. Rural-Urban Continuum Codes. 2013.Link provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. Deidentified individual data that supports the results will be shared beginning 9 to 36 months following publication provided the investigator who proposes to use the data has approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB), Independent Ethics Committee (IEC), or Research Ethics Board (REB), as applicable, and executes a data use/sharing agreement with UNC.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Delesha Carpenter, PhD, MSPH principal investigator
UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Nalox-comm Training Module and Prescribe to Prevent: Overdose Prevention and Naloxone Rescue Kits for Prescribers and Pharmacists in people with Naloxone, run by University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 26 Jun 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 26 Jun 2024). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Naloxone Dispensing Rate Over a 6-month Period (time frame: 3-month period before intervention and 3-month follow-up dispensing data). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04677387, which also lists 16 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 26 Jun 2024.