TrustNCT04693689
Novelty, Conformity and Trust in COVID-19 Vaccines
A study testing RNA vaccine, 20% adoption rate and 40% adoption rate in people with Trust, run by National University of Singapore at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Despite their established benefits as public measures, vaccines continue to be treated with suspicion by many people, in the US and other parts of the world (Larson et al. 2014; Olive et al. 2018; Lazarus et al. 2020). Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Trust
- What is being tested?
- RNA vaccine, 20% adoption rate and 40% adoption rate
- Type of treatment
- Vaccines
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 35,180 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 1 Feb 2021to 30 Mar 2021
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Healthy adults over 18 years old
Who cannot join
- None
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Novelty, Conformity and Trust in Vaccines
Despite their established benefits as public measures, vaccines continue to be treated with suspicion by many people, in the US and other parts of the world (Larson et al. 2014; Olive et al. 2018; Lazarus et al. 2020). Since the success of vaccines depends on their high uptake level (Anderson and May, 1985; Fine et al. 2011; Fontanet and Cauchemez, 2020), identifying factors that influence low trust and decision-making in relation to vaccines is essential in order to combat diseases such as the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19).
The investigators study factors that could potentially influence public's trust in COVID-19 vaccines through a large-scale online field experiment. The investigators conduct an online survey of 32,400 subjects in nine countries (USA, Brazil, Mexico, China, India, Indonesia, Russia, Germany, and UK).
Read more
The investigators study how willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine is affected by (1) the "novelty" of the vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA vaccines), and (2) the adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country. That is - the impact of controversial science and the force of conformity on the rates of adoption. The latter will also allow us to calculate the "tipping point" adoption rate for each country that will allow the country to achieve herd immunity from COVID-19.
The investigators have four hypotheses, below.
H1 (Conformity): People are more willing to receive a vaccine as the cumulative adoption rate in their community increases.
H2 (Novelty): People are less willing to get a COVID-19 vaccine that uses the new RNA technology, compared to a conventional vaccine
H3 (Interaction between H1 and H2): As the cumulative adoption rate in a community increases, the difference between people's willingness to adopt conventional rather than RNA vaccines decreases.
H4 (Tipping Point): Each country will have a different "tipping point". This is the cumulative adoption rate after which unvaccinated people are significantly more willing to get the vaccine. Countries that have a higher "honesty index" will have the tipping point appear at a lower cumulative adoption rate.
Please note that this study is not a clinical trial. This study is a randomized controlled trial in the form of an online survey.
Read the detailed description
The investigators study the role of trust in COVID-19 vaccine through a global survey. Specifically, the investigators vary (1) the degree of vaccine innovation and (2) the adoption rate of the vaccine to test if these factors influence the individuals' willingness to receive the vaccine.
An online survey is conducted across 9 countries with 3,600 subjects per country. About 15 questions will be asked for each subject and the survey is expected to take about 10-15 minutes to complete.
The 9 countries are USA, Brazil, Mexico, China, India, Indonesia, Russia, Germany and the UK. The three most populous countries from three major continents (Americas, Asia and Europe) are chosen. The target subjects are healthy adults over 18 years of age.
The survey instrument will consist of two parts. In the first part, the survey will ask 10 questions regarding their demographics and the general perception on the safety, effectiveness, and importance of vaccines. This part of the survey allows us to explore the relationship between the individual factors (such as age, gender or income status) and trust in COVID-19 vaccine, as well as to normalize the attitude towards COVID-19 vaccines over the overall vaccine-related confidence.
The 3 key questions of interest are:
"Suppose that a conventional vaccine for COVID-19 receives approval for human use and is available for the public.
A3. How much do you think the government should subsidize the conventional COVID-19 vaccine? [10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%]
A4. If the conventional COVID-19 vaccine were provided to you for free, how likely are you to accept the vaccination? [Very likely, somewhat likely, neither likely nor unlikely, somewhat unlikely, very unlikely]
A5. Suppose the conventional COVID-19 vaccine is endorsed by your Government, free, but no one in your country has received the vaccine. How likely would you be willing to be vaccinated with this new vaccine? [Very likely, somewhat likely, neither likely nor unlikely, somewhat unlikely, very unlikely]"
The investigators manipulate two dimensions of information between the subjects. The two dimensions are:
- 2 vaccine types: 50% of subjects will be asked for "conventional vaccine"; 50% of subjects will be asked for "RNA vaccine"
- 5 different levels of adoption rate in the country: 0% (i.e., no one in your country has received the vaccine), 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%
Within each country, there will be 2 (vaccine type) x 5 (different adoption rates) = 10 between-subject treatments.
In the second part of the survey, the investigators ask participants to complete a simple economic dice-rolling task, and predict outcomes of the same task in their own country. The investigators will study how individual performance in these tasks correlate with their trust in COVID-19 vaccines.
- Conditions
- Trust
- Being tested
- RNA vaccine, 20% adoption rate, 40% adoption rate, 60% adoption rate, 80% adoption rate
- Keywords
- COVID-19, Coronavirus, Vaccine, Trust, RNA, Global survey
- Medical subject headings
- COVID-19, Coronavirus Infections
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
RNA vaccineOther
We elicit subjects' willingness to receive RNA COVID-19 vaccine
20% adoption rateOther
We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new vaccine if 20% of the country's population has received it
40% adoption rateOther
We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new vaccine if 40% of the country's population has received it
60% adoption rateOther
We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new vaccine if 60% of the country's population has received it
80% adoption rateOther
We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new vaccine if 80% of the country's population has received it
Conventional vaccineOther
We elicit subjects' willingness to receive conventional COVID-19 vaccine
0% adoption rateOther
We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new vaccine if 0% of the country's population has received it
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Conventional vaccine, 0% adoption rate | Experimental | Our survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine.
In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive a conventional vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 0%. Receives: Other: Conventional vaccine; Other: 0% adoption rate |
| Conventional vaccine, 20% adoption rate | Experimental | Our survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine.
In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive a conventional vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 20%. Receives: Other: 20% adoption rate; Other: Conventional vaccine |
| Conventional vaccine, 40% adoption rate | Experimental | Our survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine.
In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive a conventional vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 40%. Receives: Other: 40% adoption rate; Other: Conventional vaccine |
| Conventional vaccine, 60% adoption rate | Experimental | Our survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine.
In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive a conventional vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 60%. Receives: Other: 60% adoption rate; Other: Conventional vaccine |
| Conventional vaccine, 80% adoption rate | Experimental | Our survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine.
In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive a conventional vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 80%. Receives: Other: 80% adoption rate; Other: Conventional vaccine |
| RNA vaccine, 0% adoption rate | Experimental | Our survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine.
In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive an RNA vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 0%. Receives: Other: RNA vaccine; Other: 0% adoption rate |
| RNA vaccine, 20% adoption rate | Experimental | Our survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine.
In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive an RNA vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 20%. Receives: Other: RNA vaccine; Other: 20% adoption rate |
| RNA vaccine, 40% adoption rate | Experimental | Our survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine.
In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive an RNA vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 40%. Receives: Other: RNA vaccine; Other: 40% adoption rate |
| RNA vaccine, 60% adoption rate | Experimental | Our survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine.
In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive an RNA vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 60%. Receives: Other: RNA vaccine; Other: 60% adoption rate |
| RNA vaccine, 80% adoption rate | Experimental | Our survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine.
In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive an RNA vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 80%. Receives: Other: RNA vaccine; Other: 80% adoption rate |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine
Subjects' response to the question: "If the conventional COVID-19 vaccine were provided to you for free, how likely are you to accept the vaccination?" on a Likert scale from 1 (very unlikely) to 5 (very likely).
Measured: During the 15-minute survey
Belief in how much COVID-19 vaccine should be subsidized by the government
Subjects' response to the question: "How much do you think the government should subsidize the conventional COVID-19 vaccine?" There are 5 answer options: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%.
Measured: During the 15-minute survey
Secondary outcomes (4)
Belief in importance of vaccinating children
Subjects' response to the question: "To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is important for children to be vaccinated" on a Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree)
Measured: During the 15-minute survey
Belief in safety of vaccines
Subjects' response to the question: "To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Vaccines are safe" on a Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree)
Measured: During the 15-minute survey
Belief in effectiveness of vaccines
Subjects' response to the question: "To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Vaccines are effective" on a Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree)
Measured: During the 15-minute survey
Dishonesty index
We ask each subject to report the outcome of a dice roll (which investigators do not observe), where the subject receives a higher pay for reporting a higher roll. We use the average reported dice roll in a group as a measure of the group's dishonesty. A higher number indicates higher degree of dishonesty. If everyone was honest, the average number should be 3.5.
Measured: During the 15-minute survey
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted5 Jan 2021
- Study start1 Feb 2021
- Primary completion30 Mar 2021
- Study completion30 Mar 2021
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (6)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for TrustStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by National University of SingaporeThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 35,180 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- National University of Singapore
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Ho Teck Hua, National University of Singapore
- Investigators
- Teck Ho, Principal investigator, National University of Singapore
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04693689
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- SG-Trust in Vaccines
- Status last verified
- Feb 2022
- First submitted
- 22 Dec 2020
- Last updated
- 22 Feb 2022
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: Investigators will not be storing or sharing any personal identifiers. All individual level data will be anonymized, and only anonymized data will be shared with other researchers, upon request.
Publications
Anderson RM, May RM. Vaccination and herd immunity to infectious diseases. Nature. 1985 Nov 28-Dec 4;318(6044):323-9. doi: 10.1038/318323a0.
PubMed 3906406Fine P, Eames K, Heymann DL. "Herd immunity": a rough guide. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Apr 1;52(7):911-6. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir007.
PubMed 21427399Fontanet A, Cauchemez S. COVID-19 herd immunity: where are we? Nat Rev Immunol. 2020 Oct;20(10):583-584. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-00451-5.
PubMed 32908300Larson HJ, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, Smith DM, Paterson P. Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: a systematic review of published literature, 2007-2012. Vaccine. 2014 Apr 17;32(19):2150-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.081. Epub 2014 Mar 2.
PubMed 24598724Lazarus JV, Ratzan SC, Palayew A, Gostin LO, Larson HJ, Rabin K, Kimball S, El-Mohandes A. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nat Med. 2021 Feb;27(2):225-228. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9. Epub 2020 Oct 20.
PubMed 33082575Olive JK, Hotez PJ, Damania A, Nolan MS. The state of the antivaccine movement in the United States: A focused examination of nonmedical exemptions in states and counties. PLoS Med. 2018 Jun 12;15(6):e1002578. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002578. eCollection 2018 Jun.
PubMed 29894470
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 22 Feb 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Novelty, Conformity and Trust in Vaccines
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04693689
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- SG-Trust in Vaccines
- Conditions
- Trust
- Keywords
- COVID-19, Coronavirus, Vaccine, Trust, RNA, Global survey
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 35,180 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- National University of SingaporeUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Feb 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Mar 2021 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Mar 2021 (actual)
- First posted
- 5 Jan 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Despite their established benefits as public measures, vaccines continue to be treated with suspicion by many people, in the US and other parts of the world (Larson et al. 2014; Olive et al. 2018; Lazarus et al. 2020). Since the success of vaccines depends on their high uptake level (Anderson and May, 1985; Fine et al. 2011; Fontanet and Cauchemez, 2020), identifying factors that influence low trust and decision-making in relation to vaccines is essential in order to combat diseases such as the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19).
The investigators study factors that could potentially influence public's trust in COVID-19 vaccines through a large-scale online field experiment. The investigators conduct an online survey of 32,400 subjects in nine countries (USA, Brazil, Mexico, China, India, Indonesia, Russia, Germany, and UK).
The investigators study how willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine is affected by (1) the "novelty" of the vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA vaccines), and (2) the adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country. That is - the impact of controversial science and the force of conformity on the rates of adoption. The latter will also allow us to calculate the "tipping point" adoption rate for each country that will allow the country to achieve herd immunity from COVID-19.
The investigators have four hypotheses, below.
H1 (Conformity): People are more willing to receive a vaccine as the cumulative adoption rate in their community increases.
H2 (Novelty): People are less willing to get a COVID-19 vaccine that uses the new RNA technology, compared to a conventional vaccine
H3 (Interaction between H1 and H2): As the cumulative adoption rate in a community increases, the difference between people's willingness to adopt conventional rather than RNA vaccines decreases.
H4 (Tipping Point): Each country will have a different "tipping point". This is the cumulative adoption rate after which unvaccinated people are significantly more willing to get the vaccine. Countries that have a higher "honesty index" will have the tipping point appear at a lower cumulative adoption rate.
Please note that this study is not a clinical trial. This study is a randomized controlled trial in the form of an online survey.
Detailed description
The investigators study the role of trust in COVID-19 vaccine through a global survey. Specifically, the investigators vary (1) the degree of vaccine innovation and (2) the adoption rate of the vaccine to test if these factors influence the individuals' willingness to receive the vaccine.
An online survey is conducted across 9 countries with 3,600 subjects per country. About 15 questions will be asked for each subject and the survey is expected to take about 10-15 minutes to complete.
The 9 countries are USA, Brazil, Mexico, China, India, Indonesia, Russia, Germany and the UK. The three most populous countries from three major continents (Americas, Asia and Europe) are chosen. The target subjects are healthy adults over 18 years of age.
The survey instrument will consist of two parts. In the first part, the survey will ask 10 questions regarding their demographics and the general perception on the safety, effectiveness, and importance of vaccines. This part of the survey allows us to explore the relationship between the individual factors (such as age, gender or income status) and trust in COVID-19 vaccine, as well as to normalize the attitude towards COVID-19 vaccines over the overall vaccine-related confidence.
The 3 key questions of interest are:
"Suppose that a conventional vaccine for COVID-19 receives approval for human use and is available for the public.
A3. How much do you think the government should subsidize the conventional COVID-19 vaccine? [10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%]
A4. If the conventional COVID-19 vaccine were provided to you for free, how likely are you to accept the vaccination? [Very likely, somewhat likely, neither likely nor unlikely, somewhat unlikely, very unlikely]
A5. Suppose the conventional COVID-19 vaccine is endorsed by your Government, free, but no one in your country has received the vaccine. How likely would you be willing to be vaccinated with this new vaccine? [Very likely, somewhat likely, neither likely nor unlikely, somewhat unlikely, very unlikely]"
The investigators manipulate two dimensions of information between the subjects. The two dimensions are:
- 2 vaccine types: 50% of subjects will be asked for "conventional vaccine"; 50% of subjects will be asked for "RNA vaccine"
- 5 different levels of adoption rate in the country: 0% (i.e., no one in your country has received the vaccine), 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%
Within each country, there will be 2 (vaccine type) x 5 (different adoption rates) = 10 between-subject treatments.
In the second part of the survey, the investigators ask participants to complete a simple economic dice-rolling task, and predict outcomes of the same task in their own country. The investigators will study how individual performance in these tasks correlate with their trust in COVID-19 vaccines.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 10
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Conventional vaccine, 0% adoption rate | Experimental | Other: Conventional vaccine, Other: 0% adoption rateOur survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine. In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive a conventional vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 0%. |
| Conventional vaccine, 20% adoption rate | Experimental | Other: 20% adoption rate, Other: Conventional vaccineOur survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine. In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive a conventional vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 20%. |
| Conventional vaccine, 40% adoption rate | Experimental | Other: 40% adoption rate, Other: Conventional vaccineOur survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine. In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive a conventional vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 40%. |
| Conventional vaccine, 60% adoption rate | Experimental | Other: 60% adoption rate, Other: Conventional vaccineOur survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine. In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive a conventional vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 60%. |
| Conventional vaccine, 80% adoption rate | Experimental | Other: 80% adoption rate, Other: Conventional vaccineOur survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine. In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive a conventional vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 80%. |
| RNA vaccine, 0% adoption rate | Experimental | Other: RNA vaccine, Other: 0% adoption rateOur survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine. In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive an RNA vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 0%. |
| RNA vaccine, 20% adoption rate | Experimental | Other: RNA vaccine, Other: 20% adoption rateOur survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine. In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive an RNA vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 20%. |
| RNA vaccine, 40% adoption rate | Experimental | Other: RNA vaccine, Other: 40% adoption rateOur survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine. In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive an RNA vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 40%. |
| RNA vaccine, 60% adoption rate | Experimental | Other: RNA vaccine, Other: 60% adoption rateOur survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine. In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive an RNA vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 60%. |
| RNA vaccine, 80% adoption rate | Experimental | Other: RNA vaccine, Other: 80% adoption rateOur survey follows a 2 x 5 between-subjects design. The two dimensions we vary are vaccine technology (conventional vs. RNA) and the hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine in the country (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%). We elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new COVID-19 vaccine given the vaccine technology and a hypothetical adoption rate of the new vaccine. In this arm, we elicit subjects' willingness to receive an RNA vaccine if its current adoption rate in the country is 80%. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Healthy adults over 18 years old
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- None
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| RNA vaccineWe elicit subjects' willingness to receive RNA COVID-19 vaccine | Other | RNA vaccine, 0% adoption rate, RNA vaccine, 20% adoption rate, RNA vaccine, 40% adoption rate, RNA vaccine, 60% adoption rate, RNA vaccine, 80% adoption rate |
| 20% adoption rateWe elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new vaccine if 20% of the country's population has received it | Other | Conventional vaccine, 20% adoption rate, RNA vaccine, 20% adoption rate |
| 40% adoption rateWe elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new vaccine if 40% of the country's population has received it | Other | Conventional vaccine, 40% adoption rate, RNA vaccine, 40% adoption rate |
| 60% adoption rateWe elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new vaccine if 60% of the country's population has received it | Other | Conventional vaccine, 60% adoption rate, RNA vaccine, 60% adoption rate |
| 80% adoption rateWe elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new vaccine if 80% of the country's population has received it | Other | Conventional vaccine, 80% adoption rate, RNA vaccine, 80% adoption rate |
| Conventional vaccineWe elicit subjects' willingness to receive conventional COVID-19 vaccine | Other | Conventional vaccine, 0% adoption rate, Conventional vaccine, 20% adoption rate, Conventional vaccine, 40% adoption rate, Conventional vaccine, 60% adoption rate, Conventional vaccine, 80% adoption rate |
| 0% adoption rateWe elicit subjects' willingness to receive the new vaccine if 0% of the country's population has received it | Other | Conventional vaccine, 0% adoption rate, RNA vaccine, 0% adoption rate |
Primary outcome
Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine
Time frame: During the 15-minute survey
Subjects' response to the question: "If the conventional COVID-19 vaccine were provided to you for free, how likely are you to accept the vaccination?" on a Likert scale from 1 (very unlikely) to 5 (very likely).
Belief in how much COVID-19 vaccine should be subsidized by the government
Time frame: During the 15-minute survey
Subjects' response to the question: "How much do you think the government should subsidize the conventional COVID-19 vaccine?" There are 5 answer options: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%.
4 secondary outcomes
Belief in importance of vaccinating children
Time frame: During the 15-minute survey
Belief in safety of vaccines
Time frame: During the 15-minute survey
Belief in effectiveness of vaccines
Time frame: During the 15-minute survey
Dishonesty index
Time frame: During the 15-minute survey
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 22 Feb 2022.
- Background: PubMed 3906406Anderson RM, May RM. Vaccination and herd immunity to infectious diseases. Nature. 1985 Nov 28-Dec 4;318(6044):323-9. doi: 10.1038/318323a0.
- Background: PubMed 21427399Fine P, Eames K, Heymann DL. "Herd immunity": a rough guide. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Apr 1;52(7):911-6. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir007.
- Background: PubMed 32908300Fontanet A, Cauchemez S. COVID-19 herd immunity: where are we? Nat Rev Immunol. 2020 Oct;20(10):583-584. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-00451-5.
- Background: PubMed 24598724Larson HJ, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, Smith DM, Paterson P. Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: a systematic review of published literature, 2007-2012. Vaccine. 2014 Apr 17;32(19):2150-9. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.081. Epub 2014 Mar 2.
- Background: PubMed 33082575Lazarus JV, Ratzan SC, Palayew A, Gostin LO, Larson HJ, Rabin K, Kimball S, El-Mohandes A. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nat Med. 2021 Feb;27(2):225-228. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9. Epub 2020 Oct 20.
- Background: PubMed 29894470Olive JK, Hotez PJ, Damania A, Nolan MS. The state of the antivaccine movement in the United States: A focused examination of nonmedical exemptions in states and counties. PLoS Med. 2018 Jun 12;15(6):e1002578. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002578. eCollection 2018 Jun.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. Investigators will not be storing or sharing any personal identifiers. All individual level data will be anonymized, and only anonymized data will be shared with other researchers, upon request.
Related trials for Trust
Not yet recruiting
Structured Debriefing and Institutional Trust After a Mass-Casualty Simulation
Mass-casualty Incident Preparedness
Recruiting
Public Perceptions Toward Robotic Surgery, Telesurgery and Telemedicine
Robotic Surgery, Telemedicine
Active, not recruiting
E3 Diabetes - Closing the Gap in Diabetes Control
Type 2 Diabetes
Not yet recruitingObservational study
Risk Sharing vs Risk Dumping: Parental Attitudes About Risks
Pediatric Surgery, Informed Consent
Active, not recruiting
Melanated Group Midwifery Care (MGMC)
Pregnancy Complications, Maternal Care Patterns
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Teck Ho principal investigator
National University of Singapore
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing RNA vaccine, 20% adoption rate and 40% adoption rate in people with Trust, run by National University of Singapore at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 22 Feb 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine (time frame: During the 15-minute survey). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04693689, which also lists 6 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 22 Feb 2022.