Pain, PostoperativeNCT04719507
Erector Spinae Block Versus Thoracic Paravertebral Block for Postoperative Pain Control After Open Nephrectomy
A study testing erector spinae block, thoracic paravertebral block and Pethidine Only Product in Parenteral Dose Form in people with Pain, Postoperative, run by Cairo University.
Trial summary
the study aims to compare the analgesic efficacy of erector spinae plane block versus thoracic paravertebral block after open nephrectomy surgery. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 30 to 60 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Pain, Postoperative
- What is being tested?
- erector spinae block, thoracic paravertebral block and Pethidine Only Product in Parenteral Dose Form
- Type of treatment
- Surgery or procedure
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 45 participants
- Where
- No sites listed yet
- Study dates
- Jan 2021to Mar 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 30 to 60 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Adult patients (30-60 years) .
- Patients with ASA I , II score
Who cannot join
- Patient's refusal
- Coagulopathy to be cancelled if ( INR>1.4 , Platelets count <100x109 )
- Infection at the injection site.
- Allergy to local anesthetics.
- Patients receiving opioids for chronic analgesic therapy
Trial locations and contacts
No sites are listed yet.
About this study
Official title: Ultrasound Guided Erector Spinae Block Versus Thoracic Paravertebral Block for Postoperative Pain Control After Open Nephrectomy : A Randomized Controlled Trial
the study aims to compare the analgesic efficacy of erector spinae plane block versus thoracic paravertebral block after open nephrectomy surgery.
Read the detailed description
Open nephrectomy is associated with substantial postoperative pain, pain relief in patients undergoing this procedure is usually provided either by thoracic epidural analgesia (EA) or systemic analgesics. EA is a very useful option for the management of postoperative pain in patients undergoing abdominal surgeries, but the risks and contraindications linked to EA like hypotension ,headache ,nerve damage or infection may limit its use. Systemic analgesics in the form of opioid analgesics may give rise to side effects like nausea ,vomiting ,constipation, allergy or drowsiness and often provide insufficient analgesia. Hence, other methods of postoperative pain management are desired. Sensory level target according to the incision site Flank(T9-T11) , Thoraco-abdominal (T7-T12 ) and Trans-abdominal (T6-T10).
Ultrasound (US) guided erector spinae plane (ESP) block is one of the interfascial plane blocks that target the dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerves. Although there is no sufficient evidence for the spread of local anesthetic to the ventral rami, recent anecdotal reports demonstrated effective postoperative analgesia after thoracic and lumbar surgeries affecting both the ventral and dorsal rami .According to a previous study, Erector Spinae Plane block has allowed a reduction in opioid consumption and excellent pain control in partial nephrectomy.
Paravertebral block (PVB) is a technique where a local anesthetic is deposited into a space found on both sides of the spine, called the paravertebral space. It is a block with a dermatomal distribution of pain relief depending on the level of the spine at which the block is sited and the quantity and type of deposited local anesthetic.
PVB is effective for pain relief in the thoracic, abdominal and limb regions .
- Conditions
- Pain, Postoperative
- Being tested
- erector spinae block, thoracic paravertebral block, Pethidine Only Product in Parenteral Dose Form
- Keywords
- open nephrectomy
- Medical subject headings
- Pain, Postoperative
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
erector spinae blockProcedure or surgery
Also called erector spinae plane block
ultrasound probe is placed parallel to the vertebral spine at T4 level and shifted 3 cm laterally to obtain the appropriate visualization. Under aseptic precautions, the needle is inserted and advanced perpendicular to the skin in all planes to contact the transverse process of the vertebra at a variable depth of 2-4 cm from the skin depending on the build of the individual. At this point, the needle tip lies between the erector spinae muscle and transverse process. After negative aspiration, 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine is administered in cephalad and caudal directions.
thoracic paravertebral blockProcedure or surgery
ultrasound probe is placed parallel to the vertebral spine at T4 level and shifted 2-3 cm laterally to obtain the appropriate visualization. Following the identification of pleura, transverse process and paravertebral space, the needle is inserted cranial to caudal direction using in-plane approach . After confirming the displacement of pleura with 0.5-1 ml of local anesthetic (LA), 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine is administered for the block.
Pethidine Only Product in Parenteral Dose FormDrug
pethidine (1 mg/kg ) once
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| erector spinae arm | Experimental | ultrasound guided erector spinae block Receives: Procedure: erector spinae block |
| thoracic paravertebral arm | Experimental | ultrasound guided thoracic paravertebral block. Receives: Procedure: thoracic paravertebral block |
| drug arm | Active comparator | pethidine (1 mg/kg ) once Receives: Drug: Pethidine Only Product in Parenteral Dose Form |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Total morphine requirements 24 hours postoperatively
morphine increment ( 0.02 mg/kg IV ) will be added to maintain a resting visual analogue score at <3 and the total 24-hours morphine consumption will be recorded
Measured: 24 hours postoperative
Secondary outcomes (3)
Visual analogue score at 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours postoperatively
the score is determined by measuring the distance (mm) on the 10-cm line between the "no pain" anchor and the patient's mark, providing a range of scores from 0-100. A higher score indicates greater pain intensity .no pain (0-4 mm), mild pain(5-44 mm), moderate pain (45-74 mm), and severe pain (75-100 mm)
Measured: 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours postoperatively
Time span to the first postoperative analgesia
Time span to the first postoperative analgesic request to be started from the time of the block till the first rescue dose of morphine
Measured: calculated from the time of intervention till the time of the first rescue dose of morphine,expected form 2-3 hours
operation time
Duration of the anesthesia and surgery to be documented
Measured: from start of anesthesia till the end of surgery , expected from 3-4 hours
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted22 Jan 2021
- Study startJan 2021 (estimated)
- Primary completionJan 2022 (estimated)
- Study completionMar 2022 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (14)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Pain, PostoperativeStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Cairo UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider
- Enrolment
- 45 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Cairo University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Ezzat Ramzy Ezz, Cairo University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04719507
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- pain control in nephrectomy
- Status last verified
- Jan 2021
- First submitted
- 9 Jan 2021
- Last updated
- 22 Jan 2021
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Gautam SKS, Das PK, Agarwal A, Kumar S, Dhiraaj S, Keshari A, Patro A. Comparative Evaluation of Continuous Thoracic Paravertebral Block and Thoracic Epidural Analgesia Techniques for Post-operative Pain Relief in Patients Undergoing Open Nephrectomy: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-blind Study. Anesth Essays Res. 2017 Apr-Jun;11(2):359-364. doi: 10.4103/0259-1162.194559.
PubMed 28663622Davies RG, Myles PS, Graham JM. A comparison of the analgesic efficacy and side-effects of paravertebral vs epidural blockade for thoracotomy--a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth. 2006 Apr;96(4):418-26. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael020. Epub 2006 Feb 13.
PubMed 16476698Kehlet H, Rung GW, Callesen T. Postoperative opioid analgesia: time for a reconsideration? J Clin Anesth. 1996 Sep;8(6):441-5. doi: 10.1016/0952-8180(96)00131-6.
PubMed 8872683Forero M, Adhikary SD, Lopez H, Tsui C, Chin KJ. The Erector Spinae Plane Block: A Novel Analgesic Technique in Thoracic Neuropathic Pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016 Sep-Oct;41(5):621-7. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000451.
PubMed 27501016Bonvicini D, Tagliapietra L, Giacomazzi A, Pizzirani E. Bilateral ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane blocks in breast cancer and reconstruction surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2018 Feb;44:3-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2017.10.006. Epub 2017 Oct 21. No abstract available.
PubMed 29065335Tulgar S, Senturk O. Ultrasound guided Erector Spinae Plane block at L-4 transverse process level provides effective postoperative analgesia for total hip arthroplasty. J Clin Anesth. 2018 Feb;44:68. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2017.11.006. Epub 2017 Nov 14. No abstract available.
PubMed 29149734Santonastaso DP, de Chiara A, Musetti G, Bagaphou CT, Gamberini E, Agnoletti V. Ultrasound guided erector spinae plane block for open partial nephrectomy: only an alternative? J Clin Anesth. 2019 Sep;56:55-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.01.036. Epub 2019 Jan 25. No abstract available.
PubMed 30690313Karmakar MK, Samy W, Lee A, Li JW, Chan WC, Chen PP, Tsui BCH. Survival Analysis of Patients with Breast Cancer Undergoing a Modified Radical Mastectomy With or Without a Thoracic Paravertebral Block: a 5-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Anticancer Res. 2017 Oct;37(10):5813-5820. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.12024.
PubMed 28982906Chu L, Zhang X, Lu Y, Xie G, Song S, Fang X, Cheng B. Improved Analgesic Effect of Paravertebral Blocks before and after Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial. Pain Res Manag. 2019 Nov 18;2019:9158653. doi: 10.1155/2019/9158653. eCollection 2019.
PubMed 31827657Greengrass R, Buckenmaier CC 3rd. Paravertebral anaesthesia/analgesia for ambulatory surgery. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2002 Jun;16(2):271-83. doi: 10.1053/bean.2002.0238.
PubMed 12491557Baik JS, Oh AY, Cho CW, Shin HJ, Han SH, Ryu JH. Thoracic paravertebral block for nephrectomy: a randomized, controlled, observer-blinded study. Pain Med. 2014 May;15(5):850-6. doi: 10.1111/pme.12320. Epub 2013 Dec 16.
PubMed 24341324Gurkan Y, Aksu C, Kus A, Yorukoglu UH. Erector spinae plane block and thoracic paravertebral block for breast surgery compared to IV-morphine: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Anesth. 2020 Feb;59:84-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.06.036. Epub 2019 Jul 4.
PubMed 31280100Tsui BCH, Fonseca A, Munshey F, McFadyen G, Caruso TJ. The erector spinae plane (ESP) block: A pooled review of 242 cases. J Clin Anesth. 2019 Mar;53:29-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2018.09.036. Epub 2018 Oct 3.
PubMed 30292068Forastiere E, Sofra M, Giannarelli D, Fabrizi L, Simone G. Effectiveness of continuous wound infusion of 0.5% ropivacaine by On-Q pain relief system for postoperative pain management after open nephrectomy. Br J Anaesth. 2008 Dec;101(6):841-7. doi: 10.1093/bja/aen309.
PubMed 19004914
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 22 Jan 2021. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Ultrasound Guided Erector Spinae Block Versus Thoracic Paravertebral Block for Postoperative Pain Control After Open Nephrectomy : A Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04719507
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- pain control in nephrectomy
- Conditions
- Pain, Postoperative
- Keywords
- open nephrectomy
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Unknown status
- Enrolment
- 45 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Cairo UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- Jan 2021 (estimated)
- Primary completion
- Jan 2022 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Mar 2022 (estimated)
- First posted
- 22 Jan 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
the study aims to compare the analgesic efficacy of erector spinae plane block versus thoracic paravertebral block after open nephrectomy surgery.
Detailed description
Open nephrectomy is associated with substantial postoperative pain, pain relief in patients undergoing this procedure is usually provided either by thoracic epidural analgesia (EA) or systemic analgesics. EA is a very useful option for the management of postoperative pain in patients undergoing abdominal surgeries, but the risks and contraindications linked to EA like hypotension ,headache ,nerve damage or infection may limit its use. Systemic analgesics in the form of opioid analgesics may give rise to side effects like nausea ,vomiting ,constipation, allergy or drowsiness and often provide insufficient analgesia. Hence, other methods of postoperative pain management are desired. Sensory level target according to the incision site Flank(T9-T11) , Thoraco-abdominal (T7-T12 ) and Trans-abdominal (T6-T10).
Ultrasound (US) guided erector spinae plane (ESP) block is one of the interfascial plane blocks that target the dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerves. Although there is no sufficient evidence for the spread of local anesthetic to the ventral rami, recent anecdotal reports demonstrated effective postoperative analgesia after thoracic and lumbar surgeries affecting both the ventral and dorsal rami .According to a previous study, Erector Spinae Plane block has allowed a reduction in opioid consumption and excellent pain control in partial nephrectomy.
Paravertebral block (PVB) is a technique where a local anesthetic is deposited into a space found on both sides of the spine, called the paravertebral space. It is a block with a dermatomal distribution of pain relief depending on the level of the spine at which the block is sited and the quantity and type of deposited local anesthetic.
PVB is effective for pain relief in the thoracic, abdominal and limb regions .
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Supportive care
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, care provider)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| erector spinae arm | Experimental | Procedure: erector spinae blockultrasound guided erector spinae block |
| thoracic paravertebral arm | Experimental | Procedure: thoracic paravertebral blockultrasound guided thoracic paravertebral block. |
| drug arm | Active comparator | Drug: Pethidine Only Product in Parenteral Dose Formpethidine (1 mg/kg ) once |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 30 to 60 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Adult patients (30-60 years) .
- Patients with ASA I , II score
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Patient's refusal
- Coagulopathy to be cancelled if ( INR>1.4 , Platelets count <100x109 )
- Infection at the injection site.
- Allergy to local anesthetics.
- Patients receiving opioids for chronic analgesic therapy
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| erector spinae blockAlso: erector spinae plane blockultrasound probe is placed parallel to the vertebral spine at T4 level and shifted 3 cm laterally to obtain the appropriate visualization. Under aseptic precautions, the needle is inserted and advanced perpendicular to the skin in all planes to contact the transverse process of the vertebra at a variable depth of 2-4 cm from the skin depending on the build of the individual. At this point, the needle tip lies between the erector spinae muscle and transverse process. After negative aspiration, 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine is administered in cephalad and caudal directions. | Procedure or surgery | erector spinae arm |
| thoracic paravertebral blockultrasound probe is placed parallel to the vertebral spine at T4 level and shifted 2-3 cm laterally to obtain the appropriate visualization. Following the identification of pleura, transverse process and paravertebral space, the needle is inserted cranial to caudal direction using in-plane approach . After confirming the displacement of pleura with 0.5-1 ml of local anesthetic (LA), 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine is administered for the block. | Procedure or surgery | thoracic paravertebral arm |
| Pethidine Only Product in Parenteral Dose Formpethidine (1 mg/kg ) once | Drug | drug arm |
Primary outcome
Total morphine requirements 24 hours postoperatively
Time frame: 24 hours postoperative
morphine increment ( 0.02 mg/kg IV ) will be added to maintain a resting visual analogue score at <3 and the total 24-hours morphine consumption will be recorded
3 secondary outcomes
Visual analogue score at 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours postoperatively
Time frame: 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours postoperatively
Time span to the first postoperative analgesia
Time frame: calculated from the time of intervention till the time of the first rescue dose of morphine,expected form 2-3 hours
operation time
Time frame: from start of anesthesia till the end of surgery , expected from 3-4 hours
Results and safety
Results are not available in the source record.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 22 Jan 2021.
- Background: PubMed 28663622Gautam SKS, Das PK, Agarwal A, Kumar S, Dhiraaj S, Keshari A, Patro A. Comparative Evaluation of Continuous Thoracic Paravertebral Block and Thoracic Epidural Analgesia Techniques for Post-operative Pain Relief in Patients Undergoing Open Nephrectomy: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-blind Study. Anesth Essays Res. 2017 Apr-Jun;11(2):359-364. doi: 10.4103/0259-1162.194559.
- Background: PubMed 16476698Davies RG, Myles PS, Graham JM. A comparison of the analgesic efficacy and side-effects of paravertebral vs epidural blockade for thoracotomy--a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth. 2006 Apr;96(4):418-26. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael020. Epub 2006 Feb 13.
- Background: PubMed 8872683Kehlet H, Rung GW, Callesen T. Postoperative opioid analgesia: time for a reconsideration? J Clin Anesth. 1996 Sep;8(6):441-5. doi: 10.1016/0952-8180(96)00131-6.
- Background: PubMed 27501016Forero M, Adhikary SD, Lopez H, Tsui C, Chin KJ. The Erector Spinae Plane Block: A Novel Analgesic Technique in Thoracic Neuropathic Pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016 Sep-Oct;41(5):621-7. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000451.
- Background: PubMed 29065335Bonvicini D, Tagliapietra L, Giacomazzi A, Pizzirani E. Bilateral ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane blocks in breast cancer and reconstruction surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2018 Feb;44:3-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2017.10.006. Epub 2017 Oct 21. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 29149734Tulgar S, Senturk O. Ultrasound guided Erector Spinae Plane block at L-4 transverse process level provides effective postoperative analgesia for total hip arthroplasty. J Clin Anesth. 2018 Feb;44:68. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2017.11.006. Epub 2017 Nov 14. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 30690313Santonastaso DP, de Chiara A, Musetti G, Bagaphou CT, Gamberini E, Agnoletti V. Ultrasound guided erector spinae plane block for open partial nephrectomy: only an alternative? J Clin Anesth. 2019 Sep;56:55-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.01.036. Epub 2019 Jan 25. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 28982906Karmakar MK, Samy W, Lee A, Li JW, Chan WC, Chen PP, Tsui BCH. Survival Analysis of Patients with Breast Cancer Undergoing a Modified Radical Mastectomy With or Without a Thoracic Paravertebral Block: a 5-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Anticancer Res. 2017 Oct;37(10):5813-5820. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.12024.
- Background: PubMed 31827657Chu L, Zhang X, Lu Y, Xie G, Song S, Fang X, Cheng B. Improved Analgesic Effect of Paravertebral Blocks before and after Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial. Pain Res Manag. 2019 Nov 18;2019:9158653. doi: 10.1155/2019/9158653. eCollection 2019.
- Background: PubMed 12491557Greengrass R, Buckenmaier CC 3rd. Paravertebral anaesthesia/analgesia for ambulatory surgery. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2002 Jun;16(2):271-83. doi: 10.1053/bean.2002.0238.
- Background: PubMed 24341324Baik JS, Oh AY, Cho CW, Shin HJ, Han SH, Ryu JH. Thoracic paravertebral block for nephrectomy: a randomized, controlled, observer-blinded study. Pain Med. 2014 May;15(5):850-6. doi: 10.1111/pme.12320. Epub 2013 Dec 16.
- Background: PubMed 31280100Gurkan Y, Aksu C, Kus A, Yorukoglu UH. Erector spinae plane block and thoracic paravertebral block for breast surgery compared to IV-morphine: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Anesth. 2020 Feb;59:84-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.06.036. Epub 2019 Jul 4.
Related trials for Pain, Postoperative
RecruitingPhase 4
ESP Blocks for Posterior Spinal Fusion
Postoperative Pain
Recruiting
Effect of Cryotherapeutic and Nanotherapeutic Sodium Hypochlorite on Post-Operative Endodontic Pain.
Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis, Symptomatic Apical Periodontitis
RecruitingPhase 2
REctus Sheath Trial
Acute Pain, Postoperative Pain, Acute
Not yet recruiting
Effect of Pectoral Nerve Block (PECS) Using Magnesium Sulfate Added to Dexamethasone on Quality of Recovery and Chronic Post-Mastectomy Pain
Breast Cancer, Postoperative Pain
Active, not recruitingPhase 4
Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Pain in Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section at Assuit University Hospital
Cesarean Section
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing erector spinae block, thoracic paravertebral block and Pethidine Only Product in Parenteral Dose Form in people with Pain, Postoperative, run by Cairo University.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: status not confirmed, as of the sponsor's last update on 22 Jan 2021. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Results are not available in the source record.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact ezzat ezz (01284994135, ezzatramzy627@gmail.com), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Total morphine requirements 24 hours postoperatively (time frame: 24 hours postoperative). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04719507, which also lists 14 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 22 Jan 2021.