Surrogate MothersNCT04732559
General Attitudes Towards Surrogacy in Poland
An observational study of Surrogate Mothers, run by University of Gdansk at 1 site in Poland.
Trial summary
The primary aim of the study is to: investigate the general attitudes towards surrogacy among Polish population. The secondary aims of the study are as follows: assess the differences in attitudes towards traditional vs. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Surrogate Mothers
- How many people
- 500 participants
- Where
- 1 sitePoland
- Study dates
- 1 Mar 2022to 1 Sep 2023
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: General population in Poland with the divison to subgroups to examine differences between attitudes towards surrogacy among men and women, medical staff/personnel, students of medical and health studies with students of other disciplines and people with diagnosed infertility.
Who may be able to join
- signed informed consent
- no restrictions to gender
- age ≥ 18
- able to understand and complete the questionnaire in Polish
- country of residence: Poland
Who cannot join
- if at least one of the inclusion criteria is not met
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
The primary aim of the study is to:
- investigate the general attitudes towards surrogacy among Polish population.
The secondary aims of the study are as follows:
- assess the differences in attitudes towards traditional vs. gestational surrogacy among Polish population,
- assess the cognitive concerns about issues related to surrogacy,
- assess the acceptance of surrogate parenthood,
- assess the attitude towards the surrogate mother,
- identify factors that influence the attitudes towards surrogacy,
- examine if there are differences in attitudes among members of the general public, health care professionals, students (health/medical studies vs. non-medical studies) and people with infertility diagnosis.
- Conditions
- Surrogate Mothers
- Keywords
- traditional surrogacy, gestational surrogacy, attitudes, surrogate parenthood
- Medical subject headings
- Behavior
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
General attitudes towards surrogacy.
Attitudes Towards Surrogacy Survey (ATSS) was constructed on the basis of a literature review and other existing questionnaires or surveys. The survey consists of 15 items. The opinion is indicated by using seven-point Likert-type scale (1= strongly disagree, 7= strongly agree). For most items a higher score indicates a more positive attitude towards surrogacy. To prevent acquiescence response bias, 4 items were reversed. Total score was obtained by summing the items, ranging from 15 (minimum negative attitude) to 105 (maximum positive attitude).
Measured: Through study completion, an average of 1 year
Secondary outcomes (5)
Attitudes towards traditional vs. gestational surrogacy
Measured by the Attitudes to Surrogate Parenthood Questionnaire (ASPQ) constructed by Constantinidis D., Roger Cook (2012). The opinion was indicated by using seven-point Likert-type scale (1= strongly disagree, 7= strongly agree). One item included yes/no answer.
Measured: Through study completion, an average of 1 year
The Cognitive Concerns About Issues Related to Surrogacy Scale (CCAIRSS)
Measured by the Attitudes to Surrogate Parenthood Questionnaire (ASPQ) constructed by Constantinidis D., Roger Cook (2012). The Cognitive Concerns About Issues Related to Surrogacy Scale (CCAIRSS) was used in order to examine the level of concerns and different complications associated to traditional and gestational surrogacy. Participants use five-point Likert-type scale to express how much they agree with each statement. Total score was obtained by summing the items, ranging from 15 to 75. High scores reflected smaller surrogacy-related concers and low scores reflected greater surrogacy-related concerns (Constantinidis, Cook, 2012).
Measured: Through study completion, an average of 1 year
Attitudes towards the acceptance of surrogate parenthood
Measured by the Attitudes to Surrogate Parenthood Questionnaire (ASPQ) constructed by Constantinidis D., Roger Cook (2012). The opinion was indicated by using five-point Likert-type scale (1= strongly disagree, 5= strongly agree). Some items included yes/no answer and ranking.
Measured: Through study completion, an average of 1 year
Attitudes towards the surrogate mother
Measured by the Attitudes to Surrogate Parenthood Questionnaire (ASPQ) constructed by Constantinidis D., Roger Cook (2012). The opinion was indicated by using five-point Likert-type scale (1= strongly disagree, 5= strongly agree).
Measured: Through study completion, an average of 1 year
Socio-demographic factors
Measured by the socio-demographic survey designed for the purpose of the study, which capture the following factors: gender, age, place of living, education background, work background, marital status, sexual orientation, religion and diagnosis of infertility.
Measured: Through study completion, an average of 1 year
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted1 Feb 2021
- Study start1 Mar 2022
- Primary completion1 Sep 2023
- Study completion1 Sep 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (2)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Surrogate MothersStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Enrolment
- 500 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Gdansk
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Principal Investigator: Karolina Lutkiewicz, PhD, Sub-Investigator: Łucja Bieleninik, PhD, Sub-Investigator: Mariola Bidzan, Prof
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Karolina Lutkiewicz, University of Gdansk
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04732559
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 46/2020
- Status last verified
- Sep 2023
- First submitted
- 24 Jan 2021
- Last updated
- 28 Sep 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided: The data that support the findings of this study will be available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to their containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants.
Publications
Constantinidis D, Cook R. Australian perspectives on surrogacy: the influence of cognitions, psychological and demographic characteristics. Hum Reprod. 2012 Apr;27(4):1080-7. doi: 10.1093/humrep/der470. Epub 2012 Jan 30.
PubMed 22294557Lutkiewicz K, Bieleninik L, Jurek P, Bidzan M. Attitudes towards surrogacy in the context of socio-demographic determinants: a cross-sectional study. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2026 Jul;44(4):1116-1131. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2025.2513662. Epub 2025 Jun 6.
PubMed 40474789
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 28 Sep 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- General Attitudes Towards Surrogacy in Poland
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04732559
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 46/2020
- Conditions
- Surrogate Mothers
- Keywords
- traditional surrogacy, gestational surrogacy, attitudes, surrogate parenthood
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 500 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of GdanskUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Principal Investigator: Karolina Lutkiewicz, PhD, Sub-Investigator: Łucja Bieleninik, PhD, Sub-Investigator: Mariola Bidzan, Prof
- Study start
- 1 Mar 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Sep 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Sep 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 1 Feb 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The primary aim of the study is to:
- investigate the general attitudes towards surrogacy among Polish population.
The secondary aims of the study are as follows:
- assess the differences in attitudes towards traditional vs. gestational surrogacy among Polish population,
- assess the cognitive concerns about issues related to surrogacy,
- assess the acceptance of surrogate parenthood,
- assess the attitude towards the surrogate mother,
- identify factors that influence the attitudes towards surrogacy,
- examine if there are differences in attitudes among members of the general public, health care professionals, students (health/medical studies vs. non-medical studies) and people with infertility diagnosis.
Study design
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- General population in Poland with the divison to subgroups to examine differences between attitudes towards surrogacy among men and women, medical staff/personnel, students of medical and health studies with students of other disciplines and people with diagnosed infertility.
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- signed informed consent
- no restrictions to gender
- age ≥ 18
- able to understand and complete the questionnaire in Polish
- country of residence: Poland
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- if at least one of the inclusion criteria is not met
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Primary outcome
General attitudes towards surrogacy.
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 1 year
Attitudes Towards Surrogacy Survey (ATSS) was constructed on the basis of a literature review and other existing questionnaires or surveys. The survey consists of 15 items. The opinion is indicated by using seven-point Likert-type scale (1= strongly disagree, 7= strongly agree). For most items a higher score indicates a more positive attitude towards surrogacy. To prevent acquiescence response bias, 4 items were reversed. Total score was obtained by summing the items, ranging from 15 (minimum negative attitude) to 105 (maximum positive attitude).
5 secondary outcomes
Attitudes towards traditional vs. gestational surrogacy
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 1 year
The Cognitive Concerns About Issues Related to Surrogacy Scale (CCAIRSS)
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 1 year
Attitudes towards the acceptance of surrogate parenthood
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 1 year
Attitudes towards the surrogate mother
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 1 year
Socio-demographic factors
Time frame: Through study completion, an average of 1 year
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 28 Sep 2023.
- Background: PubMed 22294557Constantinidis D, Cook R. Australian perspectives on surrogacy: the influence of cognitions, psychological and demographic characteristics. Hum Reprod. 2012 Apr;27(4):1080-7. doi: 10.1093/humrep/der470. Epub 2012 Jan 30.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 40474789Lutkiewicz K, Bieleninik L, Jurek P, Bidzan M. Attitudes towards surrogacy in the context of socio-demographic determinants: a cross-sectional study. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2026 Jul;44(4):1116-1131. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2025.2513662. Epub 2025 Jun 6.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided. The data that support the findings of this study will be available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to their containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Surrogate Mothers, run by University of Gdansk at 1 site in Poland.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 28 Sep 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Poland. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
General attitudes towards surrogacy. (time frame: Through study completion, an average of 1 year). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04732559, which also lists 2 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 28 Sep 2023.