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Patient LyingNCT04803448

Patient Doctor Lies

A study testing Benefit statement, Risk Statement and Privacy Statement in people with Patient Lying and Privacy Statements, run by University of Utah at 1 site in United States.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record
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Trial summary

Accurate patient information disclosure is critical to provide optimal treatment. Methods that can detect and then increase the truthfulness of information are relatively unknown. Read more about this study

Who is it for?
Ages 18 to 80 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
Conditions the study is for
Patient Lying, Privacy Statements, Risk Statements
What is being tested?
Benefit statement, Risk Statement and Privacy Statement
Could I receive a placebo?
No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people
619 participants
Where
1 siteUnited States
Study dates
12 Feb 2020to 19 Apr 2020
Phase
Interventional
Are there results?
None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

  • Ages 18 to 80 years
  • All sexes
  • Healthy volunteers accepted
  • Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

  • Adults
  • Individuals 18-80 years
  • English speaking
  • Live in the United States

Who cannot join

  • Participants that do not complete the survey

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

United States1 site
  • Brigham Young University

    Provo, Utah, 84602

Other trials in United States

About this study

Official title: Patient Doctor Lies: When is Privacy Assurance a Bad Thing? A Randomized Clinical Trial

Accurate patient information disclosure is critical to provide optimal treatment. Methods that can detect and then increase the truthfulness of information are relatively unknown.

To investigate the impact of communication about privacy, benefits, and risk on patient truthfulness, the investigators test two new methods to detect patient truthfulness and demonstrate the effects of privacy notices (e.g. HIPPA statements).

Read more

Participants include a national online sample randomly assigned to one of six treatment statements that might be typically given before health information was requested. The assigned treatments include one or mix of the following: privacy notice, statement of the benefits of accurate disclosure, and statement of the risks of inaccurate disclosure and control of no statement before being asked typical health questions.

The investigators propose that based on elaboration likelihood model, statements reminding participants of their privacy will increase lying.

The investigators hypothesis the use of a new biometric mouse movement lie detection method and answer adjustment can measure patient lies.

The investigators hypothesis that reminders of the risk of not telling the truth will reduce lying due to risk aversion.

Lastly the investigators hypothesis that statements of benefits of answering truthfully will increase truthfulness.

Read the detailed description

After agreeing to an IRB-approved modified consent form designed to hide the true purpose of the study to detect lying, all participants will complete the CESD-10 depression scale. This validated measure of depression was used in order to simulate the false pretense of the experiment.

This online survey randomly assigns participating adults to one of six intervention statements after which they are asked eight typical questions about their health. The statements include:

  1. control (no stimuli)
  2. benefit (statement about the benefits of accurate information disclosure)
  3. risk (statement about the risks of inaccurate information disclosure)
  4. privacy (a traditional medical privacy notification and seal image)
  5. privacy + benefit
  6. privacy + risk After this intervention participants are asked to disclose eight items of personal health information, including their weight, height, alcohol intake, illegal drug use, prescription drug abuse, smoking, exercise, and sexual activity. We do not assess these actual numbers. They will be the basis for assessing truthfulness by answer adjustment or biometric mouse-movement.

An example of an intervention benefit statement followed by a health question about weight reads: "What is your weight? Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis." A risk statement reads: "What is your weight? Inaccurately answering this will increase the likelihood of an incorrect diagnosis." A privacy statement read: "What is your weight? We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."

The dependent variable - patient truthfulness, will be measured in two ways.

  1. First measure of truthfulness will be a biometric mouse-movement measure. As participants answer the health care questions coded programming will measure the mouse-movement arc distance and time to response for biometric lie detection. This measurement is completed when participants move to their response to each health question.
  2. Second measure of truthfulness will be the answer adjustment method. Participants will be given a summary of their answers from their health questions in a read-only format and asked to indicate how OVER of UNDERSTATED each initial response was (e.g., "You indicated that your current weight is 185 lbs. How overstated or understated is that value?") on a scale from -5 (understated) to 5 (overstated). The absolute value of their scaled response represents the extent to which participants' initial response deviated from the truth. This the unit of measure to be used in analysis.
  3. The answer adjustment values and the mouse tracking results provide a more holistic measure of truthfulness than one alone.

No personal identifiers are collected. Age and gender are collected.

Being tested
Benefit statement, Risk Statement, Privacy Statement, Benefit + Privacy, Risk + Privacy
Keywords
patient lies, lie detection, privacy, risk, benefits

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

  • Benefit statementBehavioural

    The participant reads this statement after asked one of eight health questions

    1. What is your height in inches?
    2. What is your weight in pounds?
    3. How many days out of the last 2 weeks did you drink alcohol?
    4. How often a month do you use other substance such as marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy, or other drugs
    5. How often a month do you use Rx or non-Rx medications to excessive amounts?
    6. When was the last time you smoked a cigarette?
    7. How many days in the last 2 weeks did you engage in more than 30 min exercise?
    8. How many times did you engage in sexual activity in the last month with another individual? . The statement reads: Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis.

    An example of this with one of the 8 health questions is... What number of days in the last 2 weeks you engaged in >30 minutes of exercise? Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis.

  • Risk StatementBehavioural

    The participant reads this statement after being asked one of eight health questions.

    The statement reads: Inaccurately answering this will increase the likelihood of an incorrect diagnosis.

  • Privacy StatementBehavioural

    The participant reads this statement after being asked one of eight health question for example. "We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."

  • Benefit + PrivacyBehavioural

    The statement reads "Accurately answering this will increase the likelihood of a correct diagnosis. We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."

  • Risk + PrivacyBehavioural

    The statement reads "Inaccurately answering this will increase the likelihood of an incorrect diagnosis. We will not share or sell this personal health information with anyone. We will comply with all HIPPA regulations regarding the protection of your data."

Study groups in NCT04803448
Study groupRoleWhat they receive
ControlNo interventionNo statement is provided before asking the health care question. Example: What is your weight in pounds?
Benefit StatementExperimentalA statement of benefit will be given (see intervention) after the health question.
Receives: Behavioral: Benefit statement
Risk StatementExperimentalA statement of risk will be given (see intervention) after the health question.
Receives: Behavioral: Risk Statement
Privacy StatementExperimentalA statement of privacy will be given (see intervention) after the health question.
Receives: Behavioral: Privacy Statement
Benefit + Privacy statementExperimentalA statement of benefit and privacy will be given (see intervention) after the health question.
Receives: Behavioral: Benefit + Privacy
Risk + privacy statementExperimentalA statement of risk and privacy will be given (see intervention) after the health question.
Receives: Behavioral: Risk + Privacy

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

  1. Patient truthfulness - biometric mouse-movement distance

    The measure of the distance (mm) the mouse travels to the response.

    Measured: The time frame of data collection will be from when the survey is opened by the participant until it is completed and submitted. This will take 10 - 20 minutes.

  2. Patient truthfulness - biometric mouse-movement time

    The measure of the time (ms) the mouse travels to the response.

    Measured: The time frame of data collection will be from when the survey is opened by the participant until it is completed and submitted. This will take 10 - 20 minutes.

  3. Patient truthfulness Weight - answer adjustment from -5 to 5 for each health question

    Participants will be given a summary of their answers from their health questions in a read-only format and asked to indicate how over- or understated each initial response was (e.g., "You indicated that your current weight is 185 lbs. How overstated or understated is that value?") on a scale from -5 (understated) to 5 (overstated). The absolute value of their response represents the extent to which participants' initial response deviated from the truth. Participant's actual response to the health questions are NOT an outcome measure but rather how much they adjust their answer on a scale of (-5 to +5).

    Measured: The time frame of data collection will be from when the survey is opened by the participant until it is completed and submitted. This will take 10 - 20 minutes.

  4. Patient truthfulness Height - answer adjustment from -5 to 5 for each health question

    Participant will be shown a summary of their answer from their health question (What is your height in inches) and then respond to how much they under represented the information (-5) to being accurate (0) to overstated the information (+5). Participant response will be on a sliding scale -5 to +5

    Measured: The time frame of data collection will be from when the survey is opened by the participant until it is completed and submitted. This will take 10 - 20 minutes.

  5. Patient truthfulness Drink Alcohol - answer adjustment from -5 to 5 for each health question

    Participant will be shown a summary of their answer from their health question (How many days out of the last 2 weeks did you drink alcohol? (1 = 0 time; 6 = 13-14 times)) and then respond to how much they under represented the information (-5) to being accurate (0) to overstated the information (+5). Participant response will be on a sliding scale -5 to +5

    Measured: The time frame of data collection will be from when the survey is opened by the participant until it is completed and submitted. This will take 10 - 20 minutes.

  6. Patient truthfulness Drug Activity - answer adjustment from -5 to 5 for each health question

    Participant will be shown a summary of their answer from their health question (How often a month do you use other substance such as marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy, or other drugs (1 = never; 6 = all the time)) and then respond to how much they under represented the information (-5) to being accurate (0) to overstated the information (+5). Participant response will be on a sliding scale -5 to +5

    Measured: The time frame of data collection will be from when the survey is opened by the participant until it is completed and submitted. This will take 10 - 20 minutes.

  7. Patient truthfulness Prescription Use - answer adjustment from -5 to 5 for each health question

    Participant will be shown a summary of their answer from their health question (How often a month do you use Rx or non-Rx medications to excessive amounts? (1 = never; 6 = all the time)) and then respond to how much they under represented the information (-5) to being accurate (0) to overstated the information (+5). Participant response will be on a sliding scale -5 to +5

    Measured: The time frame of data collection will be from when the survey is opened by the participant until it is completed and submitted. This will take 10 - 20 minutes.

  8. Patient truthfulness Cigarette Smoking- answer adjustment from -5 to 5 for each health question

    Participant will be shown a summary of their answer from their health question (When was the last time you smoked a cigarette? (1 = 6+ weeks ago to 6 = today)) and then respond to how much they under represented the information (-5) to being accurate (0) to overstated the information (+5). Participant response will be on a sliding scale -5 to +5

    Measured: The time frame of data collection will be from when the survey is opened by the participant until it is completed and submitted. This will take 10 - 20 minutes.

  9. Patient truthfulness Exercise Activity- answer adjustment from -5 to 5 for each health question

    Participant will be shown a summary of their answer from their health question (How many days in the last 2 weeks did you engage in more than 30 min exercise? (1 = 13-14 times; 6 = 0 times)) and then respond to how much they under represented the information (-5) to being accurate (0) to overstated the information (+5). Participant response will be on a sliding scale -5 to +5

    Measured: The time frame of data collection will be from when the survey is opened by the participant until it is completed and submitted. This will take 10 - 20 minutes.

  10. Patient truthfulness Sexual Activity - answer adjustment from -5 to 5 for each health question

    Participant will be shown a summary of their answer from their health question (How many times did you engage in sexual activity in the last month with another individual? (1 = 0; 6 = 20+ times)) and then respond to how much they under represented the information (-5) to being accurate (0) to overstated the information (+5). Participant response will be on a sliding scale -5 to +5

    Measured: The time frame of data collection will be from when the survey is opened by the participant until it is completed and submitted. This will take 10 - 20 minutes.

Secondary outcomes (1)
  1. Gender

    Participants will record their gender they identify with - Male or Female

    Measured: The time frame of data collection will be from when the survey is opened by the participant until it is completed and submitted. This will take 10 - 20 minutes.

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

  1. First posted17 Mar 2021
  2. Study start12 Feb 2020
  3. Primary completion19 Apr 2020
  4. Study completion19 Apr 2020

Resources

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design
Study type
Interventional
Phase
Phase N/A
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Randomised
Intervention model
Parallel groups
Model description
Participants are randomly assigned one of 1 intervention statements and then asked health care questions. This is a between subject 6 cell study, the dependent variable is the amount of lying as measured by answer adjustment and biometric mouse-movement under each intervention statement.
Masking
Single blind
Who is masked
Participant
Enrolment
619 participants (actual)
IDs, dates and publications
ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT04803448
Sponsor's protocol ID
19-059
Status last verified
Mar 2021
First submitted
4 Mar 2021
Last updated
17 Mar 2021
Results posted
No
Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
Individual data sharing
No: The IRB does not allow for sharing of individual participant data

Publications

  • Levy AG, Scherer AM, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Larkin K, Barnes GD, Fagerlin A. Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Patient Nondisclosure of Medically Relevant Information to Clinicians. JAMA Netw Open. 2018 Nov 2;1(7):e185293. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5293.

    PubMed 30646397
  • Jerrold L. Litigation, legislation, and ethics. When patients lie to their doctors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Mar;139(3):417-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.09.004. No abstract available.

    PubMed 21392699
  • Petty RE, Cacioppo JT. The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 1986;19:123-205

  • Lowry PB, Moody G, Vance A, Jensen M, Jenkins J, Wells T. Using an elaboration likelihood approach to better understand the persuasiveness of website privacy assurance cues for online consumers. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 2012;63(4):755-776

  • Buhrmester M, Kwang T, Gosling SD. Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, Yet High-Quality, Data? Perspect Psychol Sci. 2011 Jan;6(1):3-5. doi: 10.1177/1745691610393980. Epub 2011 Feb 3.

    PubMed 26162106
  • Kahneman D, Tversky A. Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica. 1979;47(2):263-291

  • Jenkins JL, Proudfoot J, Valacich J, Grimes GM, Nunamaker Jr JF. Sleight of hand: identifying concealed information by monitoring mouse-cursor movements. Journal of the Association for Information Systems. 2019;20(1):1-32

  • Keith MJ, Thompson SC, Hale J, Lowry PB, Greer C. Information disclosure on mobile devices: re-examining privacy calculus with actual user behavior. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 2013;71(12):1163-1173

  • DePaulo BM, Kashy DA, Kirkendol SE, Wyer MM, Epstein JA. Lying in everyday life. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996 May;70(5):979-95.

    PubMed 8656340
  • Argo JJ, White K, Dahl DW. Social comparison theory and deception in the interpersonal exchange of consumption information. Journal of Consumer Research. 2006;33(1):99-108

  • Marchewka A, Jednorog K, Falkiewicz M, Szeszkowski W, Grabowska A, Szatkowska I. Sex, lies and fMRI--gender differences in neural basis of deception. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43076. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043076. Epub 2012 Aug 29.

    PubMed 22952631

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

A study testing Benefit statement, Risk Statement and Privacy Statement in people with Patient Lying and Privacy Statements, run by University of Utah at 1 site in United States.

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 17 Mar 2021. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

Patient truthfulness - biometric mouse-movement distance (time frame: The time frame of data collection will be from when the survey is opened by the participant until it is completed and submitted. This will take 10 - 20 minutes.). The study lists 10 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04803448, which also lists 11 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 17 Mar 2021.

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