Core Exercises TrainingPTRecoveryNCT04847427
Recovery Kinetics After Different Power Training Protocols (PTRecovery)
A study testing Core exercises training, Structural exercises training and Accentuated eccentric exercises training in people with Core Exercises Training and Structural Exercises Training, run by University of Thessaly at 1 site in Greece.
Trial summary
Muscle power is one of the most important parameters in almost every athletic action, expressing the ability of the human muscle to produce great amounts of force with the greatest possible speed. For enhancing their muscle power, athletes comprise several resistance training programs as part of their training. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 30 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Core Exercises Training, Structural Exercises Training, Accentuated Eccentric Exercises Training
- What is being tested?
- Core exercises training, Structural exercises training and Accentuated eccentric exercises training
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 10 participants
- Where
- 1 siteGreece
- Study dates
- 20 Apr 2021to 30 Nov 2021
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 30 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- At least 1 year experience in strength exercises
- Absense of musculoskeletal injuries (≥ 6 months)
- Abstence from use of ergogenic supplements or other drugs (≥ 1 month)
- Abstence from participation at exercise with eccentric component (≥ 3 days)
- Abstence from alcohol and energy drings consumption before each experimental trial
Who cannot join
- Less than 1 year experience in strength exercises
- Musculoskeletal injuries (≤ 6 months)
- Use of ergogenic supplements or other drugs (≤ 1 month)
- Participation at exercise with eccentric component (≤ 3 days)
- Alcohol and energy drings consumption before the experimental trials
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Recovery Kinetics of Muscle Performance, Muscle Damage and Neuromuscular Fatigue After Different Protocols of Power Training
Muscle power is one of the most important parameters in almost every athletic action, expressing the ability of the human muscle to produce great amounts of force with the greatest possible speed. For enhancing their muscle power, athletes comprise several resistance training programs as part of their training. However, muscle power training comprises of eccentric muscle actions, which, especially when unaccustomed, can lead to exercise-induced muscle damage and deterioration of muscle performance. Nevertheless, despite the fact that muscle power training comprises eccentric muscle actions, and consequently can lead to muscle injury and muscle performance reduction during the following days, the recovery kinetics after acute muscle power training have not been adequately studied. However, information regarding the recovery of the muscles after a power training protocol, is critical for the correct design of a training microcycle, and the reduction of injury risk. The aim of the present study is to investigate the muscle injury provoked after acute muscle power training using three different power training exercise protocols. Additionally, the effect of these protocols on muscle performance and neuromuscular fatigue indices will be examined.
Read the detailed description
Muscle power is one of the most important parameters in almost every athletic action, and expresses the ability of the human muscle to produce great amounts of force with the greatest possible speed. Thus, muscle power is critical for high performance in athletic actions such as jumping, throwing, change of direction and sprinting. For enhancing their muscle power, athletes comprise several resistance training programs as part of their training. Core exercises as well as Olympic lifting has been used in muscle power training. The loads that are applied regarding the accomplishment of the most favorable power production are varying. Training load of 0% 1RM has been reported to favor power production at the countermovement squat jump, while loads of 56% 1RM and 80% 1RM, favored the power production at squat and clean, respectively. In the recent years, accentuated eccentric training has been proposed as a new training method for the enhancement of muscle power. This method emphasizes in the eccentric component of the muscle contraction, and there is evidence supporting the greater production of muscle force after accentuated eccentric training compared with the typical resistance exercise training method. Taking the above into consideration, muscle power training comprises of eccentric muscle actions, and the magnitude of the eccentric component depends on the emphasis that is given on the concentric or eccentric action, respectively, of the muscles during the exercises. However, eccentric muscle action, especially when unaccustomed, can lead to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Although concentric and isometric exercise may also lead to muscle injury, the amount of damage after eccentric muscle contractions is greater. EIMD, amongst others, is accompanied by increased levels of creatine kinase (CK) into the circulation, increased delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), reduction of force production, reduction of agility and speed. Despite the fact that muscle power training comprises eccentric muscle actions and consequently can lead to muscle injury and muscle performance reduction during the following days, the recovery kinetics after acute muscle power training protocols have not been adequately studied. However, information regarding the recovery of the muscles after a power training protocol is critical for the correct design of a training microcycle, and the reduction of injury risk.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the muscle injury provoked after acute muscle power training using three different power training exercise protocols. Additionally, the effect of these protocols on muscle performance and neuromuscular fatigue indices will be examined.
According to a preliminary power analysis, a number of 8 - 10 participants is needed for significant differences to be observed at the variables that will be examined (α = 0.90). Thus, 10 participants will be included at the present study.
The study will be performed in a randomized, cross over, repeated measures design. During their 1st - 4th visit, all participants will sign an informed consent (1st visit) after they will be informed about all the benefits and risks of the study and they will fill and sign a medical history form. Participants will be instructed by a dietitian how to record a 7-days diet recall to ensure that they do not consume in greater extent nutrients that may affect EIMD and fatigue (e.g. antioxidants, amino acids, etc.) and to ensure that the energy intake during the trials will be the same. Subsequently, participants will have to be familiarized with the exercises that will be used during the three power training protocols, as well as with the measurements that will be used for the evaluation of performance indices.
During the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th visit, baseline assessments will be performed. Fasting blood samples will be collected in order to estimate muscle damage concentration markers. Assessment of body mass and body height, body composition, and aerobic capacity (VO2max), will be performed. Squat jump and countermovement jump will be performed on a force platform to assess jump height, ground reaction force, peak and mean power, vertical stiffness and peak rate of force development; at the same time, peak and mean normalized EMG during the concentric phase of the squat jump, and during eccentric and concentric phases of the counter movement jump, for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and gluteus maximum muscles will be assessed. The peak concentric, eccentric and isometric isokinetic torque of the knee flexors and knee extensors, in both limbs will be evaluated on an isokinetic dynamometer at 60°/sec. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensors at 65° in both limbs, as well as the fatigue rate during MVIC through the percent drop of peak torque between the first and the last three seconds of a 10-sec MVIC.
During their 9th visit, participants will be randomly assigned into one of the four different conditions of the study design: a) Core exercises protocol, b) Structural exercises protocol, c) Accentuated eccentric load exercises protocol, d) Control Condition. Prior to each experimental protocol, assessment of DOMS in the knee flexors and knee extensors of both limbs, as well as blood lactate assessment will be performed. Field activity will be continuously recorded during the sprint training protocols using global positioning system (GPS) technology. Heart rate will be continuously recorded during the sprint training protocols using heart rate monitors. Additionally, DOMS of knee flexors and knee extensors, peak concentric, eccentric and isometric isokinetic torque, squat and countermovement jump height, as well as ground reaction force, peak and mean power, vertical stiffness and peak rate of force development during squat and countermovement jump, alongside with peak and mean normalized EMG during the concentric phase of the squat jump, and during eccentric and concentric phases of the counter movement jump, for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and gluteus maximum muscles will be assessed immediately after, 24h, 48h and 72h after the end of the trial. MVIC of the knee extensors of both limbs, as well as the fatigue rate during MVIC will also be assessed at 1h, 2h and 3h, as well as 24h, 48h, and 72h (10th, 11th and 12th visit) after the end of the trial. Blood lactate will also be assessed at 4 min, while creatine kinase at 24h, 48h, and 72h after the end of the trial. The exact same procedure (13rd - 16th visit, 17th - 20th visit, 22nd - 24th visit) will be repeated for the remaining three conditions. A 7-day wash out period will be mediated between trials.
- Conditions
- Core Exercises Training, Structural Exercises Training, Accentuated Eccentric Exercises Training, Control Condition
- Being tested
- Core exercises training, Structural exercises training, Accentuated eccentric exercises training, Control trial
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Core exercises trainingOther
Participants will perform:
- Squats, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM
- Deadlifts, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM
- Lunges, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM
- Step ups, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM
Structural exercises trainingOther
Participants will perform:
- Snatch, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM
- Hang clean, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM
- Push jerk, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM
- Split push jerk, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM
Accentuated eccentric exercises trainingOther
Participants will perform:
- Deadlifts - squat jump, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 30% body mass (BM)
- Step down - squat jump, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 30% BM
- Step down - lunges, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 30% BM
- Bulgarian squat jumps, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 30% BM
Control trialOther
Participants will perform all the measurements that are comprised in the experimental conditions without performing any exercise protocol
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Core exercises training | Experimental | Participants will perform 4 core exercises Receives: Other: Core exercises training |
| Structural exercises training | Experimental | Participants will perform 4 structural (Olympic lifting) exercises Receives: Other: Structural exercises training |
| Accentuated eccentric exercises training | Experimental | Participants will perform 4 exercises with eccentric loading Receives: Other: Accentuated eccentric exercises training |
| Control trial | Experimental | Participants will perform all the measurements that are comprised in the experimental conditions without performing any exercise protocol Receives: Other: Control trial |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in CK in blood
Creatine kinase will be measured in plasma using a biochemical analyzer
Measured: Baseline (pre), 4 minutes post-, 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) in the knee flexors (KF) and extensors (KE) of both limbs
Participants will perform three repetitions of a full squat movement, and rate their soreness level in knee flexors and extensors on a visual analog scale from 1 to 10 (VAS, with "no pain" at one end and "extremely sore" at the other), using palpation of the belly and the distal region of relaxed knee extensors and flexors.
Measured: Baseline (pre), 4 minutes post-, 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in blood lactate
Blood lactate will be measured in capillary blood with a hand-portable analyzer
Measured: Baseline (pre), 4 minutes post-trial
Change in squat jump height
Squat jump height will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate, yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in ground reaction force (GRF) during squat jump test
GRFwill be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate, yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in peak power during squat jump test
Peak power will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate, yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in mean power during squat jump test
Mean power will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate, yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in vertical stifness during squat jump test
Vertical stifness will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate, yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in peak normalized EMG during the concentric phase of the squat jump test
Electromyography data will be collected wirelessly at 2000Hz using a Myon MA-320 EMG system (Myon AG, Schwarzenberg, Switzerland) for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and gluteus maximum muscles.
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in mean normalized EMG during the concentric phase of the squat jump test
Electromyography data will be collected wirelessly at 2000Hz using a Myon MA-320 EMG system (Myon AG, Schwarzenberg, Switzerland) for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and gluteus maximum muscles.
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in countermovement jump height
Countermovement jump height will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in ground reaction force (GRF) during countermovement jump test
Ground reaction force will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in peak power during countermovement jump test
Peak power will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Measured: Baseline (pre), post-, 24h post-, 48h post-, 72h post-trial
Change in mean power during countermovement jump test
Mean power will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in vertical stifness during countermovement jump test
Vertical stifness will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in peak rate of force development during countermovement jump test
Vertical stifness will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in peak normalized EMG during the eccentric and concentric phases of the countermovement jump test
Electromyography data will be collected wirelessly at 2000Hz using a Myon MA-320 EMG system (Myon AG, Schwarzenberg, Switzerland) for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and gluteus maximum muscles.
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in mean normalized EMG during the eccentric and concentric phases of the countermovement jump test
Electromyography data will be collected wirelessly at 2000Hz using a Myon MA-320 EMG system (Myon AG, Schwarzenberg, Switzerland) for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and gluteus maximum muscles.
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in concentric peak torque
Concentric peak torque will be measured on an isokinetic dynamometer
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in eccentric peak torque
Eccentric peak torque will be measured on an isokinetic dynamometer
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in isometric peak torque
Eccentric peak torque will be measured on an isokinetic dynamometer
Measured: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) during 10 seconds
MVIC will be measured on an isokinetic dynamometer
Measured: Baseline (pre), 1 hour post-, 2 hours post-, 3 hours post-, 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Change in fatigue rate during maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)
Fatigue rate during MVIC will be estimated through the percent drop of peak torque between the first and the last three seconds of a 10-second maximal isometric contaction
Measured: Baseline (pre), 1 hour post-, 2 hours post-, 3 hours post-, 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Differences in field activity between the three different power training protocols
Field activity will be continuously recorded during the power training protocols using global positioning system (GPS) technology
Measured: During each power training protocol
Change in heart rate between the three different power training protocols
Heart rate will be continuously recorded during during the power training protocols using heart rate monitors
Measured: During each power training protocol
Secondary outcomes (7)
Body weight
Body weight will be measured on a beam balance/stadiometer
Measured: Baseline
Body height
Body height will be measured on a beam balance/stadiometer
Measured: Baseline
Body mass index (BMI)
BMI will be calculated from the ratio of body mass/ body height squared
Measured: Baseline
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)
Maximal oxygen consumption will be measured by open circuit spirometry via breath by breath method
Measured: Baseline
Body fat
Body fat will be measured by using Dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry
Measured: Baseline
Lean body mass
Lean body mass will be measured by using Dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry
Measured: Baseline
Dietary intake
Dietary intake will be assessed using 7-day diet recalls
Measured: Baseline
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted19 Apr 2021
- Study start20 Apr 2021
- Primary completion30 Nov 2021
- Study completion30 Nov 2021
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (7)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Core Exercises TrainingStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Screening
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 10 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Thessaly
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Chariklia K. Deli, University of Thessaly
- Investigators
- Chariklia K Deli, PhD, Principal investigator, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04847427
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Power training - Recovery
- Acronym
- PTRecovery
- Status last verified
- Feb 2022
- First submitted
- 10 Feb 2021
- Last updated
- 18 Feb 2022
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Clarkson PM, Byrnes WC, McCormick KM, Turcotte LP, White JS. Muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase activity following isometric, eccentric, and concentric exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1986 Jun;7(3):152-5. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1025753.
PubMed 3733311Deli CK, Fatouros IG, Paschalis V, Georgakouli K, Zalavras A, Avloniti A, Koutedakis Y, Jamurtas AZ. A Comparison of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Following Maximal Eccentric Contractions in Men and Boys. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2017 Aug;29(3):316-325. doi: 10.1123/pes.2016-0185. Epub 2017 Feb 6.
PubMed 28165870Kyrolainen H, Avela J, McBride JM, Koskinen S, Andersen JL, Sipila S, Takala TE, Komi PV. Effects of power training on muscle structure and neuromuscular performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005 Feb;15(1):58-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00390.x.
PubMed 15679573Ispirlidis I, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ, Nikolaidis MG, Michailidis I, Douroudos I, Margonis K, Chatzinikolaou A, Kalistratos E, Katrabasas I, Alexiou V, Taxildaris K. Time-course of changes in inflammatory and performance responses following a soccer game. Clin J Sport Med. 2008 Sep;18(5):423-31. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181818e0b.
PubMed 18806550Hughes JD, Massiah RG, Clarke RD. The Potentiating Effect of an Accentuated Eccentric Load on Countermovement Jump Performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2016 Dec;30(12):3450-3455. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001455.
PubMed 27100315Cormie P, McCaulley GO, Triplett NT, McBride JM. Optimal loading for maximal power output during lower-body resistance exercises. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Feb;39(2):340-9. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000246993.71599.bf.
PubMed 17277599Walker S, Blazevich AJ, Haff GG, Tufano JJ, Newton RU, Hakkinen K. Greater Strength Gains after Training with Accentuated Eccentric than Traditional Isoinertial Loads in Already Strength-Trained Men. Front Physiol. 2016 Apr 27;7:149. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00149. eCollection 2016.
PubMed 27199764
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 18 Feb 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Recovery Kinetics of Muscle Performance, Muscle Damage and Neuromuscular Fatigue After Different Protocols of Power Training
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04847427
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- PTRecovery / Power training - Recovery
- Conditions
- Core Exercises Training, Structural Exercises Training, Accentuated Eccentric Exercises Training, Control Condition
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 10 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of ThessalyUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 20 Apr 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Nov 2021 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Nov 2021 (actual)
- First posted
- 19 Apr 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Muscle power is one of the most important parameters in almost every athletic action, expressing the ability of the human muscle to produce great amounts of force with the greatest possible speed. For enhancing their muscle power, athletes comprise several resistance training programs as part of their training. However, muscle power training comprises of eccentric muscle actions, which, especially when unaccustomed, can lead to exercise-induced muscle damage and deterioration of muscle performance. Nevertheless, despite the fact that muscle power training comprises eccentric muscle actions, and consequently can lead to muscle injury and muscle performance reduction during the following days, the recovery kinetics after acute muscle power training have not been adequately studied. However, information regarding the recovery of the muscles after a power training protocol, is critical for the correct design of a training microcycle, and the reduction of injury risk. The aim of the present study is to investigate the muscle injury provoked after acute muscle power training using three different power training exercise protocols. Additionally, the effect of these protocols on muscle performance and neuromuscular fatigue indices will be examined.
Detailed description
Muscle power is one of the most important parameters in almost every athletic action, and expresses the ability of the human muscle to produce great amounts of force with the greatest possible speed. Thus, muscle power is critical for high performance in athletic actions such as jumping, throwing, change of direction and sprinting. For enhancing their muscle power, athletes comprise several resistance training programs as part of their training. Core exercises as well as Olympic lifting has been used in muscle power training. The loads that are applied regarding the accomplishment of the most favorable power production are varying. Training load of 0% 1RM has been reported to favor power production at the countermovement squat jump, while loads of 56% 1RM and 80% 1RM, favored the power production at squat and clean, respectively. In the recent years, accentuated eccentric training has been proposed as a new training method for the enhancement of muscle power. This method emphasizes in the eccentric component of the muscle contraction, and there is evidence supporting the greater production of muscle force after accentuated eccentric training compared with the typical resistance exercise training method. Taking the above into consideration, muscle power training comprises of eccentric muscle actions, and the magnitude of the eccentric component depends on the emphasis that is given on the concentric or eccentric action, respectively, of the muscles during the exercises. However, eccentric muscle action, especially when unaccustomed, can lead to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Although concentric and isometric exercise may also lead to muscle injury, the amount of damage after eccentric muscle contractions is greater. EIMD, amongst others, is accompanied by increased levels of creatine kinase (CK) into the circulation, increased delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), reduction of force production, reduction of agility and speed. Despite the fact that muscle power training comprises eccentric muscle actions and consequently can lead to muscle injury and muscle performance reduction during the following days, the recovery kinetics after acute muscle power training protocols have not been adequately studied. However, information regarding the recovery of the muscles after a power training protocol is critical for the correct design of a training microcycle, and the reduction of injury risk.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the muscle injury provoked after acute muscle power training using three different power training exercise protocols. Additionally, the effect of these protocols on muscle performance and neuromuscular fatigue indices will be examined.
According to a preliminary power analysis, a number of 8 - 10 participants is needed for significant differences to be observed at the variables that will be examined (α = 0.90). Thus, 10 participants will be included at the present study.
The study will be performed in a randomized, cross over, repeated measures design. During their 1st - 4th visit, all participants will sign an informed consent (1st visit) after they will be informed about all the benefits and risks of the study and they will fill and sign a medical history form. Participants will be instructed by a dietitian how to record a 7-days diet recall to ensure that they do not consume in greater extent nutrients that may affect EIMD and fatigue (e.g. antioxidants, amino acids, etc.) and to ensure that the energy intake during the trials will be the same. Subsequently, participants will have to be familiarized with the exercises that will be used during the three power training protocols, as well as with the measurements that will be used for the evaluation of performance indices.
During the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th visit, baseline assessments will be performed. Fasting blood samples will be collected in order to estimate muscle damage concentration markers. Assessment of body mass and body height, body composition, and aerobic capacity (VO2max), will be performed. Squat jump and countermovement jump will be performed on a force platform to assess jump height, ground reaction force, peak and mean power, vertical stiffness and peak rate of force development; at the same time, peak and mean normalized EMG during the concentric phase of the squat jump, and during eccentric and concentric phases of the counter movement jump, for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and gluteus maximum muscles will be assessed. The peak concentric, eccentric and isometric isokinetic torque of the knee flexors and knee extensors, in both limbs will be evaluated on an isokinetic dynamometer at 60°/sec. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensors at 65° in both limbs, as well as the fatigue rate during MVIC through the percent drop of peak torque between the first and the last three seconds of a 10-sec MVIC.
During their 9th visit, participants will be randomly assigned into one of the four different conditions of the study design: a) Core exercises protocol, b) Structural exercises protocol, c) Accentuated eccentric load exercises protocol, d) Control Condition. Prior to each experimental protocol, assessment of DOMS in the knee flexors and knee extensors of both limbs, as well as blood lactate assessment will be performed. Field activity will be continuously recorded during the sprint training protocols using global positioning system (GPS) technology. Heart rate will be continuously recorded during the sprint training protocols using heart rate monitors. Additionally, DOMS of knee flexors and knee extensors, peak concentric, eccentric and isometric isokinetic torque, squat and countermovement jump height, as well as ground reaction force, peak and mean power, vertical stiffness and peak rate of force development during squat and countermovement jump, alongside with peak and mean normalized EMG during the concentric phase of the squat jump, and during eccentric and concentric phases of the counter movement jump, for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and gluteus maximum muscles will be assessed immediately after, 24h, 48h and 72h after the end of the trial. MVIC of the knee extensors of both limbs, as well as the fatigue rate during MVIC will also be assessed at 1h, 2h and 3h, as well as 24h, 48h, and 72h (10th, 11th and 12th visit) after the end of the trial. Blood lactate will also be assessed at 4 min, while creatine kinase at 24h, 48h, and 72h after the end of the trial. The exact same procedure (13rd - 16th visit, 17th - 20th visit, 22nd - 24th visit) will be repeated for the remaining three conditions. A 7-day wash out period will be mediated between trials.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Screening
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 4
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Core exercises training | Experimental | Other: Core exercises trainingParticipants will perform 4 core exercises |
| Structural exercises training | Experimental | Other: Structural exercises trainingParticipants will perform 4 structural (Olympic lifting) exercises |
| Accentuated eccentric exercises training | Experimental | Other: Accentuated eccentric exercises trainingParticipants will perform 4 exercises with eccentric loading |
| Control trial | Experimental | Other: Control trialParticipants will perform all the measurements that are comprised in the experimental conditions without performing any exercise protocol |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 30 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- At least 1 year experience in strength exercises
- Absense of musculoskeletal injuries (≥ 6 months)
- Abstence from use of ergogenic supplements or other drugs (≥ 1 month)
- Abstence from participation at exercise with eccentric component (≥ 3 days)
- Abstence from alcohol and energy drings consumption before each experimental trial
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Less than 1 year experience in strength exercises
- Musculoskeletal injuries (≤ 6 months)
- Use of ergogenic supplements or other drugs (≤ 1 month)
- Participation at exercise with eccentric component (≤ 3 days)
- Alcohol and energy drings consumption before the experimental trials
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Core exercises trainingParticipants will perform: 1. Squats, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM 2. Deadlifts, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM 3. Lunges, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM 4. Step ups, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM | Other | Core exercises training |
| Structural exercises trainingParticipants will perform: 1. Snatch, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM 2. Hang clean, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM 3. Push jerk, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM 4. Split push jerk, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 60% 1RM | Other | Structural exercises training |
| Accentuated eccentric exercises trainingParticipants will perform: 1. Deadlifts - squat jump, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 30% body mass (BM) 2. Step down - squat jump, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 30% BM 3. Step down - lunges, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 30% BM 4. Bulgarian squat jumps, 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 30% BM | Other | Accentuated eccentric exercises training |
| Control trialParticipants will perform all the measurements that are comprised in the experimental conditions without performing any exercise protocol | Other | Control trial |
Primary outcome
Change in CK in blood
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 4 minutes post-, 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Creatine kinase will be measured in plasma using a biochemical analyzer
Change in delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) in the knee flexors (KF) and extensors (KE) of both limbs
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 4 minutes post-, 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Participants will perform three repetitions of a full squat movement, and rate their soreness level in knee flexors and extensors on a visual analog scale from 1 to 10 (VAS, with "no pain" at one end and "extremely sore" at the other), using palpation of the belly and the distal region of relaxed knee extensors and flexors.
Change in blood lactate
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 4 minutes post-trial
Blood lactate will be measured in capillary blood with a hand-portable analyzer
Change in squat jump height
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Squat jump height will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate, yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Change in ground reaction force (GRF) during squat jump test
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
GRFwill be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate, yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Change in peak power during squat jump test
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Peak power will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate, yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Change in mean power during squat jump test
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Mean power will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate, yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Change in vertical stifness during squat jump test
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Vertical stifness will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate, yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Change in peak normalized EMG during the concentric phase of the squat jump test
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Electromyography data will be collected wirelessly at 2000Hz using a Myon MA-320 EMG system (Myon AG, Schwarzenberg, Switzerland) for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and gluteus maximum muscles.
Change in mean normalized EMG during the concentric phase of the squat jump test
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Electromyography data will be collected wirelessly at 2000Hz using a Myon MA-320 EMG system (Myon AG, Schwarzenberg, Switzerland) for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and gluteus maximum muscles.
Change in countermovement jump height
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Countermovement jump height will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Change in ground reaction force (GRF) during countermovement jump test
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Ground reaction force will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Change in peak power during countermovement jump test
Time frame: Baseline (pre), post-, 24h post-, 48h post-, 72h post-trial
Peak power will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Change in mean power during countermovement jump test
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Mean power will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Change in vertical stifness during countermovement jump test
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Vertical stifness will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Change in peak rate of force development during countermovement jump test
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Vertical stifness will be measured using two force platforms at 1000Hz, with each foot in parallel on the two platforms providing a seperate yet time-synchronized measurement of the jump height for each leg
Change in peak normalized EMG during the eccentric and concentric phases of the countermovement jump test
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Electromyography data will be collected wirelessly at 2000Hz using a Myon MA-320 EMG system (Myon AG, Schwarzenberg, Switzerland) for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and gluteus maximum muscles.
Change in mean normalized EMG during the eccentric and concentric phases of the countermovement jump test
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Electromyography data will be collected wirelessly at 2000Hz using a Myon MA-320 EMG system (Myon AG, Schwarzenberg, Switzerland) for the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and gluteus maximum muscles.
Change in concentric peak torque
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Concentric peak torque will be measured on an isokinetic dynamometer
Change in eccentric peak torque
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Eccentric peak torque will be measured on an isokinetic dynamometer
Change in isometric peak torque
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Eccentric peak torque will be measured on an isokinetic dynamometer
Change in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) during 10 seconds
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 1 hour post-, 2 hours post-, 3 hours post-, 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
MVIC will be measured on an isokinetic dynamometer
Change in fatigue rate during maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)
Time frame: Baseline (pre), 1 hour post-, 2 hours post-, 3 hours post-, 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial
Fatigue rate during MVIC will be estimated through the percent drop of peak torque between the first and the last three seconds of a 10-second maximal isometric contaction
Differences in field activity between the three different power training protocols
Time frame: During each power training protocol
Field activity will be continuously recorded during the power training protocols using global positioning system (GPS) technology
Change in heart rate between the three different power training protocols
Time frame: During each power training protocol
Heart rate will be continuously recorded during during the power training protocols using heart rate monitors
7 secondary outcomes
Body weight
Time frame: Baseline
Body height
Time frame: Baseline
Body mass index (BMI)
Time frame: Baseline
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)
Time frame: Baseline
Body fat
Time frame: Baseline
Lean body mass
Time frame: Baseline
Dietary intake
Time frame: Baseline
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 18 Feb 2022.
- Background: PubMed 3733311Clarkson PM, Byrnes WC, McCormick KM, Turcotte LP, White JS. Muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase activity following isometric, eccentric, and concentric exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1986 Jun;7(3):152-5. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1025753.
- Background: PubMed 28165870Deli CK, Fatouros IG, Paschalis V, Georgakouli K, Zalavras A, Avloniti A, Koutedakis Y, Jamurtas AZ. A Comparison of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Following Maximal Eccentric Contractions in Men and Boys. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2017 Aug;29(3):316-325. doi: 10.1123/pes.2016-0185. Epub 2017 Feb 6.
- Background: PubMed 15679573Kyrolainen H, Avela J, McBride JM, Koskinen S, Andersen JL, Sipila S, Takala TE, Komi PV. Effects of power training on muscle structure and neuromuscular performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005 Feb;15(1):58-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00390.x.
- Background: PubMed 18806550Ispirlidis I, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ, Nikolaidis MG, Michailidis I, Douroudos I, Margonis K, Chatzinikolaou A, Kalistratos E, Katrabasas I, Alexiou V, Taxildaris K. Time-course of changes in inflammatory and performance responses following a soccer game. Clin J Sport Med. 2008 Sep;18(5):423-31. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181818e0b.
- Background: PubMed 27100315Hughes JD, Massiah RG, Clarke RD. The Potentiating Effect of an Accentuated Eccentric Load on Countermovement Jump Performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2016 Dec;30(12):3450-3455. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001455.
- Background: PubMed 17277599Cormie P, McCaulley GO, Triplett NT, McBride JM. Optimal loading for maximal power output during lower-body resistance exercises. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Feb;39(2):340-9. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000246993.71599.bf.
- Background: PubMed 27199764Walker S, Blazevich AJ, Haff GG, Tufano JJ, Newton RU, Hakkinen K. Greater Strength Gains after Training with Accentuated Eccentric than Traditional Isoinertial Loads in Already Strength-Trained Men. Front Physiol. 2016 Apr 27;7:149. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00149. eCollection 2016.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Chariklia K Deli, PhD principal investigator
Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Core exercises training, Structural exercises training and Accentuated eccentric exercises training in people with Core Exercises Training and Structural Exercises Training, run by University of Thessaly at 1 site in Greece.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 Feb 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Greece. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in CK in blood (time frame: Baseline (pre), 4 minutes post-, 24 hours post-, 48 hours post-, 72 hours post-trial). The study lists 25 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04847427, which also lists 7 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 Feb 2022.