Pain ManagementNCT04866784
TENS for Testicular Pain (ICO): A Randomized Controlled Trial
A study testing Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in people with Pain Management, run by Jennifer E. Lee at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Idiopathic Chronic Orchialgia (i.e., testicular pain) is a challenging condition to treat, with unresolved testicular pain leading to distress, diminished activities of daily living and decreased quality of life. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 99 years, men onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Pain Management
- What is being tested?
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
- Type of treatment
- Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 8 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 23 Dec 2020to 1 Jun 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 99 years
- Men only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Age >18 years to 99;
- Diagnosis of Idiopathic Chronic Orchialgia (ICO)
- English Speaking (does not need to be native language)
Who cannot join
- Pain intensity rating less than 2/10 at time of first session
- Inability to read or write
- Inability to follow directions
- 4 .Contraindications for TENS (Nickel allergy, pacemaker, open wound in TENS application area)
- 5. TENS use in last 5 years.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: TENS for Patients With Chronic Testicular Pain (ICO)
Idiopathic Chronic Orchialgia (i.e., testicular pain) is a challenging condition to treat, with unresolved testicular pain leading to distress, diminished activities of daily living and decreased quality of life. Testicular Pain may be caused by a tumor, hernia, infection, trauma, vein compression, cysts, and/or postoperative or radiating pain, though is often times unknown. Non-pharmacologic, conservative pain reduction interventions include heat, ice, scrotal support, physical therapy, and/or counseling, and should often be used as first line of defense. More aggressive, invasive, and non-conservative medical treatment options include medications, nerve blocks, and/or surgery, each of which may be effective, but may be invasive and/or cause serious side effects. However, there is no standard of care for managing the testicular pain and many men do not respond to current biomedical or nonpharmacologic treatment options. Novel, non-invasive treatment options are needed for ICO to improve distress, daily living activities, and quality of life. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacologic intervention for acute and chronic pain. This treatment involves the application of electric current through the skin; it is safe, easy to use, and inexpensive. Despite the impact and distress associated with Testicular Pain, only one known study examined the efficacy of TENS for this condition. A 2018 double-blind, randomized controlled study of people with Testicular Pain reported that TENS improved pain and quality of life significantly more than the control condition (analgesia only). This 2018 study lacked a placebo control condition (i.e., unknown whether pain relief was due to the placebo effect, where knowing an intervention is happening leads to an expectation that pain will decrease, and therefore pain perception decreases independent of the intervention). Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the efficacy of TENS on Testicular Pain using a randomized, placebo-controlled design. The results of this study will be used to inform a larger, federally-funded study.
- Primary Aim: To assess the efficacy of TENS for Testicular Pain ii. Secondary Aim: To assess the feasibility of TENS for Testicular Pain iii. Third Aim: To assess the tolerability of TENS for Testicular Pain iii. To assess associations between dispositional pain catastrophizing on responsiveness to the TENS intervention.
Read the detailed description
The overall aim of this study is to examine the efficacy of TENS on Testicular Pain using a randomized, placebo-controlled design. The results of this study will be used to inform a larger, federally-funded study. The study is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled crossover design (each participant completes all 3 study conditions) with randomization to 3 study conditions: 1) Active TENS; 2) Placebo TENS; or 3) No Treatment Control. Subjects will be tested 1x/week for 3 weeks. Each subject will receive the 3 treatments in randomized order. Importantly, the experimenter and subject will be blinded to the treatment condition. A second experimenter will administer the Active or Placebo TENS, or the Control to ensure appropriate blinding (to ensure no bias from knowing which TENS condition is given at each visit).
Participants. Thirty men with Testicular Pain (lasting >3 months), aged 18-99yrs will be recruited. Exclusion criteria includes: pain intensity rating ≤ 3/10, contraindications for TENS (pacemaker) or TENS use ≤ 5 years. Participants will provide written informed consent, as approved by the University of Iowa Biomedical Institutional Review Board. TENS Treatment. All subjects will receive each of the 3 TENS treatment conditions while sitting in an upright position. Four adhesive electrodes (2in x 2in) will be placed bilaterally on the: 1) sacrum (for pudendal nerve); and 2) groin (ilioinguinal nerve).
Active TENS includes high frequency TENS delivered for 30mins at a frequency of 100 Hz and pulse duration of 100μsec using the EMPI Select TENS unit (calibrated using an oscilloscope prior to study). The intensity will be increased until patients feel a "maximally strong but comfortable sensation" to ensure an analgesic effect.
Placebo TENS parameters will be identical to Active TENS (100 Hz and 100 μsec), but a novel placebo TENS unit, previously tested and validated will be used. The placebo device provides a current for 30sec and ramps off over 15sec to zero output. An indicator light remains on so it appears to the subject that the unit is still producing current. This unit has demonstrated nearly 100% blinding of investigators such that the investigator applying the TENS is unable to distinguish between the active and the placebo unit; approximately ~50% of subjects are successfully blinded using this unit.
The No Treatment Control includes application of TENS electrodes identical to the other 2 conditions, but the unit remains off. This condition will control for potential effects of repeat testing and any placebo effect.
Patient Measures. Pain will be assessed before and after TENS each session to measure any within visit changes in pain from the TENS intervention. Pain change will be measured using the: 1) Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire 27 with qualitative (i.e., sharp, distressing) and quantitative pain scales; and 2) 10-point numeric pain intensity rating scale (NRS) ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable); These pain measures are valid and reliable. Pain medication intake will also be assessed. Finally, pain-related catastrophizing (i.e., coping) will be measured using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale to determine if any responsiveness to TENS intervention is related to dispositional catastrophizing (i.e., their general catastrophizing levels prior to initiating the TENS study interventions).
- Conditions
- Pain Management
- Being tested
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
- Keywords
- Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation, Idiopathic chronic orchialgia, Testicular Pain, Chronic Pain, Testicular, Scrotum
- Medical subject headings
- Agnosia, Chronic Pain
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)Device
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacologic intervention for acute and chronic pain. This treatment involves the application of electric current through the skin; it is safe, easy to use, and inexpensive
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| High Sensation TENS | Experimental | Active TENS is delivered for 30mins at a frequency of 100 Hz and pulse duration of 100μsec using the EMPI Select TENS unit (calibrated using an oscilloscope prior to study). The intensity will be increased until patients feel a "maximally strong but comfortable sensation" to ensure an analgesic effect. Receives: Device: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) |
| Low Sensation TENS | Placebo comparator | Placebo TENS parameters will be identical to Active TENS (100 Hz and 100 μsec), but a novel placebo TENS unit, previously tested and validated will be used (Rakel et al., 2010). The placebo device provides a current for 30sec and ramps off over 15sec to zero output. An indicator light remains on so it appears to the subject that the unit is still producing current. This unit has demonstrated nearly 100% blinding of investigators such that the investigator applying the TENS is unable to distinguish between the active and the placebo unit; approximately ~50% of subjects are successfully blinded using this unit. Receives: Device: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) |
| No Treatment Control | No intervention | The No Treatment Control includes application of TENS electrodes identical to the other 2 conditions, but the unit remains off. This condition will control for potential effects of repeat testing and any placebo effect. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) Pain Scores
Qualitative (e.g.sharp, distressing) and quantitative pain scales. Quantitative pain scale consists of 15 descriptors (11 sensory, 4 affective) which are rated on an intensity scale of 0 = none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe.
Measured: This outcome measure will be used within 10 minutes of the start of each visit (right before TENS is applied) and 30 minutes after TENS is applied (within visit MPQ change) to assess the within visit change in MPQ pain.
Change in 10-point Numeric Pain Intensity Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores
Quantitative pain scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable)
Measured: This outcome measure will be used within 10 minutes of the start of each visit (right before TENS is applied) and 30 minutes after TENS is applied (within visit NRS change) to assess the within visit change in NRS pain.
Secondary outcomes (1)
Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)
Measurement of pain-related coping
Measured: This outcome measure will be used at the start of the study (after they consent; baseline). PCS scores range from 0-52 and higher scores mean worse catastrophizing. A decrease in PCS scores is a good outcome.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted30 Apr 2021
- Study start23 Dec 2020
- Primary completion1 Jun 2022
- Study completion1 Jun 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (9)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Pain ManagementStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- The study is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled crossover design (all participants complete each of the 3 conditions) with randomization to: 1) Active TENS; 2) Placebo TENS; or 3) No Treatment Control. Each subject will receive the 3 TENS treatments in randomized order (one visit per week in three separate weeks). The visits do not have to take place in three consecutive weeks (will depend on participant scheduling preferences), but all three visits must take place within one year
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 8 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Jennifer E. Lee
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, Jennifer E. Lee, University of Iowa
- Investigators
- Amy M Pearlman, MD, Principal investigator, University of Iowa
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04866784
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 202004356
- Status last verified
- Jun 2022
- First submitted
- 22 Dec 2020
- Last updated
- 23 Jun 2022
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- Yes
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Levine L. Chronic orchialgia: evaluation and discussion of treatment options. Ther Adv Urol. 2010 Oct;2(5-06):209-14. doi: 10.1177/1756287210390409.
PubMed 21789076Granitsiotis P, Kirk D. Chronic testicular pain: an overview. Eur Urol. 2004 Apr;45(4):430-6. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2003.11.004.
PubMed 15041105Belanger GV, VerLee GT. Diagnosis and Surgical Management of Male Pelvic, Inguinal, and Testicular Pain. Surg Clin North Am. 2016 Jun;96(3):593-613. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2016.02.014.
PubMed 27261797Kavoussi PK, Costabile RA. Orchialgia and the chronic pelvic pain syndrome. World J Urol. 2013 Aug;31(4):773-8. doi: 10.1007/s00345-013-1092-5. Epub 2013 May 5.
PubMed 23645410Masarani M, Cox R. The aetiology, pathophysiology and management of chronic orchialgia. BJU Int. 2003 Mar;91(5):435-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2003.04094.x. No abstract available.
PubMed 12603394Tojuola B, Layman J, Kartal I, Gudelogul A, Brahmbhatt J, Parekattil S. Chronic orchialgia: Review of treatments old and new. Indian J Urol. 2016 Jan-Mar;32(1):21-6. doi: 10.4103/0970-1591.173110.
PubMed 26941490Lee JE, Anderson CM, Perkhounkova Y, Sleeuwenhoek BM, Louison RR. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Reduces Resting Pain in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Pilot Study. Cancer Nurs. 2019 May/Jun;42(3):218-228. doi: 10.1097/NCC.0000000000000594.
PubMed 29649082Osiri M, Welch V, Brosseau L, Shea B, McGowan J, Tugwell P, Wells G. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for knee osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD002823. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002823.
PubMed 11034768Tantawy SA, Kamel DM, Abdelbasset WK. Does transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduce pain and improve quality of life in patients with idiopathic chronic orchialgia? A randomized controlled trial. J Pain Res. 2017 Dec 27;11:77-82. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S154815. eCollection 2018.
PubMed 29343983
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Jun 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- TENS for Patients With Chronic Testicular Pain (ICO)
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04866784
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 202004356
- Conditions
- Pain Management
- Keywords
- Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation, Idiopathic chronic orchialgia, Testicular Pain, Chronic Pain, Testicular, Scrotum
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 8 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Jennifer E. LeeUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 23 Dec 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Jun 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Jun 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 30 Apr 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Idiopathic Chronic Orchialgia (i.e., testicular pain) is a challenging condition to treat, with unresolved testicular pain leading to distress, diminished activities of daily living and decreased quality of life. Testicular Pain may be caused by a tumor, hernia, infection, trauma, vein compression, cysts, and/or postoperative or radiating pain, though is often times unknown. Non-pharmacologic, conservative pain reduction interventions include heat, ice, scrotal support, physical therapy, and/or counseling, and should often be used as first line of defense. More aggressive, invasive, and non-conservative medical treatment options include medications, nerve blocks, and/or surgery, each of which may be effective, but may be invasive and/or cause serious side effects. However, there is no standard of care for managing the testicular pain and many men do not respond to current biomedical or nonpharmacologic treatment options. Novel, non-invasive treatment options are needed for ICO to improve distress, daily living activities, and quality of life. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacologic intervention for acute and chronic pain. This treatment involves the application of electric current through the skin; it is safe, easy to use, and inexpensive. Despite the impact and distress associated with Testicular Pain, only one known study examined the efficacy of TENS for this condition. A 2018 double-blind, randomized controlled study of people with Testicular Pain reported that TENS improved pain and quality of life significantly more than the control condition (analgesia only). This 2018 study lacked a placebo control condition (i.e., unknown whether pain relief was due to the placebo effect, where knowing an intervention is happening leads to an expectation that pain will decrease, and therefore pain perception decreases independent of the intervention). Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the efficacy of TENS on Testicular Pain using a randomized, placebo-controlled design. The results of this study will be used to inform a larger, federally-funded study.
- Primary Aim: To assess the efficacy of TENS for Testicular Pain ii. Secondary Aim: To assess the feasibility of TENS for Testicular Pain iii. Third Aim: To assess the tolerability of TENS for Testicular Pain iii. To assess associations between dispositional pain catastrophizing on responsiveness to the TENS intervention.
Detailed description
The overall aim of this study is to examine the efficacy of TENS on Testicular Pain using a randomized, placebo-controlled design. The results of this study will be used to inform a larger, federally-funded study. The study is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled crossover design (each participant completes all 3 study conditions) with randomization to 3 study conditions: 1) Active TENS; 2) Placebo TENS; or 3) No Treatment Control. Subjects will be tested 1x/week for 3 weeks. Each subject will receive the 3 treatments in randomized order. Importantly, the experimenter and subject will be blinded to the treatment condition. A second experimenter will administer the Active or Placebo TENS, or the Control to ensure appropriate blinding (to ensure no bias from knowing which TENS condition is given at each visit).
Participants. Thirty men with Testicular Pain (lasting >3 months), aged 18-99yrs will be recruited. Exclusion criteria includes: pain intensity rating ≤ 3/10, contraindications for TENS (pacemaker) or TENS use ≤ 5 years. Participants will provide written informed consent, as approved by the University of Iowa Biomedical Institutional Review Board. TENS Treatment. All subjects will receive each of the 3 TENS treatment conditions while sitting in an upright position. Four adhesive electrodes (2in x 2in) will be placed bilaterally on the: 1) sacrum (for pudendal nerve); and 2) groin (ilioinguinal nerve).
Active TENS includes high frequency TENS delivered for 30mins at a frequency of 100 Hz and pulse duration of 100μsec using the EMPI Select TENS unit (calibrated using an oscilloscope prior to study). The intensity will be increased until patients feel a "maximally strong but comfortable sensation" to ensure an analgesic effect.
Placebo TENS parameters will be identical to Active TENS (100 Hz and 100 μsec), but a novel placebo TENS unit, previously tested and validated will be used. The placebo device provides a current for 30sec and ramps off over 15sec to zero output. An indicator light remains on so it appears to the subject that the unit is still producing current. This unit has demonstrated nearly 100% blinding of investigators such that the investigator applying the TENS is unable to distinguish between the active and the placebo unit; approximately ~50% of subjects are successfully blinded using this unit.
The No Treatment Control includes application of TENS electrodes identical to the other 2 conditions, but the unit remains off. This condition will control for potential effects of repeat testing and any placebo effect.
Patient Measures. Pain will be assessed before and after TENS each session to measure any within visit changes in pain from the TENS intervention. Pain change will be measured using the: 1) Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire 27 with qualitative (i.e., sharp, distressing) and quantitative pain scales; and 2) 10-point numeric pain intensity rating scale (NRS) ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable); These pain measures are valid and reliable. Pain medication intake will also be assessed. Finally, pain-related catastrophizing (i.e., coping) will be measured using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale to determine if any responsiveness to TENS intervention is related to dispositional catastrophizing (i.e., their general catastrophizing levels prior to initiating the TENS study interventions).
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 3
- Model description
- The study is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled crossover design (all participants complete each of the 3 conditions) with randomization to: 1) Active TENS; 2) Placebo TENS; or 3) No Treatment Control. Each subject will receive the 3 TENS treatments in randomized order (one visit per week in three separate weeks). The visits do not have to take place in three consecutive weeks (will depend on participant scheduling preferences), but all three visits must take place within one year
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| High Sensation TENS | Experimental | Device: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)Active TENS is delivered for 30mins at a frequency of 100 Hz and pulse duration of 100μsec using the EMPI Select TENS unit (calibrated using an oscilloscope prior to study). The intensity will be increased until patients feel a "maximally strong but comfortable sensation" to ensure an analgesic effect. |
| Low Sensation TENS | Placebo comparator | Device: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)Placebo TENS parameters will be identical to Active TENS (100 Hz and 100 μsec), but a novel placebo TENS unit, previously tested and validated will be used (Rakel et al., 2010). The placebo device provides a current for 30sec and ramps off over 15sec to zero output. An indicator light remains on so it appears to the subject that the unit is still producing current. This unit has demonstrated nearly 100% blinding of investigators such that the investigator applying the TENS is unable to distinguish between the active and the placebo unit; approximately ~50% of subjects are successfully blinded using this unit. |
| No Treatment Control | No intervention | –The No Treatment Control includes application of TENS electrodes identical to the other 2 conditions, but the unit remains off. This condition will control for potential effects of repeat testing and any placebo effect. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 99 years
- Sex
- Male only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Age >18 years to 99;
- Diagnosis of Idiopathic Chronic Orchialgia (ICO)
- English Speaking (does not need to be native language)
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Pain intensity rating less than 2/10 at time of first session
- Inability to read or write
- Inability to follow directions
- 4 .Contraindications for TENS (Nickel allergy, pacemaker, open wound in TENS application area)
- 5. TENS use in last 5 years.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacologic intervention for acute and chronic pain. This treatment involves the application of electric current through the skin; it is safe, easy to use, and inexpensive | Device | High Sensation TENS, Low Sensation TENS |
Primary outcome
Change in Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) Pain Scores
Time frame: This outcome measure will be used within 10 minutes of the start of each visit (right before TENS is applied) and 30 minutes after TENS is applied (within visit MPQ change) to assess the within visit change in MPQ pain.
Qualitative (e.g.sharp, distressing) and quantitative pain scales. Quantitative pain scale consists of 15 descriptors (11 sensory, 4 affective) which are rated on an intensity scale of 0 = none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe.
Change in 10-point Numeric Pain Intensity Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores
Time frame: This outcome measure will be used within 10 minutes of the start of each visit (right before TENS is applied) and 30 minutes after TENS is applied (within visit NRS change) to assess the within visit change in NRS pain.
Quantitative pain scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable)
1 secondary outcome
Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)
Time frame: This outcome measure will be used at the start of the study (after they consent; baseline). PCS scores range from 0-52 and higher scores mean worse catastrophizing. A decrease in PCS scores is a good outcome.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Jun 2022.
- Background: PubMed 21789076Levine L. Chronic orchialgia: evaluation and discussion of treatment options. Ther Adv Urol. 2010 Oct;2(5-06):209-14. doi: 10.1177/1756287210390409.
- Background: PubMed 15041105Granitsiotis P, Kirk D. Chronic testicular pain: an overview. Eur Urol. 2004 Apr;45(4):430-6. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2003.11.004.
- Background: PubMed 27261797Belanger GV, VerLee GT. Diagnosis and Surgical Management of Male Pelvic, Inguinal, and Testicular Pain. Surg Clin North Am. 2016 Jun;96(3):593-613. doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2016.02.014.
- Background: PubMed 23645410Kavoussi PK, Costabile RA. Orchialgia and the chronic pelvic pain syndrome. World J Urol. 2013 Aug;31(4):773-8. doi: 10.1007/s00345-013-1092-5. Epub 2013 May 5.
- Background: PubMed 12603394Masarani M, Cox R. The aetiology, pathophysiology and management of chronic orchialgia. BJU Int. 2003 Mar;91(5):435-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2003.04094.x. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 26941490Tojuola B, Layman J, Kartal I, Gudelogul A, Brahmbhatt J, Parekattil S. Chronic orchialgia: Review of treatments old and new. Indian J Urol. 2016 Jan-Mar;32(1):21-6. doi: 10.4103/0970-1591.173110.
- Background: PubMed 29649082Lee JE, Anderson CM, Perkhounkova Y, Sleeuwenhoek BM, Louison RR. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Reduces Resting Pain in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Pilot Study. Cancer Nurs. 2019 May/Jun;42(3):218-228. doi: 10.1097/NCC.0000000000000594.
- Background: PubMed 11034768Osiri M, Welch V, Brosseau L, Shea B, McGowan J, Tugwell P, Wells G. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for knee osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD002823. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002823.
- Background: PubMed 29343983Tantawy SA, Kamel DM, Abdelbasset WK. Does transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduce pain and improve quality of life in patients with idiopathic chronic orchialgia? A randomized controlled trial. J Pain Res. 2017 Dec 27;11:77-82. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S154815. eCollection 2018.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Amy M Pearlman, MD principal investigator
University of Iowa
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in people with Pain Management, run by Jennifer E. Lee at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Jun 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) Pain Scores (time frame: This outcome measure will be used within 10 minutes of the start of each visit (right before TENS is applied) and 30 minutes after TENS is applied (within visit MPQ change) to assess the within visit change in MPQ pain.). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04866784, which also lists 9 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Jun 2022.