Amantadine for COVID-19

BACKGROUND

Globally, Corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19) has caused more than 2.2 million deaths.

Most infected cases present with mild respiratory symptoms and fever, and spontaneously recover within two weeks. However, for approximately 20% of the cases, the disease will progress to pneumonia and in the most severe cases respiratory failure, multiple organ dysfunction, and death. Individuals aged ≥ 50 years of age and adults with known comorbidity or obesity are at particular risk of a severe course of the disease.

Within the past year treatments have proven to be beneficial for severe COVID-19 in randomized controlled trials. However, no treatment has been proven to inhibit progression from mild to severe COVID-19. Such a treatment could potentially have major impact on long-term morbidity and mortality especially in areas with limited access to vaccines. The fastest way of identifying such a treatment may be repurposed drugs. Other benefits of repurposed drugs include affordable prices and known safety profiles.

Amantadine is a potential treatment candidate that for years has been employed in the clinic for treatment of influenza virus A infection and for treatment of dyskinesia associated with Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, a potential repurposing of amantadine for the prevention and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus(SARS CoV-2) infection has been suggested. Two viroporins have been identified in the genome of SARS-CoV-2, Protein E and Protein 3a, with strong similarities to the viroporins in the deadly coronavirus SARS-CoV-1. The expression of both Protein E and 3a has been shown to promote SARS-CoV-1 replication and virulence, and the deletion of SARS CoV-1 protein E gene attenuates the virus. Amantadine has previously been shown to bind and inhibit protein E. Knocking down E protein ion channel activity in SARS CoV-1 decreases edema accumulation, which is the major determinant of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Furthermore, levels of inflammasome-activated interleukin-1b, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 were reduced in the lung airways of the animals infected with viruses lacking E protein ion channel activity, indicating that E protein ion channel function is required for inflammasome activation. All these key cytokines promote the progression of lung damage and ARDS pathology. As such, by potentially blocking protein E ion channel activity, amantadine may prevent severe progression of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, we hypothesize that amantadine can ameliorate disease progression in persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to investigate if early preemptive therapy with amantadine in non-hospitalized high-risk adult individuals with COVID-19 disease can limit disease progression.

DESIGN This is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study comparing amantadine with placebo 1:1. Follow up is 90 days in total, with close follow up during the first 14 days, and severe adverse events (SAE) monitoring throughout the study period.

Persons who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-testing will be identified through lists from laboratories performing the tests and recruited through invitation letters as well as online advertisement. If they fulfill all of the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria and choose to consent to enrollment after thorough oral and written information, they will proceed to randomization.

RANDOMIZATION AND BLINDING Unblinded personnel at the regional pharmacy will perform randomization into one of two arms (ratio 1:1). The randomization list will be generated centrally in random blocks. Blinded personnel will not have access to the randomization key. All investigators, outcome assessors, and study participants will be blinded to the treatment allocation.

Emergency unblinding can be performed if necessary, for the welfare of the study participant. Efforts should be made to avoid unblinding. If the treatment of a patient has been unblinded, the treatment course must be discontinued, but the patient will still be subject to follow up.

DATA COLLECTION AND FOLLOW-UP Data collection will be a combination of assessments by a physician, trained medical student or nurse at day 1 and 7 and self-reporting, using online questionnaires at day 2-6, 14, 28 and 90. Study participants will be followed for a total of 90 days. Moreover, data will be retrieved from medical files and the Danish national patient registry and the civil registrations system.

WITHDRAWAL Apart from the participant's own withdrawal of written consent, participants will be withdrawn from the study if the investigator finds it necessary due to the participant safety. Safety reasons comprise any unintended serious adverse event related to the treatment.

No participants will be registered as lost to follow up. Protocol violation will be reported if participants do not receive the full dose of study drug, or fail to answer one or more of the questionnaires, unless the patient has been admitted to hospital.

TREATMENT

Both active treatments and placebo treatment will be prepared, packaged and labeled by pharmacists at the pharmacy of the Capital region in Denmark. To assure full blinding for both participants and investigators all treatment will be covered in non-transparent identical capsules.

Treatment adherence will be assessed through the daily web-based questionnaires on day 2-6 and by collection of the empty medicine box at assessment on day 7.

Amantadine Participants randomized to active treatment with amantadine will receive a daily dose of 200 mg amantadine with 100 mg (1 capsule) two times a day for a total of five days. Patients with reduced renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR 35-60 ml/min)) will receive the same dose on day one, but from day 2-5 a reduced dose of 100 mg once a day (daily dose 100mg) will be administered. Safety of amantadine is well tested for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza A at 200 mg a day for up to six weeks. Amantadine has a half-life of 17 hours.

Participants randomized to receive placebo will receive non-active lactose monohydrate oral placebo capsules. The number of placebo capsules are equal to the number of amantadine capsules.

EXPECTED RISKS AND BENEFITS Amantadine has previously been used in the treatment of Influenza A and has been shown to reduce Influenza A virus shedding and shorten the duration of symptoms by about a third, if administered early.

Current in vitro studies indicate that similar properties may be present against SARS-CoV-2. An older study has shown an effect of amantadine on coronaviruses and a recent study proposes that amantadine can be used to mitigate the effect of SARS-CoV-2.

As amantadine could potentially disrupt the lysosomal pathway, decrease the replication of SARS-CoV-2 as well as virus induced inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, it may serve as a potent therapeutic leading to better clinical outcomes.

The most common side effects of amantadine include nausea, dizziness (lightheadedness), and insomnia. Blurry vision and/or impaired mental acuity may occur. Less frequently (1 to 5%) reported adverse reactions are: Depression, anxiety and irritability, hallucinations, confusion, anorexia, dry mouth, constipation, ataxia, livedo reticularis, peripheral edema, orthostatic hypotension, headache, somnolence, nervousness, dream abnormality, agitation, dry nose, diarrhea and fatigue.

DATA HANDLING Oral and written consent, including medical record access, must be given by the participant at the initial assessment. Once the informed consent is obtained, investigators, sponsor, representatives of the sponsor and the relevant regulatory authorities will have direct access to the patient's medical record. Information in the medical record will be accessed to the extent that it is necessary for the completion of the study, as well as control including self-monitoring, quality control and monitoring by regulatory authorities.

Baseline data on day 1, SARS-CoV-2 PCR results on day 7, primary and secondary outcomes; all-cause mortality, need of mechanical ventilation, hospitalization are retrieved from medical records.

All data on participants will be registered and kept in a single electronic case report form (eCRF) under one study patient identification number (ID).

Sponsor and investigators are obliged to handle all data on study participants confidentially in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation [21] and the Data Protection Act. The primary investigator is responsible for completing eCRFs for all trial participants. At the end of the study, the primary investigator will extract data from the electronic database in order to perform the planned analyses on primary and secondary outcomes. Study data will subsequently be published only in pseudonymous form.

STATISTICS

Sample size The primary endpoint is clinical status on day 14 on an eight point ordinal scale. The assumed probabilities of being in a certain clinical state on day 14 are shown below. If we want to detect an odds ratio for a higher ordinal scale score of 0.5 with placebo as reference group and a simulated power of 80% a target sample size of 121 patients per arm is needed. Thus, a total sample size of 242 participants is required. Rates of hospitalization, oxygen requirement, mechanical ventilation, organ support and mortality are estimated based on epidemiological COVID-19 data reported from the Danish Serum Institute and descriptive studies from Denmark, California and Iceland.

Descriptor Score Probability No limitations to activities. 1 0.526 Limitations to activities. 2 0.354 Hospitalized no oxygen therapy. 3 0.028 Oxygen by mask or nasal prongs. 4 0.048 Non-invasive ventilation or high flow oxygen. 5 0.028 Intubation and mechanical ventilation. 6 0.012 Ventilation + additional organ support, 7 0.004 Extra corporal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) Death. 8 0.000

Statistical analysis of data Normally distributed continuous variables are presented as mean with standard deviation and t-tests are applied. Non-normally distributed continuous variables are presented as median with 25% and 75% quantiles and Mann-Whitney tests are applied.

Categorical data are presented as counts with frequencies. For categorical data we use chi-square test if cell counts are above 5 and Fisher's exact test or simulation if cells are below 5. The primary endpoint will be assessed using a proportional odds model adjusting for age, sex, Charlson's comorbidity index (CCI) and vaccination. The primary analysis will be intention to treat, however we will also provide a per protocol analysis.

All tests are done at a significance level of 0.05.

PUBLICATION

Positive, inconclusive as well as negative outcomes of the study will be published. The study will be registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov and www.clinicaltrialregister.eu prior to initiation. Additionally, trial results will be up-loaded to EudraCT as soon as possible, and no later than 1 year after trial completion. Data will subsequently be published at www.clinicaltrialregister.eu.

FUNDING The initiative for this study was taken by the sponsor, and medical doctors at the Departments of Infectious Diseases at Hvidovre Hospital. The study is a cooperation between researchers in the two institutions. The study will be set up and completed by staff at Departments of Infectious Diseases at Hvidovre Hospital. The sponsor has provided the idea for the study, background knowledge of the effects of amantadine on SARS-CoV-2 and has achieved funding from a private fund. The study is funded with 2.000.000 DKK from the private foundation BioInnovation Institute (BII). Study participants and the Research Ethics Committee of the Capital Region of Denmark will be informed, if additional funding has been granted.

Sponsor and investigators are independent of economic or competing interests. Participants will not be financially reimbursed. Results from the study are only for scientific and public use and have no commercial interest.