Compassion FatigueNCT04911504
The Effects of Resilience and Self-efficacy on Nurses' Compassion Fatigue
An observational study of Compassion Fatigue and Self Efficacy, run by Central South University at 1 site in China.
Trial summary
Among healthcare providers, nursing is a stressful and compassionate profession. Nurses empathetically support patients with pain, loneliness, disease and even confronted with death in line with their critically physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual needs and provide comfort, help, presence for them. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Compassion Fatigue, Self Efficacy, Resilience
- How many people
- 978 participants
- Where
- 1 siteChina
- Study dates
- 3 Oct 2019to 15 Dec 2019
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: According to the calculation method of the sample size regarding to the linear multiple regression, fixed model in G power software 3.1 was used. In this calculation, effect size f2=0.15, α= 0.05, 1-β=0.95, the study included 13 demographic variables, resilience and self-efficacy, 15 independent variables in total. The sample size calculated by G power software 3.1 is 199. Considering the 20% loss to follow-up rate and sampling error, the sample size was expanded to 239.
Who may be able to join
- The hospital is a comprehensive hospital;
- Nurse have been registered and are on their duty;
- Nurses are currently engaged in clinical practice;
- Nurses are willing to participate in the study.
Who cannot join
- Nurses who are intern nurses or studying in other hospitals, or has been participated in other relevant studies.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
China1 site
Xiangya School of Nursing,Central South University
Changsha, Hunan, 410013
About this study
Official title: The Effects of Resilience and Self-efficacy on Nurses' Compassion Fatigue: A Cross-sectional Study
Among healthcare providers, nursing is a stressful and compassionate profession. Nurses empathetically support patients with pain, loneliness, disease and even confronted with death in line with their critically physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual needs and provide comfort, help, presence for them. Because nurses are frequently exposed to highly stressful and emotional situations, they suffer compassion fatigue (CF) over time under repeated exposures. CF will have a series of physiological, social, emotional, spiritual, and cognitive effects on nurses, threatening the existential integrity of them. The effects include high rates of anxiety and depressive disorders, decreased productivity, increased clinical errors, decreased quality of care and level of job satisfaction. Therefore, it is particularly important to pay attention to compassion fatigue to maintain mental health of nurses.
Compassion fatigue refers to that in the process of providing assistance, the helper bears the pain of the recipient due to empathy, which reduces the helper's own energy or interest.Based on a widespread conceptual model, CF consists of two constructs: burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Nurses are at a great risk of compassion fatigue. CF is gradually becoming a serious problem which can affect nurses' physical and psychological health, performance, job satisfaction and quality of care . Thus, investigating the prevalence of CF among nurses and its related factors are warranted to prevent CF among nursing population.
Read more
Research has studied the influencing factors of CF. Some studies have found that the demographic characteristics, worked related factors , the degree of exposure to traumatic events and psychological factors are important factors affecting nurses' compassion fatigue. Some studies suggest that resilience, social support, sense of control and meaningful recognition are negatively correlated with CF . Among them, resilience and self-efficacy are considered as important psychological factors affecting the individual's mental health, and they play an important role in the occurrence of CF.
The working pressure of clinical nurses comes from the situations that they are exposed to patients' traumatic events and give excessive empathy for a long-term. CF among nurses is an undesirable outcome caused by maladaptation to this pressure. What's more, resilience, and self-efficacy play an important role in individual coping and psychological adjustment in face of stressful events. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the roles of resilience and self-efficacy in the process of CF.
According to the theoretical path analysis of professional caregivers' quality of life, work environment, client environment and person environment factors have an influence on the development of compassion fatigue . Regarding to the psychological stress system , When confronted with stressful events, the individuals will have a stress response as a joint result of environmental factors and personnel factors. Thus, in accordance with the above two theories, being exposed to traumatic events is considered as a stressor, which could lead to CF. During this process, several external factors (work-related environmental factors) and internal factors (personality, social support) have effects on CF. In this study, resilience, and self-efficacy will be recognized as individual psychological characteristics and CF will be treated as a psychological change. Although there have been several studies on the predictors of CF in nurses around the world, limited knowledge exists in considering both internal factors (resilience and self-efficacy) and external predictive factors (demographic, work-related factors) of CF among nurses, especially in mainland China.
The study aims to investigate the level of compassion fatigue among Chinese nurses and test the influences of demographic characteristics, work-related factors, resilience, and self-efficacy on compassion fatigue.
Read the detailed description
This study adopted a cross-sectional design. It was executed in accordance with STROBE Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.
Through convenience sampling, clinical nurses from different departments were recruited from three tertiary hospitals in central China.
According to the calculation method of the sample size regarding to the linear multiple regression, fixed model in G power software 3.1 was used. In this calculation, effect size f2=0.15, α= 0.05, 1-β=0.95, the study included 13 demographic variables, resilience and self-efficacy, 15 independent variables in total. The sample size calculated by G power software 3.1 is 199. Considering the 20% loss to follow-up rate and sampling error, the sample size was expanded to 239.
Measurement The general information questionnaire The social-demographic questionnaire was self-compiled and aimed to collect participants' demographic characteristics such as age, gender, educational level, marital status, working department, years of nursing experience, professional title, monthly income, shift work and physical conditions and so on.
Professional quality of life scale (Chinese version; ProQOL-CN) The Professional quality of life scale was used to evaluate the level of compassion fatigue. The original version was developed and then translated to Chinese. The scale has 30 items with three subscales including compassion satisfactory , burnout and secondary traumatic stress . Together, these latter two subscales measure compassion fatigue. A five-point Likert scale was used (1 = "never" to 5 = "very often") . A higher score of the compassion satisfaction subscale represents a higher level of compassion satisfaction, while a higher score of the burnout and secondary traumatic stress subscale indicates a higher risk of burnout and secondary traumatic stress. The score of each subscale lower than 22 represents a low level of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress; score between 23 - 41 indicates an average level; and more than 42 suggests a high level . The Cronbach's alpha of the scale in this study was 0.722.
Connor-Davidson resilience scale (Chinese version; CD-RISC) The CD-RISC aimed to measure participants' resilience. The Chinese version of CD-RISC consists of three dimensions (tenacity, strength, and optimism) with 25 items. A five-point Likert scale was used (0 = "never" to 4 = "almost always"). The scale can effectively measure the resilience among clinical nurses and has good reliability and validity . The reliability of the CD-RISC among Chinese residents was 0.91 and the Cronbach's alpha of the scale in this study was 0.966.
General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale (Chinese version; GSES) The GSES was used to measured participants' self-efficacy . The Chinese version consists of 10 items assessed by a four-point Likert scale (1=incorrect to 4=correct). The total scores range from 10 to 40, with higher total scores indicating higher levels of self-efficacy. The Cronbach's alpha of the scale in this study was 0.941.
Procedures Data were collected from 3rd October, 2019 to 15th December, 2019 and the data collection was completed by a researcher and two research assistants. First, the researchers informed the directors and head nurses from each hospital of the study's purpose and got their permission to recruit nurses. Then, researchers introduced the contents of the questionnaires to research assistants in the hospital and explained how to complete it. Lastly, researchers distributed a Wenjuanxing link (an online crowdsourcing platform in China) involved the electronic research questionnaires by scanning a Quick Response code to research assistants. According to the inclusion criteria, nurses who had interests could contact the researchers and research assistants in hospital to participate in the study. Wenjuanxing is a relatively secure platform and there is no risk of any data breach and leakage by a third-party.
- Conditions
- Compassion Fatigue, Self Efficacy, Resilience
- Keywords
- Compassion fatigue, Self-efficacy, Resilience, Nurses
- Medical subject headings
- Compassion Fatigue
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Questionnaire survey group | All nurses were recruited from 3 tertiary hospitals in central China from 3rd October, 2019 to 15th December, 2019. A total of 992 clinical nurses from different nursing departments were recruited through convenience sampling. Data were collected using General information questionnaire, the Professional Quality of Life Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
General information of participants questionnaire
The general information of participants was measured by social-demographic questionnaire which was self-compiled and aimed to collect participants' demographic characteristics such as age, gender, educational level, marital status, working department, years of nursing experience, professional title, monthly income, shift work and physical conditions and so on.
Measured: baseline
Compassion fatigue of participants
The Professional quality of life scale was used to evaluate the level of compassion fatigue. The original version was developed by Stamm and then translated to Chinese by Zheng, which was authorized by Stamm. The scale has 30 items with three subscales including compassion satisfactory , burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Together, these latter two subscales measure compassion fatigue. A five-point Likert scale was used (1 = "never" to 5 = "very often") . A higher score of the compassion satisfaction subscale represents a higher level of compassion satisfaction, while a higher score of the burnout and secondary traumatic stress subscale indicates a higher risk of burnout and secondary traumatic stress. The score of each subscale lower than 22 represents a low level of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress; score between 23 - 41 indicates an average level; and more than 42 suggests a high level. The Cronbach's alpha of the scale in this study was 0.722.
Measured: baseline
Resilience of participants
The Connor-Davidson resilience scale aimed to measure participants' resilience. The original version was developed by Connor and Davidson . Yu and Zhang translated it to Chinese after getting the authorization from the original developers. The Chinese version of CD-RISC consists of three dimensions (tenacity, strength, and optimism) with 25 items. A five-point Likert scale was used (0 = "never" to 4 = "almost always") . The scale can effectively measure the resilience among clinical nurses and has good reliability and validity. The reliability of the CD-RISC among Chinese residents was 0.91 and the Cronbach's alpha of the scale in this study was 0.966.
Measured: baseline
Self-Efficacy of participants
The General Perceived Self-Efficacy scale developed by Scherbaum, was used to measured participants' self-efficacy. The Chinese version was translated by Wang . The scale consists of 10 items assessed by a four-point Likert scale (1=incorrect to 4=correct). The total scores range from 10 to 40, with higher total scores indicating higher levels of self-efficacy. The Cronbach's alpha of the scale in this study was 0.941.
Measured: baseline
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted3 Jun 2021
- Study start3 Oct 2019
- Primary completion10 Nov 2019
- Study completion15 Dec 2019
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (18)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Compassion FatigueStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Enrolment
- 978 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Central South University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Jie Zhang, Central South University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04911504
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- JZhang
- Status last verified
- Jun 2021
- First submitted
- 27 May 2021
- Last updated
- 3 Jun 2021
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: The process of data collection cost a lot of human and material resources, some of the data was privacy information of participants, and so on.Considering this, it is improper to share these data.
Publications
Ariapooran S. Compassion fatigue and burnout in Iranian nurses: The role of perceived social support. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2014 May;19(3):279-84.
PubMed 24949067Balinbin CBV, Balatbat KTR, Balayan ANB, Balcueva MIC, Balicat MGB, Balidoy TAS, Macindo JRB, Torres GCS. Occupational determinants of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue among Filipino registered nurses. J Clin Nurs. 2020 Mar;29(5-6):955-963. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15163. Epub 2020 Jan 13.
PubMed 31887244Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977 Mar;84(2):191-215. doi: 10.1037//0033-295x.84.2.191. No abstract available.
PubMed 847061Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82. doi: 10.1002/da.10113.
PubMed 12964174Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009 Nov;41(4):1149-60. doi: 10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
PubMed 19897823von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 2007 Oct 20;370(9596):1453-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61602-X.
PubMed 18064739Yao Y, Zhao S, Gao X, An Z, Wang S, Li H, Li Y, Gao L, Lu L, Dong Z. General self-efficacy modifies the effect of stress on burnout in nurses with different personality types. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018 Aug 29;18(1):667. doi: 10.1186/s12913-018-3478-y.
PubMed 30157926Zhang J, Zhang JP, Cheng QM, Huang FF, Li SW, Wang AN, Su P. The resilience status of empty-nest elderly in a community: A latent class analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017 Jan-Feb;68:161-167. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.10.011. Epub 2016 Oct 26.
PubMed 27810664Sinclair S, Raffin-Bouchal S, Venturato L, Mijovic-Kondejewski J, Smith-MacDonald L. Compassion fatigue: A meta-narrative review of the healthcare literature. Int J Nurs Stud. 2017 Apr;69:9-24. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.01.003. Epub 2017 Jan 12.
PubMed 28119163Zhang YY, Han WL, Qin W, Yin HX, Zhang CF, Kong C, Wang YL. Extent of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout in nursing: A meta-analysis. J Nurs Manag. 2018 Oct;26(7):810-819. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12589. Epub 2018 Aug 20.
PubMed 30129106Alharbi J, Jackson D, Usher K. Personal characteristics, coping strategies, and resilience impact on compassion fatigue in critical care nurses: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Health Sci. 2020 Mar;22(1):20-27. doi: 10.1111/nhs.12650. Epub 2019 Oct 31.
PubMed 31670474Arimon-Pages E, Torres-Puig-Gros J, Fernandez-Ortega P, Canela-Soler J. Emotional impact and compassion fatigue in oncology nurses: Results of a multicentre study. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2019 Dec;43:101666. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2019.09.007. Epub 2019 Sep 12.
PubMed 31590071Cetrano G, Tedeschi F, Rabbi L, Gosetti G, Lora A, Lamonaca D, Manthorpe J, Amaddeo F. How are compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction affected by quality of working life? Findings from a survey of mental health staff in Italy. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017 Nov 21;17(1):755. doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2726-x.
PubMed 29162095Guo YF, Luo YH, Lam L, Cross W, Plummer V, Zhang JP. Burnout and its association with resilience in nurses: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Nurs. 2018 Jan;27(1-2):441-449. doi: 10.1111/jocn.13952. Epub 2017 Sep 4.
PubMed 28677270Kelly L, Runge J, Spencer C. Predictors of Compassion Fatigue and Compassion Satisfaction in Acute Care Nurses. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2015 Nov;47(6):522-8. doi: 10.1111/jnu.12162. Epub 2015 Aug 19.
PubMed 26287741
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 3 Jun 2021. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effects of Resilience and Self-efficacy on Nurses' Compassion Fatigue: A Cross-sectional Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04911504
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- JZhang
- Conditions
- Compassion Fatigue, Self Efficacy, Resilience
- Keywords
- Compassion fatigue, Self-efficacy, Resilience, Nurses
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 978 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Central South UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 3 Oct 2019 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 10 Nov 2019 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Dec 2019 (actual)
- First posted
- 3 Jun 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Among healthcare providers, nursing is a stressful and compassionate profession. Nurses empathetically support patients with pain, loneliness, disease and even confronted with death in line with their critically physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual needs and provide comfort, help, presence for them. Because nurses are frequently exposed to highly stressful and emotional situations, they suffer compassion fatigue (CF) over time under repeated exposures. CF will have a series of physiological, social, emotional, spiritual, and cognitive effects on nurses, threatening the existential integrity of them. The effects include high rates of anxiety and depressive disorders, decreased productivity, increased clinical errors, decreased quality of care and level of job satisfaction. Therefore, it is particularly important to pay attention to compassion fatigue to maintain mental health of nurses.
Compassion fatigue refers to that in the process of providing assistance, the helper bears the pain of the recipient due to empathy, which reduces the helper's own energy or interest.Based on a widespread conceptual model, CF consists of two constructs: burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Nurses are at a great risk of compassion fatigue. CF is gradually becoming a serious problem which can affect nurses' physical and psychological health, performance, job satisfaction and quality of care . Thus, investigating the prevalence of CF among nurses and its related factors are warranted to prevent CF among nursing population.
Research has studied the influencing factors of CF. Some studies have found that the demographic characteristics, worked related factors , the degree of exposure to traumatic events and psychological factors are important factors affecting nurses' compassion fatigue. Some studies suggest that resilience, social support, sense of control and meaningful recognition are negatively correlated with CF . Among them, resilience and self-efficacy are considered as important psychological factors affecting the individual's mental health, and they play an important role in the occurrence of CF.
The working pressure of clinical nurses comes from the situations that they are exposed to patients' traumatic events and give excessive empathy for a long-term. CF among nurses is an undesirable outcome caused by maladaptation to this pressure. What's more, resilience, and self-efficacy play an important role in individual coping and psychological adjustment in face of stressful events. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the roles of resilience and self-efficacy in the process of CF.
According to the theoretical path analysis of professional caregivers' quality of life, work environment, client environment and person environment factors have an influence on the development of compassion fatigue . Regarding to the psychological stress system , When confronted with stressful events, the individuals will have a stress response as a joint result of environmental factors and personnel factors. Thus, in accordance with the above two theories, being exposed to traumatic events is considered as a stressor, which could lead to CF. During this process, several external factors (work-related environmental factors) and internal factors (personality, social support) have effects on CF. In this study, resilience, and self-efficacy will be recognized as individual psychological characteristics and CF will be treated as a psychological change. Although there have been several studies on the predictors of CF in nurses around the world, limited knowledge exists in considering both internal factors (resilience and self-efficacy) and external predictive factors (demographic, work-related factors) of CF among nurses, especially in mainland China.
The study aims to investigate the level of compassion fatigue among Chinese nurses and test the influences of demographic characteristics, work-related factors, resilience, and self-efficacy on compassion fatigue.
Detailed description
This study adopted a cross-sectional design. It was executed in accordance with STROBE Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.
Through convenience sampling, clinical nurses from different departments were recruited from three tertiary hospitals in central China.
According to the calculation method of the sample size regarding to the linear multiple regression, fixed model in G power software 3.1 was used. In this calculation, effect size f2=0.15, α= 0.05, 1-β=0.95, the study included 13 demographic variables, resilience and self-efficacy, 15 independent variables in total. The sample size calculated by G power software 3.1 is 199. Considering the 20% loss to follow-up rate and sampling error, the sample size was expanded to 239.
Measurement The general information questionnaire The social-demographic questionnaire was self-compiled and aimed to collect participants' demographic characteristics such as age, gender, educational level, marital status, working department, years of nursing experience, professional title, monthly income, shift work and physical conditions and so on.
Professional quality of life scale (Chinese version; ProQOL-CN) The Professional quality of life scale was used to evaluate the level of compassion fatigue. The original version was developed and then translated to Chinese. The scale has 30 items with three subscales including compassion satisfactory , burnout and secondary traumatic stress . Together, these latter two subscales measure compassion fatigue. A five-point Likert scale was used (1 = "never" to 5 = "very often") . A higher score of the compassion satisfaction subscale represents a higher level of compassion satisfaction, while a higher score of the burnout and secondary traumatic stress subscale indicates a higher risk of burnout and secondary traumatic stress. The score of each subscale lower than 22 represents a low level of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress; score between 23 - 41 indicates an average level; and more than 42 suggests a high level . The Cronbach's alpha of the scale in this study was 0.722.
Connor-Davidson resilience scale (Chinese version; CD-RISC) The CD-RISC aimed to measure participants' resilience. The Chinese version of CD-RISC consists of three dimensions (tenacity, strength, and optimism) with 25 items. A five-point Likert scale was used (0 = "never" to 4 = "almost always"). The scale can effectively measure the resilience among clinical nurses and has good reliability and validity . The reliability of the CD-RISC among Chinese residents was 0.91 and the Cronbach's alpha of the scale in this study was 0.966.
General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale (Chinese version; GSES) The GSES was used to measured participants' self-efficacy . The Chinese version consists of 10 items assessed by a four-point Likert scale (1=incorrect to 4=correct). The total scores range from 10 to 40, with higher total scores indicating higher levels of self-efficacy. The Cronbach's alpha of the scale in this study was 0.941.
Procedures Data were collected from 3rd October, 2019 to 15th December, 2019 and the data collection was completed by a researcher and two research assistants. First, the researchers informed the directors and head nurses from each hospital of the study's purpose and got their permission to recruit nurses. Then, researchers introduced the contents of the questionnaires to research assistants in the hospital and explained how to complete it. Lastly, researchers distributed a Wenjuanxing link (an online crowdsourcing platform in China) involved the electronic research questionnaires by scanning a Quick Response code to research assistants. According to the inclusion criteria, nurses who had interests could contact the researchers and research assistants in hospital to participate in the study. Wenjuanxing is a relatively secure platform and there is no risk of any data breach and leakage by a third-party.
Study design
- Observational model
- Other
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Questionnaire survey group | – | –All nurses were recruited from 3 tertiary hospitals in central China from 3rd October, 2019 to 15th December, 2019. A total of 992 clinical nurses from different nursing departments were recruited through convenience sampling. Data were collected using General information questionnaire, the Professional Quality of Life Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- According to the calculation method of the sample size regarding to the linear multiple regression, fixed model in G power software 3.1 was used. In this calculation, effect size f2=0.15, α= 0.05, 1-β=0.95, the study included 13 demographic variables, resilience and self-efficacy, 15 independent variables in total. The sample size calculated by G power software 3.1 is 199. Considering the 20% loss to follow-up rate and sampling error, the sample size was expanded to 239.
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- The hospital is a comprehensive hospital;
- Nurse have been registered and are on their duty;
- Nurses are currently engaged in clinical practice;
- Nurses are willing to participate in the study.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Nurses who are intern nurses or studying in other hospitals, or has been participated in other relevant studies.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Primary outcome
General information of participants questionnaire
Time frame: baseline
The general information of participants was measured by social-demographic questionnaire which was self-compiled and aimed to collect participants' demographic characteristics such as age, gender, educational level, marital status, working department, years of nursing experience, professional title, monthly income, shift work and physical conditions and so on.
Compassion fatigue of participants
Time frame: baseline
The Professional quality of life scale was used to evaluate the level of compassion fatigue. The original version was developed by Stamm and then translated to Chinese by Zheng, which was authorized by Stamm. The scale has 30 items with three subscales including compassion satisfactory , burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Together, these latter two subscales measure compassion fatigue. A five-point Likert scale was used (1 = "never" to 5 = "very often") . A higher score of the compassion satisfaction subscale represents a higher level of compassion satisfaction, while a higher score of the burnout and secondary traumatic stress subscale indicates a higher risk of burnout and secondary traumatic stress. The score of each subscale lower than 22 represents a low level of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress; score between 23 - 41 indicates an average level; and more than 42 suggests a high level. The Cronbach's alpha of the scale in this study was 0.722.
Resilience of participants
Time frame: baseline
The Connor-Davidson resilience scale aimed to measure participants' resilience. The original version was developed by Connor and Davidson . Yu and Zhang translated it to Chinese after getting the authorization from the original developers. The Chinese version of CD-RISC consists of three dimensions (tenacity, strength, and optimism) with 25 items. A five-point Likert scale was used (0 = "never" to 4 = "almost always") . The scale can effectively measure the resilience among clinical nurses and has good reliability and validity. The reliability of the CD-RISC among Chinese residents was 0.91 and the Cronbach's alpha of the scale in this study was 0.966.
Self-Efficacy of participants
Time frame: baseline
The General Perceived Self-Efficacy scale developed by Scherbaum, was used to measured participants' self-efficacy. The Chinese version was translated by Wang . The scale consists of 10 items assessed by a four-point Likert scale (1=incorrect to 4=correct). The total scores range from 10 to 40, with higher total scores indicating higher levels of self-efficacy. The Cronbach's alpha of the scale in this study was 0.941.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 3 Jun 2021.
- Background: PubMed 24949067Ariapooran S. Compassion fatigue and burnout in Iranian nurses: The role of perceived social support. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2014 May;19(3):279-84.
- Background: PubMed 31887244Balinbin CBV, Balatbat KTR, Balayan ANB, Balcueva MIC, Balicat MGB, Balidoy TAS, Macindo JRB, Torres GCS. Occupational determinants of compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue among Filipino registered nurses. J Clin Nurs. 2020 Mar;29(5-6):955-963. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15163. Epub 2020 Jan 13.
- Background: PubMed 847061Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977 Mar;84(2):191-215. doi: 10.1037//0033-295x.84.2.191. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 12964174Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82. doi: 10.1002/da.10113.
- Background: PubMed 19897823Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009 Nov;41(4):1149-60. doi: 10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
- Background: PubMed 18064739von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 2007 Oct 20;370(9596):1453-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61602-X.
- Background: PubMed 30157926Yao Y, Zhao S, Gao X, An Z, Wang S, Li H, Li Y, Gao L, Lu L, Dong Z. General self-efficacy modifies the effect of stress on burnout in nurses with different personality types. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018 Aug 29;18(1):667. doi: 10.1186/s12913-018-3478-y.
- Background: PubMed 27810664Zhang J, Zhang JP, Cheng QM, Huang FF, Li SW, Wang AN, Su P. The resilience status of empty-nest elderly in a community: A latent class analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017 Jan-Feb;68:161-167. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.10.011. Epub 2016 Oct 26.
- Background: PubMed 28119163Sinclair S, Raffin-Bouchal S, Venturato L, Mijovic-Kondejewski J, Smith-MacDonald L. Compassion fatigue: A meta-narrative review of the healthcare literature. Int J Nurs Stud. 2017 Apr;69:9-24. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.01.003. Epub 2017 Jan 12.
- Background: PubMed 30129106Zhang YY, Han WL, Qin W, Yin HX, Zhang CF, Kong C, Wang YL. Extent of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout in nursing: A meta-analysis. J Nurs Manag. 2018 Oct;26(7):810-819. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12589. Epub 2018 Aug 20.
- Results publication: PubMed 31670474Alharbi J, Jackson D, Usher K. Personal characteristics, coping strategies, and resilience impact on compassion fatigue in critical care nurses: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Health Sci. 2020 Mar;22(1):20-27. doi: 10.1111/nhs.12650. Epub 2019 Oct 31.
- Results publication: PubMed 31590071Arimon-Pages E, Torres-Puig-Gros J, Fernandez-Ortega P, Canela-Soler J. Emotional impact and compassion fatigue in oncology nurses: Results of a multicentre study. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2019 Dec;43:101666. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2019.09.007. Epub 2019 Sep 12.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. The process of data collection cost a lot of human and material resources, some of the data was privacy information of participants, and so on.Considering this, it is improper to share these data.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Compassion Fatigue and Self Efficacy, run by Central South University at 1 site in China.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 3 Jun 2021. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in China. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
General information of participants questionnaire (time frame: baseline). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04911504, which also lists 18 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 3 Jun 2021.