Lung TumorNCT04974632
Mobile 3D C-arm CT for Lung Tumor Localization Efficacy Analysis: a Prospective Clinical Trial
A study testing localization in people with Lung Tumor and Thoracoscopic Surgery, run by Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at 1 site in Taiwan.
Trial summary
It is well known that video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is preferred to open surgery for lung resection because of the smaller incisions and optimized postoperative recovery, including a shorter length of hospitalization and much decreased local tenderness. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 20 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Lung Tumor, Thoracoscopic Surgery
- What is being tested?
- localization
- Type of treatment
- Surgery or procedure
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 41 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTaiwan
- Study dates
- 1 Jul 2021to 30 Jun 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 20 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- <1 cm, those at a distance more than 1.5 cm from the lung periphery, or ground-glass opacity (GGO) lung lesion.
Who cannot join
- Age <20 serious pulmonary heart disease more than one tumors needed localization
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
It is well known that video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is preferred to open surgery for lung resection because of the smaller incisions and optimized postoperative recovery, including a shorter length of hospitalization and much decreased local tenderness. Studies have shown less operative and post-operative morbidity with decreased operative times. However, for small nodules (i.e. lesions <1 cm or those at a distance more than 1.5cm from the lung periphery), adequate identification of the target nodule has been being difficult by VATS with necessity of more significant resection or thoracotomy conversion to ensure complete tumor resection.
In order to improve nodule localization, a variety of preoperative localization methods such as CT-guide hook wire or methyl blue dye localization have been proposed. It has been proved to be much easier to mark lung nodules and help guide resection during VATS. However, there are certain concerns. First, it is difficult to minimize the time between the localization procedure and the subsequent surgery in reality. Second, there is concern for patient safety, in particular pneumothorax or hemothorax, during transferred to and from the ward to the radiology suit and in the frequent delays and waiting in reception areas prior to transfer to operating theaters. Finally, interdepartmental transfers and delays can also increase the risk of hook wire dislodgement.
Theoretically, the aforementioned disadvantage could be solved by performing the localization procedure and the lung surgery in the same operating room environment. We performed single-step localization and removal of small pulmonary nodules in the hybrid OR equipped with floor-mounted C-arm cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the previous study. However, it costed a lot of money and every localization could only be performed in the hybrid OR. Mobile 3D C-arm CT is another form of CBCT. It depicts soft tissues with high contrast but also offer a more affordable solution with relative low cost. In this case series, we will investigate the use of a mobile 3D C-arm CT for single-step localization and removal of small pulmonary nodules.
Read the detailed description
Pre-operative CT scans will be used for localization planning. The images will be reviewed by our team to determine optimal placement of wires or indocyanine green. After induction of general anesthesia and insertion of a double-lumen tube, the patient will be placed in either supine, prone or lateral decubitus position. Under end-inspiratory breath-hold, an initial 30 second rotary scan for surgical planning will be obtained. The puncture path will be planned to be as short as possible while avoiding transfissural punctures or being oriented towards major vascular structure. The skin entry site for the planned needle puncture route will then identified under the guidance of the referential metallic marker. An 18-gauze marker needle will be gradually advanced under CT-guidance until it reached the target lesion. A total of 0.3 ml ICG dye(for superficial lesion) or microcoil or hookwire(for deeper lesion) will then be used to localize the tumor.
- Conditions
- Lung Tumor, Thoracoscopic Surgery
- Being tested
- localization
- Keywords
- Lung tumor, mobile 3D C-arm computed tomography(CT), Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)
- Medical subject headings
- Lung Neoplasms
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
localizationProcedure or surgery
small, deep or ground-glass opacity (GGO) lung tumor, Mobile 3D C-arm CT assisted pre-operative localization, video-assisted thoracic surgery(VATS)
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| localization | Other | small, deep or ground-glass opacity (GGO) lung tumor, Mobile 3D C-arm CT assisted pre-operative localization, video-assisted thoracic surgery(VATS) Receives: Procedure: localization |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Procedure time
Recording the time of localization procedure, including needle puncture time.
Measured: from initiation of the procedure time (first time CT scanning) to the end (localization complete).
success rate of localization
Recording the result of localization (success or not), the failure reason, and the deviation distance
Measured: from initiation of localization to completion of surgery
Secondary outcomes (2)
Radiation dose
Effective dose estimates were performed using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD).
Measured: from initiation of the preprocedural CT scanning to the end of the postprocedural CT scanning, through study completion, an average of 1 year.
Complication rate
Recording the rate of common complications, such as pneumothorax, hemothorax.
Measured: from initiation of localization to completion of surgery
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Jul 2021
- Study start1 Jul 2021
- Primary completion30 Jun 2022
- Study completion30 Jun 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (27)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Lung TumorStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 41 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Yin-Kai Chao, MD, Ph D, Study chair, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04974632
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 202100442A3
- Status last verified
- Jul 2021
- First submitted
- 21 Jul 2021
- Last updated
- 26 Feb 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Wang BY, Huang JY, Cheng CY, Lin CH, Ko J, Liaw YP. Lung cancer and prognosis in taiwan: a population-based cancer registry. J Thorac Oncol. 2013 Sep;8(9):1128-35. doi: 10.1097/JTO.0b013e31829ceba4.
PubMed 23945383Huang HL, Kung PT, Chiu CF, Wang YH, Tsai WC. Factors associated with lung cancer patients refusing treatment and their survival: a national cohort study under a universal health insurance in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 7;9(7):e101731. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101731. eCollection 2014.
PubMed 24999633Bach PB, Mirkin JN, Oliver TK, Azzoli CG, Berry DA, Brawley OW, Byers T, Colditz GA, Gould MK, Jett JR, Sabichi AL, Smith-Bindman R, Wood DE, Qaseem A, Detterbeck FC. Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review. JAMA. 2012 Jun 13;307(22):2418-29. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.5521.
PubMed 22610500National Lung Screening Trial Research Team; Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD, Fagerstrom RM, Gareen IF, Gatsonis C, Marcus PM, Sicks JD. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 4;365(5):395-409. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1102873. Epub 2011 Jun 29.
PubMed 21714641Oken MM, Hocking WG, Kvale PA, Andriole GL, Buys SS, Church TR, Crawford ED, Fouad MN, Isaacs C, Reding DJ, Weissfeld JL, Yokochi LA, O'Brien B, Ragard LR, Rathmell JM, Riley TL, Wright P, Caparaso N, Hu P, Izmirlian G, Pinsky PF, Prorok PC, Kramer BS, Miller AB, Gohagan JK, Berg CD; PLCO Project Team. Screening by chest radiograph and lung cancer mortality: the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) randomized trial. JAMA. 2011 Nov 2;306(17):1865-73. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1591. Epub 2011 Oct 26.
PubMed 22031728Humphrey LL, Deffebach M, Pappas M, Baumann C, Artis K, Mitchell JP, Zakher B, Fu R, Slatore CG. Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: a systematic review to update the US Preventive services task force recommendation. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Sep 17;159(6):411-420. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-159-6-201309170-00690.
PubMed 23897166US Preventive Services Task Force; Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Davis EM, Donahue KE, Doubeni CA, Kubik M, Landefeld CS, Li L, Ogedegbe G, Owens DK, Pbert L, Silverstein M, Stevermer J, Tseng CW, Wong JB. Screening for Lung Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2021 Mar 9;325(10):962-970. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.1117.
PubMed 33687470Suzuki K, Nagai K, Yoshida J, Ohmatsu H, Takahashi K, Nishimura M, Nishiwaki Y. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for small indeterminate pulmonary nodules: indications for preoperative marking. Chest. 1999 Feb;115(2):563-8. doi: 10.1378/chest.115.2.563.
PubMed 10027460Santambrogio R, Montorsi M, Bianchi P, Mantovani A, Ghelma F, Mezzetti M. Intraoperative ultrasound during thoracoscopic procedures for solitary pulmonary nodules. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999 Jul;68(1):218-22. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(99)00459-2.
PubMed 10421144Kim YD, Jeong YJ, I H, Cho JS, Lee JW, Kim HJ, Lee SH, Kim DH. Localization of pulmonary nodules with lipiodol prior to thoracoscopic surgery. Acta Radiol. 2011 Feb 1;52(1):64-9. doi: 10.1258/ar.2010.100307.
PubMed 21498328Mayo JR, Clifton JC, Powell TI, English JC, Evans KG, Yee J, McWilliams AM, Lam SC, Finley RJ. Lung nodules: CT-guided placement of microcoils to direct video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical resection. Radiology. 2009 Feb;250(2):576-85. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2502080442.
PubMed 19188326Finley RJ, Mayo JR, Grant K, Clifton JC, English J, Leo J, Lam S. Preoperative computed tomography-guided microcoil localization of small peripheral pulmonary nodules: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015 Jan;149(1):26-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.08.055. Epub 2014 Sep 16.
PubMed 25293355Cheng C, Fang HY, Wen CT, Chao YK. Real-time image-guided electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy dual-marker technique to localize deep pulmonary nodules in a hybrid operating room. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2020 Aug 1;58(Suppl_1):i103-i105. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezz360.
PubMed 32105309Sadoughi A, Virdi S. Mobile 3D Intraprocedural Fluoroscopy in Combination With Ultrathin Bronchoscopy for Biopsy of Peripheral Lung Nodules. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol. 2021 Jan 1;28(1):76-80. doi: 10.1097/LBR.0000000000000711.
PubMed 32947357Kpodonu J, Raney A. The cardiovascular hybrid room a key component for hybrid interventions and image guided surgery in the emerging specialty of cardiovascular hybrid surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009 Oct;9(4):688-92. doi: 10.1510/icvts.2009.209429. Epub 2009 Jul 21.
PubMed 19622541
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 26 Feb 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Mobile 3D C-arm CT for Lung Tumor Localization Efficacy Analysis: a Prospective Clinical Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT04974632
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 202100442A3
- Conditions
- Lung Tumor, Thoracoscopic Surgery
- Keywords
- Lung tumor, mobile 3D C-arm computed tomography(CT), Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 41 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Chang Gung Memorial HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Jul 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Jun 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Jun 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 23 Jul 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
It is well known that video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is preferred to open surgery for lung resection because of the smaller incisions and optimized postoperative recovery, including a shorter length of hospitalization and much decreased local tenderness. Studies have shown less operative and post-operative morbidity with decreased operative times. However, for small nodules (i.e. lesions <1 cm or those at a distance more than 1.5cm from the lung periphery), adequate identification of the target nodule has been being difficult by VATS with necessity of more significant resection or thoracotomy conversion to ensure complete tumor resection.
In order to improve nodule localization, a variety of preoperative localization methods such as CT-guide hook wire or methyl blue dye localization have been proposed. It has been proved to be much easier to mark lung nodules and help guide resection during VATS. However, there are certain concerns. First, it is difficult to minimize the time between the localization procedure and the subsequent surgery in reality. Second, there is concern for patient safety, in particular pneumothorax or hemothorax, during transferred to and from the ward to the radiology suit and in the frequent delays and waiting in reception areas prior to transfer to operating theaters. Finally, interdepartmental transfers and delays can also increase the risk of hook wire dislodgement.
Theoretically, the aforementioned disadvantage could be solved by performing the localization procedure and the lung surgery in the same operating room environment. We performed single-step localization and removal of small pulmonary nodules in the hybrid OR equipped with floor-mounted C-arm cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the previous study. However, it costed a lot of money and every localization could only be performed in the hybrid OR. Mobile 3D C-arm CT is another form of CBCT. It depicts soft tissues with high contrast but also offer a more affordable solution with relative low cost. In this case series, we will investigate the use of a mobile 3D C-arm CT for single-step localization and removal of small pulmonary nodules.
Detailed description
Pre-operative CT scans will be used for localization planning. The images will be reviewed by our team to determine optimal placement of wires or indocyanine green. After induction of general anesthesia and insertion of a double-lumen tube, the patient will be placed in either supine, prone or lateral decubitus position. Under end-inspiratory breath-hold, an initial 30 second rotary scan for surgical planning will be obtained. The puncture path will be planned to be as short as possible while avoiding transfissural punctures or being oriented towards major vascular structure. The skin entry site for the planned needle puncture route will then identified under the guidance of the referential metallic marker. An 18-gauze marker needle will be gradually advanced under CT-guidance until it reached the target lesion. A total of 0.3 ml ICG dye(for superficial lesion) or microcoil or hookwire(for deeper lesion) will then be used to localize the tumor.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| localization | Other | Procedure: localizationsmall, deep or ground-glass opacity (GGO) lung tumor, Mobile 3D C-arm CT assisted pre-operative localization, video-assisted thoracic surgery(VATS) |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 20 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- <1 cm, those at a distance more than 1.5 cm from the lung periphery, or ground-glass opacity (GGO) lung lesion.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Age <20 serious pulmonary heart disease more than one tumors needed localization
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| localizationsmall, deep or ground-glass opacity (GGO) lung tumor, Mobile 3D C-arm CT assisted pre-operative localization, video-assisted thoracic surgery(VATS) | Procedure or surgery | localization |
Primary outcome
Procedure time
Time frame: from initiation of the procedure time (first time CT scanning) to the end (localization complete).
Recording the time of localization procedure, including needle puncture time.
success rate of localization
Time frame: from initiation of localization to completion of surgery
Recording the result of localization (success or not), the failure reason, and the deviation distance
2 secondary outcomes
Radiation dose
Time frame: from initiation of the preprocedural CT scanning to the end of the postprocedural CT scanning, through study completion, an average of 1 year.
Complication rate
Time frame: from initiation of localization to completion of surgery
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 26 Feb 2025.
- Background: PubMed 23945383Wang BY, Huang JY, Cheng CY, Lin CH, Ko J, Liaw YP. Lung cancer and prognosis in taiwan: a population-based cancer registry. J Thorac Oncol. 2013 Sep;8(9):1128-35. doi: 10.1097/JTO.0b013e31829ceba4.
- Background: PubMed 24999633Huang HL, Kung PT, Chiu CF, Wang YH, Tsai WC. Factors associated with lung cancer patients refusing treatment and their survival: a national cohort study under a universal health insurance in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 7;9(7):e101731. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101731. eCollection 2014.
- Background: PubMed 22610500Bach PB, Mirkin JN, Oliver TK, Azzoli CG, Berry DA, Brawley OW, Byers T, Colditz GA, Gould MK, Jett JR, Sabichi AL, Smith-Bindman R, Wood DE, Qaseem A, Detterbeck FC. Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review. JAMA. 2012 Jun 13;307(22):2418-29. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.5521.
- Background: PubMed 21714641National Lung Screening Trial Research Team; Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD, Fagerstrom RM, Gareen IF, Gatsonis C, Marcus PM, Sicks JD. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 4;365(5):395-409. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1102873. Epub 2011 Jun 29.
- Background: PubMed 22031728Oken MM, Hocking WG, Kvale PA, Andriole GL, Buys SS, Church TR, Crawford ED, Fouad MN, Isaacs C, Reding DJ, Weissfeld JL, Yokochi LA, O'Brien B, Ragard LR, Rathmell JM, Riley TL, Wright P, Caparaso N, Hu P, Izmirlian G, Pinsky PF, Prorok PC, Kramer BS, Miller AB, Gohagan JK, Berg CD; PLCO Project Team. Screening by chest radiograph and lung cancer mortality: the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) randomized trial. JAMA. 2011 Nov 2;306(17):1865-73. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1591. Epub 2011 Oct 26.
- Background: PubMed 23897166Humphrey LL, Deffebach M, Pappas M, Baumann C, Artis K, Mitchell JP, Zakher B, Fu R, Slatore CG. Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: a systematic review to update the US Preventive services task force recommendation. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Sep 17;159(6):411-420. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-159-6-201309170-00690.
- Background: PubMed 33687470US Preventive Services Task Force; Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Davis EM, Donahue KE, Doubeni CA, Kubik M, Landefeld CS, Li L, Ogedegbe G, Owens DK, Pbert L, Silverstein M, Stevermer J, Tseng CW, Wong JB. Screening for Lung Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2021 Mar 9;325(10):962-970. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.1117.
- Background: PubMed 10027460Suzuki K, Nagai K, Yoshida J, Ohmatsu H, Takahashi K, Nishimura M, Nishiwaki Y. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for small indeterminate pulmonary nodules: indications for preoperative marking. Chest. 1999 Feb;115(2):563-8. doi: 10.1378/chest.115.2.563.
- Background: PubMed 10421144Santambrogio R, Montorsi M, Bianchi P, Mantovani A, Ghelma F, Mezzetti M. Intraoperative ultrasound during thoracoscopic procedures for solitary pulmonary nodules. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999 Jul;68(1):218-22. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(99)00459-2.
- Background: PubMed 21498328Kim YD, Jeong YJ, I H, Cho JS, Lee JW, Kim HJ, Lee SH, Kim DH. Localization of pulmonary nodules with lipiodol prior to thoracoscopic surgery. Acta Radiol. 2011 Feb 1;52(1):64-9. doi: 10.1258/ar.2010.100307.
- Background: PubMed 19188326Mayo JR, Clifton JC, Powell TI, English JC, Evans KG, Yee J, McWilliams AM, Lam SC, Finley RJ. Lung nodules: CT-guided placement of microcoils to direct video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical resection. Radiology. 2009 Feb;250(2):576-85. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2502080442.
- Background: PubMed 25293355Finley RJ, Mayo JR, Grant K, Clifton JC, English J, Leo J, Lam S. Preoperative computed tomography-guided microcoil localization of small peripheral pulmonary nodules: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015 Jan;149(1):26-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.08.055. Epub 2014 Sep 16.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Yin-Kai Chao, MD, Ph D study chair
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing localization in people with Lung Tumor and Thoracoscopic Surgery, run by Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at 1 site in Taiwan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 26 Feb 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Taiwan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Procedure time (time frame: from initiation of the procedure time (first time CT scanning) to the end (localization complete).). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT04974632, which also lists 27 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 26 Feb 2025.