Orthopedic Disorder of SpineNCT05004467
Clinical Predictive Effects of Mulligan Treatment in Patients With Chronic Neck Pain
A study testing Mobilization With Movement Technique in people with Orthopedic Disorder of Spine and Placebo Effect, run by Universidad Europea de Madrid at 1 site in Spain.
Trial summary
The aim of the study is the measurement and comparison of two manual therapy techniques, the Mulligan´s mobilization with movement technique, and de placebo technique, both applicated in patients with subacute neck pain. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 60 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Orthopedic Disorder of Spine, Placebo Effect, Disability Physical
- What is being tested?
- Mobilization With Movement Technique
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 42 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSpain
- Study dates
- 2 Aug 2021to 18 Mar 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 60 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Ages between 18 and 60 years.
- Neck pain with/without pain in upper limb/s.
- NDI ≥ 10
- Acceptance of the study and completion of the informed consent form.
Who cannot join
- Presenting physician-diagnosed "red flag" of non-musculoskeletal origin.
- Having had a Whiplash in the last 2 years.
- Use of cervical collar in the last year.
- Evidence of CNS involvement.
- Vestibular Disorders
- Inflammatory joint disease
Show all 15Show fewer
- Spinal cord pathology
- Bone disease or marked osteoporosis
- Intervertebral disc protrusion
- Subjects who have received physiotherapeutic treatment of the cervical or thoracic region three months previously.
- Fractures, sprain or dislocation of the neck, occurred in a period of less than two months.
- Previous shoulder, upper limb and cervical spine surgery, which occurred in the twelve months prior to the investigation.
- Pregnancy
- Illness
- Voluntary abandonment
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Clinical Predictive Effects of Mulligan Treatment in Patients With Chronic Neck Pain: a Machine Learning Approach
The aim of the study is the measurement and comparison of two manual therapy techniques, the Mulligan´s mobilization with movement technique, and de placebo technique, both applicated in patients with subacute neck pain.
Read the detailed description
Study design:
A randomized, longitudinal, experimental, prospective, parallel and double-blind clinical trial was conducted, where both the study subject and the researcher performing the measurements do not know which treatment group they belong to. Patients were randomly assigned using GraphPad Software's QuickCals application (La Joya, CA, USA) to one of the 2 study groups: experimental group and placebo group.
Participants:
The sample was composed of 42 sub-acute and inespecific neck pain patients residing in the Community of Madrid, all of whom were recruited personally for the study. Experimental group includes 21 subjects who received a manual theraphy technique named Mobilization with Movement (MWM) for a total of four sessions, distributed in two sessions per week. . Placebo group includes 21 subjects who received a placebo technique the same times.
Measurement instruments:
The primary outcomes of interest were true and total cervical ROM, Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT), pain intensity, Neck Disabilty Index, anxiety scale and depression scale. Secondary outcomes were pain and/or neck stiffnes for musculosketletal causes.
Goniometry
This is the measurement of angles on the arc of motion of a joint. Goniometry is a quantitative variable and numerical and unit of measurement is in degrees.
Measurement of cervical motion was performed with the device CROM (Cervical Range Of Motion) due to the extensive evidence as to its reliability. This device has two gravity goniometers, indicating the mobility in the sagittal and frontal planes (measurement of the flexion-extension and lateral inclination, respectively). For the transverse plane, the goniometer has a compass, a magnet with magnetic resting on the shoulders to measure neck rotation.
Algometry
Consists in measuring the pain threshold pressure, by stimulating the receptors of pressure. This threshold is defined as the minimal amount of pressure that produces pain.
Algometry is a quantitative variable and gives numerical values in Kilograms/cm2.
To study algometry has relied on a digital algometer Wagner Force One Digital Force Gage FDX model 100 with an 1cm2 head. This device, used with a gradually application of manual force and consistently, and prior familiarity with the user, has a high fiability.
- Intensity of pain measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) just before and immediately after treatment.
- Neck disability index: Scale completed by the patient before tratment
- BECK: Scale completed by the patient before tratment.
- STAI: Scale completed by the patient before tratment.
- Mobilization with movement technique: Technique therapy applied to the experimental group.
Procedural protocol:
Measures were collected before and after intervention, stablishing the hypotesys about reasons and inmediate effects in relation with the tecnique applied.
No follows-up will be done to the patients. It is supposed like a bounding factor in that study.
- Goniometric measurements procedure: The patient position for goniometric measurement is similar to the physiotherapist intervention, described previously.
The patient actively and in all range of motion , perform flexion, extension, bilateral lateral flexion and bilateral rotation movements. And then, the therapist will gather the parameters at the end of every movement.
All goniometric measures will be reported three times and the average of three measurements will be calculated.
Goniometric informacion is collected just before the therapeutic intervention and five minutes later.
- Pressure algometer measurements procedure: The patient supine with algometer perpendicular to the exactly point for evaluation, and the pressure is increasing slowly and linearly. The intervention speed applied will be 1kg/cm2/second until the patient feels pain. Just in that moment, the researcher stops pressure.
Hereby a target response is favored due to fact that patient has more reaction time when he starts to feel pain. In that moment, the researcher interrumps exercised pressure with the algometer.
In every anatomical reference, three measures will be performed consecutively in intervals of 30 seconds for measurement to generate an average, neccesary for statical analysis.
Pain pressure threshold measure is performed just before therapeutic intervention and 5 minutes later.
- Anatomical References to study: Bilateral measurement of superior cervical region in spine C2: To plan a horizontal line between spine C2 to both sides, separated 1 cm to the spine point.
Bilateral measurement of superior cervical region in spine C7: To plan a horizontal line between spine C7 to both sides, separated 1cm to the spine point.
Superior Trapezius measurement: Horizontal line between acromion to spine C7 Lateral Epycondile measurement: lateral prominence of distal humeral epiphysis with the superior extremity supported on the table.
The algometer technique is performed just before therapeutic intervention and 5 minutes later.
- Being tested
- Mobilization With Movement Technique
- Keywords
- Therapeutic Effect, Manual Therapy, Physiotherapy, Neck Pain
- Medical subject headings
- Neck Pain
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Mobilization With Movement TechniqueOther
The researcher explains cervical movements to the patient to be done while the technique is performed. This movements will be the painful and limited movements detected in goniometric intervention before the treatment and movements done actively and in all range of motion.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Mobilization with movement technique | Experimental | The therapist applies supported pressure on right and left side and articular planes. Meanwhile, the patient executes active movements and the therapist is trying to find the specifies cervical joint to get partial or total painful relief or movements with restrictions.
If the therapist couldn´t relief or remove pain or restriction with the pressure permorfem, he will readjust pressure and slide in differents planes of motion. It is necessary achieve that aim.
After that, the patient stay in sit down raised position on a stool, with his back in contact with the wall.
Hip, knee and ankle of the patient suppor a certain position: 90º of flexion which will be checked with a conventional goniometer. His hands are on the thighs. The treatment lasts 5 minutes. Receives: Other: Mobilization With Movement Technique |
| Placebo technique | Sham comparator | Placebo manual technique is performed similar to experimental group technique but no slides are performed. The therapist simply embraces cervical region with boths hands, avoiding any pressure or any painfully caoture. Receives: Other: Mobilization With Movement Technique |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
To evaluate the pain that the patient has, we use the VAS (Appendix 1). This is a 100 mm line that measures pain intensity. The left end of the line represents the absence of pain, while the right end represents the worst pain imaginable. The numerical pain intensity scale adds a numerical graduation where 1 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. The confidence and reliability of this scale has been approved and validated in different studies. This scale will be used accompanying each CROM measurement as well as in pre-treatment measurements.
Measured: Change from base line and immediately after the intervention
Pressure Pain Threshold
The patient supine with algometer perpendicular to the exactly point for evaluation, and the pressure is increasing slowly and linearly. The intervention speed applied will be 1kg/cm2/second until the patient feels pain. Just in that moment, the researcher stops pressure.
Hereby a target response is favored due to fact that patient has more reaction time when he starts to feel pain. In that moment, the researcher interrumps exercised pressure with the algometer.
In every anatomical reference, three measures will be performed consecutively in intervals of 30 seconds for measurement to generate an average, neccesary for statical analysis.
Pain pressure threshold measure is performed just before therapeutic intervention and 5 minutes later.
Measured: Change from base line and immediately after the intervention
Cervical Range of Movement (CROM)
Measurement of the range of movement by means of an inclinometer. To measure the range of movement the patient will be seated in a chair; feet supported on the floor, triple flexion of lower limbs of 90º (hip, knee and foot), back well supported and straight, head straight and look at the horizon. The inclinometer will be positioned to measure flexion, extension, right and left tilt and right and left rotation. The inclinometer for CROM (cervical range of motion) is approved and validated in different studies.
Measured: Change from base line and immediately after the intervention
Secondary outcomes (3)
Neck Disability Index
It will be used to measure the level of disability perceived by the patient as a result of their neck pain, after performing the technique and to check whether it appears during the control measurements. It is a questionnaire composed of 10 sections on different activities of daily living (ADLs); self-care, reading, lifting weights, driving, sleeping, recreational activities, work, concentration, pain intensity and headache. Each section scores from 0 to 5, with zero being no pain and five being the worst pain imaginable. (Maximum 50 points). Therefore, in order of appearance, of the 6 options, the first option of each item represents 0 and the last one 5. The higher the score obtained, the greater the patient's disability.
Measured: Change from base line and immediately after the intervention
STAI (State-Trait Anxiety)
Questionnaire composed of 20 items with 4 points each that evaluate "state anxiety" (transitory emotional condition influenced by environmental factors that decrease or increase anxiety) and another 20 that evaluate "trait anxiety" (personality factor that predisposes to suffer or not suffer anxiety). The 2-part score ranks patients at a percentile to the general population. The higher the score, the greater the anxiety. It is one of the most widely used tools in research to measure levels of general anxiety.
Measured: Change from base line and immediately after the intervention
Beck II (Depression)
A 21-item scale used to assess the severity of depression. The patient has to select for each item the response alternative that best reflects his/her state during the last week. The total score is obtained by adding up the values of the selected items, which range from 0 to 3. The commonly accepted cut-off points for grading intensity/severity are as follows: 0 to 9, no depression; 10 to 18, mild depression; 19 to 29, moderate depression, and ≥ 30 points, severe depression.
Measured: Change from base line and immediately after the intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted13 Aug 2021
- Study start2 Aug 2021
- Primary completion10 Feb 2022
- Study completion18 Mar 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Orthopedic Disorder of SpineStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Study design: A randomized, longitudinal, experimental, prospective, parallel and double-blind clinical trial will be carried out in which both the study subject and the researcher who made the measurements do not know which treatment group they belong to. Participants The sample was composed of 42 healthy patients residing in the Community of Madrid, all of whom were personally recruited for the study. All of them will have two different manual therapy techniques (Mulligan and placebo) for acute or subactute neck pain. All patients will read the information sheet that explains what the study will consist of, as well as the informed consent form, which they will voluntarily sign before the intervention. Each group will be given a different sentence: one group will attempt to influence with a positive expectation, another with a neutral expectation, and yet another will attempt to influence with a negative expectation.
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 42 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Universidad Europea de Madrid
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Eleuterio Atanasio Sánchez Romero, Universidad Europea de Madrid
- Investigators
- Josué Fernández Carnero, PhD, Study director, Universidad Rey Juan CarlosEleuterio A Sánchez Romero, PhD, Principal investigator, Universidad Europea de Madrid
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05004467
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Clinical predictive effects
- Status last verified
- Mar 2022
- First submitted
- 5 Aug 2021
- Last updated
- 1 Apr 2022
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 1 Apr 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Clinical Predictive Effects of Mulligan Treatment in Patients With Chronic Neck Pain: a Machine Learning Approach
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05004467
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Clinical predictive effects
- Keywords
- Therapeutic Effect, Manual Therapy, Physiotherapy, Neck Pain
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 42 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Universidad Europea de MadridUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 2 Aug 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 10 Feb 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 18 Mar 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 13 Aug 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of the study is the measurement and comparison of two manual therapy techniques, the Mulligan´s mobilization with movement technique, and de placebo technique, both applicated in patients with subacute neck pain.
Detailed description
Study design:
A randomized, longitudinal, experimental, prospective, parallel and double-blind clinical trial was conducted, where both the study subject and the researcher performing the measurements do not know which treatment group they belong to. Patients were randomly assigned using GraphPad Software's QuickCals application (La Joya, CA, USA) to one of the 2 study groups: experimental group and placebo group.
Participants:
The sample was composed of 42 sub-acute and inespecific neck pain patients residing in the Community of Madrid, all of whom were recruited personally for the study. Experimental group includes 21 subjects who received a manual theraphy technique named Mobilization with Movement (MWM) for a total of four sessions, distributed in two sessions per week. . Placebo group includes 21 subjects who received a placebo technique the same times.
Measurement instruments:
The primary outcomes of interest were true and total cervical ROM, Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT), pain intensity, Neck Disabilty Index, anxiety scale and depression scale. Secondary outcomes were pain and/or neck stiffnes for musculosketletal causes.
Goniometry
This is the measurement of angles on the arc of motion of a joint. Goniometry is a quantitative variable and numerical and unit of measurement is in degrees.
Measurement of cervical motion was performed with the device CROM (Cervical Range Of Motion) due to the extensive evidence as to its reliability. This device has two gravity goniometers, indicating the mobility in the sagittal and frontal planes (measurement of the flexion-extension and lateral inclination, respectively). For the transverse plane, the goniometer has a compass, a magnet with magnetic resting on the shoulders to measure neck rotation.
Algometry
Consists in measuring the pain threshold pressure, by stimulating the receptors of pressure. This threshold is defined as the minimal amount of pressure that produces pain.
Algometry is a quantitative variable and gives numerical values in Kilograms/cm2.
To study algometry has relied on a digital algometer Wagner Force One Digital Force Gage FDX model 100 with an 1cm2 head. This device, used with a gradually application of manual force and consistently, and prior familiarity with the user, has a high fiability.
- Intensity of pain measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) just before and immediately after treatment.
- Neck disability index: Scale completed by the patient before tratment
- BECK: Scale completed by the patient before tratment.
- STAI: Scale completed by the patient before tratment.
- Mobilization with movement technique: Technique therapy applied to the experimental group.
Procedural protocol:
Measures were collected before and after intervention, stablishing the hypotesys about reasons and inmediate effects in relation with the tecnique applied.
No follows-up will be done to the patients. It is supposed like a bounding factor in that study.
- Goniometric measurements procedure: The patient position for goniometric measurement is similar to the physiotherapist intervention, described previously.
The patient actively and in all range of motion , perform flexion, extension, bilateral lateral flexion and bilateral rotation movements. And then, the therapist will gather the parameters at the end of every movement.
All goniometric measures will be reported three times and the average of three measurements will be calculated.
Goniometric informacion is collected just before the therapeutic intervention and five minutes later.
- Pressure algometer measurements procedure: The patient supine with algometer perpendicular to the exactly point for evaluation, and the pressure is increasing slowly and linearly. The intervention speed applied will be 1kg/cm2/second until the patient feels pain. Just in that moment, the researcher stops pressure.
Hereby a target response is favored due to fact that patient has more reaction time when he starts to feel pain. In that moment, the researcher interrumps exercised pressure with the algometer.
In every anatomical reference, three measures will be performed consecutively in intervals of 30 seconds for measurement to generate an average, neccesary for statical analysis.
Pain pressure threshold measure is performed just before therapeutic intervention and 5 minutes later.
- Anatomical References to study: Bilateral measurement of superior cervical region in spine C2: To plan a horizontal line between spine C2 to both sides, separated 1 cm to the spine point.
Bilateral measurement of superior cervical region in spine C7: To plan a horizontal line between spine C7 to both sides, separated 1cm to the spine point.
Superior Trapezius measurement: Horizontal line between acromion to spine C7 Lateral Epycondile measurement: lateral prominence of distal humeral epiphysis with the superior extremity supported on the table.
The algometer technique is performed just before therapeutic intervention and 5 minutes later.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Study design: A randomized, longitudinal, experimental, prospective, parallel and double-blind clinical trial will be carried out in which both the study subject and the researcher who made the measurements do not know which treatment group they belong to. Participants The sample was composed of 42 healthy patients residing in the Community of Madrid, all of whom were personally recruited for the study. All of them will have two different manual therapy techniques (Mulligan and placebo) for acute or subactute neck pain. All patients will read the information sheet that explains what the study will consist of, as well as the informed consent form, which they will voluntarily sign before the intervention. Each group will be given a different sentence: one group will attempt to influence with a positive expectation, another with a neutral expectation, and yet another will attempt to influence with a negative expectation.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Mobilization with movement technique | Experimental | Other: Mobilization With Movement TechniqueThe therapist applies supported pressure on right and left side and articular planes. Meanwhile, the patient executes active movements and the therapist is trying to find the specifies cervical joint to get partial or total painful relief or movements with restrictions. If the therapist couldn´t relief or remove pain or restriction with the pressure permorfem, he will readjust pressure and slide in differents planes of motion. It is necessary achieve that aim. After that, the patient stay in sit down raised position on a stool, with his back in contact with the wall. Hip, knee and ankle of the patient suppor a certain position: 90º of flexion which will be checked with a conventional goniometer. His hands are on the thighs. The treatment lasts 5 minutes. |
| Placebo technique | Sham comparator | Other: Mobilization With Movement TechniquePlacebo manual technique is performed similar to experimental group technique but no slides are performed. The therapist simply embraces cervical region with boths hands, avoiding any pressure or any painfully caoture. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 60 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Ages between 18 and 60 years.
- Neck pain with/without pain in upper limb/s.
- NDI ≥ 10
- Acceptance of the study and completion of the informed consent form.
Key exclusion criteria (15 listed)
- Presenting physician-diagnosed "red flag" of non-musculoskeletal origin.
- Having had a Whiplash in the last 2 years.
- Use of cervical collar in the last year.
- Evidence of CNS involvement.
- Vestibular Disorders
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Mobilization With Movement TechniqueThe researcher explains cervical movements to the patient to be done while the technique is performed. This movements will be the painful and limited movements detected in goniometric intervention before the treatment and movements done actively and in all range of motion. | Other | Mobilization with movement technique, Placebo technique |
Primary outcome
Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
Time frame: Change from base line and immediately after the intervention
To evaluate the pain that the patient has, we use the VAS (Appendix 1). This is a 100 mm line that measures pain intensity. The left end of the line represents the absence of pain, while the right end represents the worst pain imaginable. The numerical pain intensity scale adds a numerical graduation where 1 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable. The confidence and reliability of this scale has been approved and validated in different studies. This scale will be used accompanying each CROM measurement as well as in pre-treatment measurements.
Pressure Pain Threshold
Time frame: Change from base line and immediately after the intervention
The patient supine with algometer perpendicular to the exactly point for evaluation, and the pressure is increasing slowly and linearly. The intervention speed applied will be 1kg/cm2/second until the patient feels pain. Just in that moment, the researcher stops pressure. Hereby a target response is favored due to fact that patient has more reaction time when he starts to feel pain. In that moment, the researcher interrumps exercised pressure with the algometer. In every anatomical reference, three measures will be performed consecutively in intervals of 30 seconds for measurement to generate an average, neccesary for statical analysis. Pain pressure threshold measure is performed just before therapeutic intervention and 5 minutes later.
Cervical Range of Movement (CROM)
Time frame: Change from base line and immediately after the intervention
Measurement of the range of movement by means of an inclinometer. To measure the range of movement the patient will be seated in a chair; feet supported on the floor, triple flexion of lower limbs of 90º (hip, knee and foot), back well supported and straight, head straight and look at the horizon. The inclinometer will be positioned to measure flexion, extension, right and left tilt and right and left rotation. The inclinometer for CROM (cervical range of motion) is approved and validated in different studies.
3 secondary outcomes
Neck Disability Index
Time frame: Change from base line and immediately after the intervention
STAI (State-Trait Anxiety)
Time frame: Change from base line and immediately after the intervention
Beck II (Depression)
Time frame: Change from base line and immediately after the intervention
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 1 Apr 2022.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Josué Fernández Carnero, PhD study director
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
Eleuterio A Sánchez Romero, PhD principal investigator
Universidad Europea de Madrid
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Mobilization With Movement Technique in people with Orthopedic Disorder of Spine and Placebo Effect, run by Universidad Europea de Madrid at 1 site in Spain.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 15 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 1 Apr 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Spain. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (time frame: Change from base line and immediately after the intervention). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 1 Apr 2022.