InfluenzaNCT05012163
Lottery Incentive Nudges to Increase Influenza Vaccinations
A study testing Reminder, Financial incentive and Lottery in people with Influenza and Vaccination, run by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
In the current study, the study team will explore whether small incentives are effective at promoting flu vaccine uptake. The study is designed to compare the relative efficacy of incentives of equal perceived expected value (EV) or equal implementation costs, to assess whether people are more likely to get vaccinated… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Influenza, Vaccination, Health Promotion
- What is being tested?
- Reminder, Financial incentive and Lottery
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 57,581 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 4 Sep 2021to 31 Dec 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Aged 18+
- Pennsylvania mailing address listed
- Geisinger primary care provider (PCP) assigned
- Upcoming appointment with PCP or select specialist who stocks and can administer the vaccine during the study period
Who cannot join
- Has opted out of receiving messages from Geisinger on all modalities being tested
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
In the current study, the study team will explore whether small incentives are effective at promoting flu vaccine uptake. The study is designed to compare the relative efficacy of incentives of equal perceived expected value (EV) or equal implementation costs, to assess whether people are more likely to get vaccinated in response to lotteries with very high payoffs than to small certain cash payout or slightly higher-probability, more moderate payoffs. In particular, given the potential appeal of official state lottery tickets, one study arm will receive a Pennsylvania scratch-off lottery ticket for getting a flu vaccine. A primary hypothesis is that lotteries will outperform simple reminders (encouraging respondents to get the flu shot at their upcoming appointment) and the standard of care, representing the ambient healthcare system and public health campaigns to increase vaccination.
Read the detailed description
During the 2021-22 flu season, the study team will contact Geisinger patients who have a primary care or specialist appointment scheduled during flu season and encourage them to get a flu shot.
Patients will be randomized into 4 to 9 study arms, depending on a sample size projection completed in August 2021. Arms will test the relative efficacy of a variety of small monetary incentives on flu shot uptake. Incentives may include (a) a $1 Pennsylvania scratch-off lottery ticket (with top prize of $5,000), (b) $1 in cash, (c) entry into a raffle for $5,000 absent upfront odds, (d) entry into a raffle for $5,000, with 1-in-5,000 odds of winning, (d) entry into a raffle for $50, with 1-in-50 odds of winning, and (e) entry into a raffle for $500, with 1-in-500 odds of winning. There will be one no-contact control arm and at least 1 reminder control arm (with additional control arms added given sufficient sample size and additional message versions to be tested).
Included in the study will be current Geisinger patients 18+ years of age with no contraindications for flu vaccine who have an appointment scheduled during the study period with a provider who can administer the vaccine. The primary study outcomes will be the rates of flu vaccination and flu diagnosis during the 2021-22 season by targeted patients.
- Conditions
- Influenza, Vaccination, Health Promotion, Health Behavior
- Being tested
- Reminder, Financial incentive, Lottery
- Keywords
- Lottery, Financial Incentives
- Medical subject headings
- Influenza, Human, Health Behavior
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
ReminderBehavioural
Letter, short message service (SMS) text, phone, and/or email
Financial incentiveBehavioural
Letter, SMS, phone, and/or email
LotteryBehavioural
Letter, SMS, phone, and/or email
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Pennsylvania (PA) Lottery Scratch-Off Financial Incentive | Experimental | Participants in this arm will receive a message stating that they will receive a PA lottery $1 scratch-off ticket if they get a flu shot at an upcoming appointment. The message will mention that they could win $5,000 (the top prize for the scratch-off game).
Note: $1 scratch-off products vary over time; at study implementation, an active game with top prize of $5,000 (or the next-highest top prize) will be selected and will define the prize in the raffle absent upfront odds Receives: Behavioral: Reminder; Behavioral: Financial incentive; Behavioral: Lottery |
| Certain Cash Payout Financial Incentive | Experimental | Participants in this arm will receive a message stating that they will receive $1 in cash if they get a flu shot at an upcoming appointment. Receives: Behavioral: Reminder; Behavioral: Financial incentive |
| Reminder / Active Control (No Financial Incentive) | Experimental | Participants in this arm will receive a message stating that they can get a flu shot at an upcoming appointment. These participants will not be offered a financial incentive for getting a flu shot. Receives: Behavioral: Reminder |
| No Treatment Control | No intervention | No additional contact beyond standard Geisinger flu shot communications |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Flu Vaccination at Appointment
Received flu vaccination at relevant PCP or specialty appointment.
Measured: 3 days after patient is randomized
Secondary outcomes (3)
Flu Vaccination Within 7 Days
Received flu vaccination
Measured: Within 7 days of when patient is randomized
Flu Diagnosis
Received a "high confidence flu" diagnosis (with positive polymerase chain reaction [PCR]/antigen/molecular test) and/or "likely flu" diagnosis (as assessed via International Classification of Disease [ICD] codes or Tamiflu administration or positive PCR/antigen/molecular test)
Note that "likely flu" is a superset of the "high confidence flu" diagnoses.
Measured: During the 2021-22 flu season (Up to 8 months, from the time the patient is randomized through April 30, 2022)
Flu Complications
Diagnosed with flu-related complications
Measured: During the 2021-22 flu season (Up to 11 months, from the time the patient is randomized through July 31, 2022)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted19 Aug 2021
- Study start4 Sep 2021
- Primary completion31 Dec 2021
- Study completion31 Dec 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Other trials for InfluenzaStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Eligible patients will be randomly assigned to one of four arms: * Pennsylvania Lottery Scratch-Off Financial Incentive * Certain Cash Payout Financial Incentive * Reminder / Active Control Arm (No Financial Incentive) * No Treatment Control Arm
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Care provider
- Enrolment
- 57,581 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Geisinger Clinic, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, National Institute on Aging (NIA)
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Michelle N Meyer, PhD JD, Principal investigator, Geisinger ClinicChristopher F Chabris, PhD, Principal investigator, Geisinger Clinic
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05012163
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2021-0484
- Other IDs
- P30AG034532
- Status last verified
- Dec 2024
- First submitted
- 4 Aug 2021
- Last updated
- 30 Dec 2024
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: Data with no personally identifiable information will be made available to other researchers on the Open Science Framework for transparency. This will include the essential data and code needed to replicate the analysis that yielded reported findings.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 30 Dec 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Lottery Incentive Nudges to Increase Influenza Vaccinations
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05012163
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 2021-0484
- Conditions
- Influenza, Vaccination, Health Promotion, Health Behavior
- Keywords
- Lottery, Financial Incentives
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 57,581 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Geisinger Clinic, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, National Institute on Aging (NIA)
- Study start
- 4 Sep 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Dec 2021 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Dec 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 19 Aug 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 13 Feb 2023
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
In the current study, the study team will explore whether small incentives are effective at promoting flu vaccine uptake. The study is designed to compare the relative efficacy of incentives of equal perceived expected value (EV) or equal implementation costs, to assess whether people are more likely to get vaccinated in response to lotteries with very high payoffs than to small certain cash payout or slightly higher-probability, more moderate payoffs. In particular, given the potential appeal of official state lottery tickets, one study arm will receive a Pennsylvania scratch-off lottery ticket for getting a flu vaccine. A primary hypothesis is that lotteries will outperform simple reminders (encouraging respondents to get the flu shot at their upcoming appointment) and the standard of care, representing the ambient healthcare system and public health campaigns to increase vaccination.
Detailed description
During the 2021-22 flu season, the study team will contact Geisinger patients who have a primary care or specialist appointment scheduled during flu season and encourage them to get a flu shot.
Patients will be randomized into 4 to 9 study arms, depending on a sample size projection completed in August 2021. Arms will test the relative efficacy of a variety of small monetary incentives on flu shot uptake. Incentives may include (a) a $1 Pennsylvania scratch-off lottery ticket (with top prize of $5,000), (b) $1 in cash, (c) entry into a raffle for $5,000 absent upfront odds, (d) entry into a raffle for $5,000, with 1-in-5,000 odds of winning, (d) entry into a raffle for $50, with 1-in-50 odds of winning, and (e) entry into a raffle for $500, with 1-in-500 odds of winning. There will be one no-contact control arm and at least 1 reminder control arm (with additional control arms added given sufficient sample size and additional message versions to be tested).
Included in the study will be current Geisinger patients 18+ years of age with no contraindications for flu vaccine who have an appointment scheduled during the study period with a provider who can administer the vaccine. The primary study outcomes will be the rates of flu vaccination and flu diagnosis during the 2021-22 season by targeted patients.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (care provider)
- Number of arms
- 4
- Model description
- Eligible patients will be randomly assigned to one of four arms: * Pennsylvania Lottery Scratch-Off Financial Incentive * Certain Cash Payout Financial Incentive * Reminder / Active Control Arm (No Financial Incentive) * No Treatment Control Arm
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Pennsylvania (PA) Lottery Scratch-Off Financial Incentive | Experimental | Behavioral: Reminder, Behavioral: Financial incentive, Behavioral: LotteryParticipants in this arm will receive a message stating that they will receive a PA lottery $1 scratch-off ticket if they get a flu shot at an upcoming appointment. The message will mention that they could win $5,000 (the top prize for the scratch-off game). Note: $1 scratch-off products vary over time; at study implementation, an active game with top prize of $5,000 (or the next-highest top prize) will be selected and will define the prize in the raffle absent upfront odds |
| Certain Cash Payout Financial Incentive | Experimental | Behavioral: Reminder, Behavioral: Financial incentiveParticipants in this arm will receive a message stating that they will receive $1 in cash if they get a flu shot at an upcoming appointment. |
| Reminder / Active Control (No Financial Incentive) | Experimental | Behavioral: ReminderParticipants in this arm will receive a message stating that they can get a flu shot at an upcoming appointment. These participants will not be offered a financial incentive for getting a flu shot. |
| No Treatment Control | No intervention | –No additional contact beyond standard Geisinger flu shot communications |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Aged 18+
- Pennsylvania mailing address listed
- Geisinger primary care provider (PCP) assigned
- Upcoming appointment with PCP or select specialist who stocks and can administer the vaccine during the study period
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Has opted out of receiving messages from Geisinger on all modalities being tested
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| ReminderLetter, short message service (SMS) text, phone, and/or email | Behavioural | Certain Cash Payout Financial Incentive, Pennsylvania (PA) Lottery Scratch-Off Financial Incentive, Reminder / Active Control (No Financial Incentive) |
| Financial incentiveLetter, SMS, phone, and/or email | Behavioural | Certain Cash Payout Financial Incentive, Pennsylvania (PA) Lottery Scratch-Off Financial Incentive |
| LotteryLetter, SMS, phone, and/or email | Behavioural | Pennsylvania (PA) Lottery Scratch-Off Financial Incentive |
Primary outcome
Flu Vaccination at Appointment
Time frame: 3 days after patient is randomized
Received flu vaccination at relevant PCP or specialty appointment.
3 secondary outcomes
Flu Vaccination Within 7 Days
Time frame: Within 7 days of when patient is randomized
Flu Diagnosis
Time frame: During the 2021-22 flu season (Up to 8 months, from the time the patient is randomized through April 30, 2022)
Flu Complications
Time frame: During the 2021-22 flu season (Up to 11 months, from the time the patient is randomized through July 31, 2022)
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 30 Dec 2024.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. Data with no personally identifiable information will be made available to other researchers on the Open Science Framework for transparency. This will include the essential data and code needed to replicate the analysis that yielded reported findings.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Michelle N Meyer, PhD JD principal investigator
Geisinger Clinic
Christopher F Chabris, PhD principal investigator
Geisinger Clinic
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Reminder, Financial incentive and Lottery in people with Influenza and Vaccination, run by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 30 Dec 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 13 Feb 2023). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Flu Vaccination at Appointment (time frame: 3 days after patient is randomized). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 30 Dec 2024.