Adherence, TreatmentNCT05016856
Smart Reminders to Promote Home-based Cognitive Training
A study testing Adherence Promotion With Person-centered Technology (APPT) System in people with Adherence, Treatment, run by Florida State University at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
This study will examine whether among older adults an adaptive and personalized reminder system can better support adherence to home-based cognitive training over typical reminder systems. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 65 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Adherence, Treatment
- What is being tested?
- Adherence Promotion With Person-centered Technology (APPT) System
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 199 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 7 Nov 2022to 1 Jan 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 65 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Older adult
Who may be able to join
- 65 years of age or older
- normal or corrected to normal visual acuity
- must pass a dementia screening
Who cannot join
- Parkinson's, Alzheimer's disease, or any other neurodegenerative disease
- terminal illness
- blindness or deafness
- severe motor impairment
- not living in the Tallahassee area for the entire 6 month study period
- unable to read at or above 6th grade level
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Department of Psychology, Florida State University
Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4301
About this study
Official title: Adherence Promotion With Person-centered Technology (APPT): Promoting Adherence to Cognitive Intervention
This study will examine whether among older adults an adaptive and personalized reminder system can better support adherence to home-based cognitive training over typical reminder systems.
Read the detailed description
Many cognitive training interventions are associated with poor adherence, and poor adherence is associated with fewer benefits. Further, poor adherence in cognitive intervention studies can interfere with answering fundamental questions regarding intervention efficacy. This study will compare the effects of non-adaptive and smart adherence support systems. Participants will be asked to engage in frequent home-based cognitive training on a computer tablet. In the smart adherence support condition, participants will receive adaptive and tailored reminders based on dynamic algorithms that deploy reminders in a way that considers participant preferences, days and times of previous successful engagement, the success of previous reminder attempts, and answers to brief questions contained within reminder prompts. Parameter weights for these variables will be adjusted dynamically over a 6-month assessment period to ensure that reminders are deployed when they are most likely to be acted upon. This study will investigate adherence to training sessions, multiple times each week for 6 months, representing a large challenge to adherence. Participants will be randomly assigned to one condition or another, and adherence at home will be monitored. This will be an Individually Randomized Group-Treatment Trial (IRGT).
- Conditions
- Adherence, Treatment
- Being tested
- Adherence Promotion With Person-centered Technology (APPT) System, Standard Reminder System (Active Control)
- Keywords
- adherence, cognitive intervention, memory support, artificial intelligence, aging, technology
- Medical subject headings
- Treatment Adherence and Compliance
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Adherence Promotion With Person-centered Technology (APPT) SystemBehavioural
A personalized and adaptive text message reminder system.
Standard Reminder System (Active Control)Behavioural
A typical text message reminder system.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Reminder Only Condition | Active comparator | To promote adherence, participants will receive generic reminders when home-based cognitive training has not been completed. This will be in the form of a text message to participants' smart phone. Receives: Behavioral: Standard Reminder System (Active Control) |
| Smart Adherence Support Condition | Experimental | To promote adherence, participants will receive reminders when home-based cognitive training has not been completed. This will be in the form of a text message to participants' smart phone. In this condition, participants will receive adaptive and tailored reminders based on dynamic algorithms that deploy reminders in a way that considers participant preferences, days and times of previous successful assessments, the success of previous reminder attempts, and answers to brief questions contained within reminder prompts. Parameter weights for these variables will be adjusted dynamically over a 6-month assessment period to ensure that reminders are deployed when they are most likely to be acted upon. Receives: Behavioral: Adherence Promotion With Person-centered Technology (APPT) System |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Adherence (Session Number)
Adherence was measured over the course of four months, in terms of the number of days participants engaged with the intervention.
Measured: 4 months
Adherence (Holidays)
The number of adherence holidays (count) a participant experienced during the four-month period (Note: adherence holiday was defined as a period of one to five consecutive weeks of non-engagement that occurred after a participant had engaged with the intervention during a week and was followed by subsequent disengagement and re-engagement).
Measured: 4 months
Secondary outcomes (7)
Subjective Cognition (Predictor of Adherence)
A 5-item scale measuring subjective cognitive declines. Scores range from 0-20. A higher score indicates a higher level of perceived cognitive dysfunction (Cronbach's α = .704).
Measured: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Self-Efficacy (Predictor of Adherence)
A 10-item scale measuring perceived self-efficacy. Scores range from 10-40. A higher score indicates higher self-efficacy (Cronbach's α = .892).
Measured: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Technology Proficiency (Predictor of Adherence)
A 16-item scale assessing proficiency in using mobile devices in 8 domains (Mobile Device Basics, Communication, Data and File Storage, Internet, Calendar, Entertainment, Privacy, Troubleshooting and Software Management). Total score ranges from 5-40. A higher score indicates a higher level of proficiency. Cronbach's α for the scale is .912 and Cronbach's αs for the subscales range from .616 to .976.
Measured: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Perceived Training Efficacy (Predictor of Adherence)
This scale was adapted from the Perception of Video Game Training Effectiveness measure (Boot, W. R., Champion, M., Blakely, D. P., Wright, T., Souders, D. J., \& Charness, N. (2013). Video games as a means to reduce age-related cognitive decline: Attitudes, compliance, and effectiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 31. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00031). Participants rated their agreement, on a scale from 1 (strong disagreement) to 7 (strong agreement), that game training could improve seven abilities: vision, reaction time, memory, hand-eye coordination, reasoning ability, multitasking ability, and the performance of everyday tasks. Responses were averaged to produce a composite score ranging from 1 to 7, with higher scores indicating stronger belief in the efficacy of game training.
Measured: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Conscientiousness (Predictor of Adherence)
Conscientiousness was assessed using the 12-item Conscientiousness domain of the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2; Soto, C. J., \& John, O. P. (2017). The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117-143. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096). The domain comprises three facets: Organization, Productiveness, and Responsibility. Participants rated how well each statement described them on a scale from 1 (disagree strongly) to 5 (agree strongly). After reverse-scoring the appropriate items, scores were computed as the mean of the 12 items, ranging from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater conscientiousness. Internal consistency in the current sample was good (α = .862).
Measured: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Dementia Worry (Predictor of Adherence)
A 12-item scale measuring dementia worry. Scores range from 12-60. A higher score indicates greater worry about dementia (Cronbach's α = .922).
Measured: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Busyness Subscale of the Martin and Park Environmental Demands (MPED) Questionnaire (Predictor of Adherence)
Busyness was assessed using the seven-item Busyness subscale of the Martin and Park Environmental Demands (MPED) Questionnaire (Martin \& Park, 2003), which measures the density or pace of daily events (e.g., "How often are you so busy that you miss your regular meal times?"). Items were rated on a 5-point scale (1 = not busy at all or never; 5 = extremely busy or very often) and averaged, with higher scores indicating greater busyness.
Measured: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Aug 2021
- Study start7 Nov 2022
- Primary completion31 Oct 2024
- Study completion1 Jan 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Other trials for Adherence, TreatmentStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 199 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Florida State University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Walter Boot, Florida State University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05016856
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- STUDY00000064
- Other IDs
- R01AG064529
- Status last verified
- Oct 2026
- First submitted
- 28 Jul 2021
- Last updated
- 29 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: Deidentified adherence data (time and date of intervention engagement) and scored individual difference measures (at the level of the individual) will be shared online.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 29 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Adherence Promotion With Person-centered Technology (APPT): Promoting Adherence to Cognitive Intervention
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05016856
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- STUDY00000064
- Conditions
- Adherence, Treatment
- Keywords
- adherence, cognitive intervention, memory support, artificial intelligence, aging, technology
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 199 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Florida State UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 7 Nov 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Oct 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Jan 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 23 Aug 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 29 Oct 2026
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study will examine whether among older adults an adaptive and personalized reminder system can better support adherence to home-based cognitive training over typical reminder systems.
Detailed description
Many cognitive training interventions are associated with poor adherence, and poor adherence is associated with fewer benefits. Further, poor adherence in cognitive intervention studies can interfere with answering fundamental questions regarding intervention efficacy. This study will compare the effects of non-adaptive and smart adherence support systems. Participants will be asked to engage in frequent home-based cognitive training on a computer tablet. In the smart adherence support condition, participants will receive adaptive and tailored reminders based on dynamic algorithms that deploy reminders in a way that considers participant preferences, days and times of previous successful engagement, the success of previous reminder attempts, and answers to brief questions contained within reminder prompts. Parameter weights for these variables will be adjusted dynamically over a 6-month assessment period to ensure that reminders are deployed when they are most likely to be acted upon. This study will investigate adherence to training sessions, multiple times each week for 6 months, representing a large challenge to adherence. Participants will be randomly assigned to one condition or another, and adherence at home will be monitored. This will be an Individually Randomized Group-Treatment Trial (IRGT).
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Masking
- Double blind (investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Reminder Only Condition | Active comparator | Behavioral: Standard Reminder System (Active Control)To promote adherence, participants will receive generic reminders when home-based cognitive training has not been completed. This will be in the form of a text message to participants' smart phone. |
| Smart Adherence Support Condition | Experimental | Behavioral: Adherence Promotion With Person-centered Technology (APPT) SystemTo promote adherence, participants will receive reminders when home-based cognitive training has not been completed. This will be in the form of a text message to participants' smart phone. In this condition, participants will receive adaptive and tailored reminders based on dynamic algorithms that deploy reminders in a way that considers participant preferences, days and times of previous successful assessments, the success of previous reminder attempts, and answers to brief questions contained within reminder prompts. Parameter weights for these variables will be adjusted dynamically over a 6-month assessment period to ensure that reminders are deployed when they are most likely to be acted upon. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 65 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- 65 years of age or older
- normal or corrected to normal visual acuity
- must pass a dementia screening
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Parkinson's, Alzheimer's disease, or any other neurodegenerative disease
- terminal illness
- blindness or deafness
- severe motor impairment
- not living in the Tallahassee area for the entire 6 month study period
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Adherence Promotion With Person-centered Technology (APPT) SystemA personalized and adaptive text message reminder system. | Behavioural | Smart Adherence Support Condition |
| Standard Reminder System (Active Control)A typical text message reminder system. | Behavioural | Reminder Only Condition |
Primary outcome
Adherence (Session Number)
Time frame: 4 months
Adherence was measured over the course of four months, in terms of the number of days participants engaged with the intervention.
Adherence (Holidays)
Time frame: 4 months
The number of adherence holidays (count) a participant experienced during the four-month period (Note: adherence holiday was defined as a period of one to five consecutive weeks of non-engagement that occurred after a participant had engaged with the intervention during a week and was followed by subsequent disengagement and re-engagement).
7 secondary outcomes
Subjective Cognition (Predictor of Adherence)
Time frame: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Self-Efficacy (Predictor of Adherence)
Time frame: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Technology Proficiency (Predictor of Adherence)
Time frame: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Perceived Training Efficacy (Predictor of Adherence)
Time frame: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Conscientiousness (Predictor of Adherence)
Time frame: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Dementia Worry (Predictor of Adherence)
Time frame: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Busyness Subscale of the Martin and Park Environmental Demands (MPED) Questionnaire (Predictor of Adherence)
Time frame: Assessed at baseline, predicting adherence variables over 4 months
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 29 Oct 2026.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. Deidentified adherence data (time and date of intervention engagement) and scored individual difference measures (at the level of the individual) will be shared online.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Adherence Promotion With Person-centered Technology (APPT) System in people with Adherence, Treatment, run by Florida State University at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 29 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 29 Oct 2026). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Adherence (Session Number) (time frame: 4 months). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 29 Oct 2026; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 31 Oct 2026.