Abuse PotentialPhase 4NCT05053126
Study Evaluating Abuse Potential of Lyrica® in Healthy Non-Drug Dependent Recreational Opioid Users
A Phase 4 study testing Pregabalin 300mg, pregabalin 450 mg and Pregabalin 300 mg with oxycodone 20 mg in people with Abuse Potential, run by Viatris Specialty LLC at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
This is a Phase 4 clinical study in healthy non-drug dependent recreational opioid users to assess the abuse potential of Lyrica when taken alone or in combination with oxycodone. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 55 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Abuse Potential
- What is being tested?
- Pregabalin 300mg, pregabalin 450 mg and Pregabalin 300 mg with oxycodone 20 mg
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 60 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 27 Jul 2021to 1 Apr 2022
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 55 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Male and female participants must be 18 to 55 years of age, inclusive, at the time of screening. There must be no less than 20% female participants in the Treatment Phase.
- Male and female participants who are overtly healthy. Healthy is defined as no clinically relevant abnormalities identified by a detailed medical history, full physical examination, vital signs, 12-lead ECG, and/or clinical laboratory tests.
- Participants must have drug abuse experience with opioids; ie, must have used opioids for non-therapeutic purposes (ie, for psychoactive effects) on at least 10 occasions within the last year and at least once in the 8 weeks before the Screening Visit (Visit 1).
- Participants must satisfactorily complete both the Naloxone Challenge and the Drug Discrimination.
- Participants who are willing and able to comply with all scheduled visits, treatment plan, laboratory tests, lifestyle considerations, and other study procedures.
- Body mass index (BMI) of 17.5 to 34 kg/m2, inclusive; and a total body weight
- ≥50 kg (110 lb).
- Capable of giving signed informed consent, which includes compliance with the requirements and restrictions listed in the informed consent document (ICD).
Who cannot join
- Current or past diagnosis of any type of drug dependence within the past year. Diagnosis of substance and/or alcohol dependence (excluding caffeine and nicotine) will be assessed by the Investigator using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-4 (DSM-4) criteria performed at Screening. Current drug use will be allowed if the candidate can produce a negative urine sample and are free of any signs/symptoms of withdrawal. The candidate will be informed if they have a positive breathalyzer test.
- Evidence or history of clinically significant hematological, renal, endocrine, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, hepatic, psychiatric, neurological, or allergic disease (including drug allergies, but excluding untreated, asymptomatic, seasonal allergies at the time of dosing).
- Any condition possibly affecting drug absorption (eg, gastrectomy) excluding cholecystectomy within 1 year prior to study.
- Abnormal baseline EtCO2 <35mm Hg or >45 mm Hg.
- Clinical or laboratory evidence of active hepatitis A infection or a history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C and/or positive testing for HIV, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb), or hepatitis C antibody (HCVAb).
- Participants with active suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior within 5 year prior to Screening as determined through the use of the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) or active ideation identified at Screening or on Day 0.
Show all 26Show fewer
- Other acute or chronic medical or psychiatric condition including recent (within the past year) or active suicidal ideation or behavior or laboratory abnormality that may increase the risk associated with study participation or investigational product administration or may interfere with the interpretation of study results and, in the judgment of the investigator, would make the participant inappropriate for entry into this study.
- Patients with: sleep apnea, myasthenia gravis and glaucoma.
- Use of prescription or nonprescription drugs and dietary supplements within 7 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) prior to the first dose of investigational product.
- Herbal supplements and herbal medications must be discontinued at least 28 days prior to the first dose of study medication.
- Previous administration with an investigational drug within 30 days (or as determined by the local requirement) or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) preceding the first dose of investigational product used in this study.
- Positive urine drug screen (UDS) for substances of abuse at each admission in the Qualification and Treatment Phase, excluding tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). If a participant presents with a positive UDS excluding THC at any admission or any visit, the investigator, at his/her discretion, may reschedule a repeat of UDS until the UDS is negative, excluding THC, before the participant is permitted to participate in any phase of the study.
- Unable to abstain from using THC during the Qualification and Treatment Phase of the study.
- Has participated in, is currently participating in, or is seeking treatment for substance-and/or alcohol-related disorders (excluding nicotine and caffeine).
- Has a positive alcohol breathalyzer or urine test at each admission to the study center during qualification and treatment phase. Positive results may be repeated and/or participants re-scheduled at the Investigator's discretions.
- Participants are heavy smokers or users of other types of nicotine products (>20 cigarettes equivalents per day).
- Participants are unable to abstain from smoking for at least 2 hours before and at least 8 hours after study drug administration.
- Screening sitting blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mm Hg (systolic) or ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic), following at least 5 minutes rest. If BP is ≥140 mm Hg (systolic) or
- ≥90 mm Hg (diastolic), the BP should be repeated 2 more times and the average of the 3 BP values should be used to determine the participant's eligibility. Repeated BP tests should be spaced at least 5 minutes apart.
- Baseline (screening) 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) that demonstrates clinically relevant abnormalities that may affect participant safety or interpretation of study results (eg, baseline corrected QT (QTc) interval as determined by the Fridericia method (QTcF) >450 msec, complete left bundle branch block [LBBB], signs of an acute or indeterminate-age myocardial infarction, ST-T interval changes suggestive of myocardial ischemia, second- or third-degree atrioventricular [AV] block, or serious bradyarrhythmias or tachyarrhythmias). If the baseline uncorrected QT interval is >450 msec, this interval should be rate-corrected using the Fridericia method and the resulting QTcF should be used for decision making and reporting. If QTcF exceeds 450 msec, or QRS exceeds 120 msec, the ECG should be repeated 2 more times and the average of the 3 QTcF or QRS values should be used to determine the participant's eligibility. Computer-interpreted ECGs should be overread by a physician experienced in reading ECGs before excluding participants.
- Participants with ANY of the following abnormalities in clinical laboratory tests at screening, as assessed by the study-specific laboratory and confirmed by a single repeat test, if deemed necessary: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level 1.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN); Total bilirubin level ≥1.5 × ULN; participants with a history of Gilbert's syndrome may have direct bilirubin measured and would be eligible for this study provided the direct bilirubin level is ≤ ULN.
- Blood donation (excluding plasma donations) of approximately 1 pint (500 mL) or more within 60 days prior to dosing.
- History of sensitivity to heparin or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
- Unwilling or unable to comply with the criteria in the Lifestyle Considerations section of this protocol.
- History of hypersensitivity to pregabalin or oxycodone or any of the components in the formulation of the study products.
- Investigator site staff members directly involved in the conduct of the study and their family members, site staff members otherwise supervised by the investigator, or Sponsor employees, including their family members, directly involved in the conduct of the study.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Hassman Research Institute
Marlton, New Jersey, 08053
About this study
Official title: A Phase 4 Randomized Double-Blind Double-Dummy Placebo & Active-Controlled Single-Dose Six-Way Crossover Study Evaluating the Abuse Potential of Lyrica® Taken Orally With Oxycodone HCL in Healthy Non-Drug Dependent Recreational Opioid Users
This is a Phase 4 clinical study in healthy non-drug dependent recreational opioid users to assess the abuse potential of Lyrica when taken alone or in combination with oxycodone.
Read the detailed description
This is a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled, 6-treatment, 6-period crossover, single-dose study in healthy male and/or female adult, non drug-dependent recreational opioid users. The study includes Screening, a Qualification Phase, a Treatment Phase and Follow-up. This study will randomize approximately 60 adult male and female (at least 20% female) participants (10 participants in each sequence) in the Treatment Phase to ensure at least 48 participants complete the Treatment Phase of the study. There will be 8 visits to the clinic in total and a follow-up telephone call at the end of the study. The duration of participation will be approximately 16 weeks and 7 of the visits will involve clinic stays of 4 days/3 nights.
- Conditions
- Abuse Potential
- Being tested
- Pregabalin 300mg, pregabalin 450 mg, Pregabalin 300 mg with oxycodone 20 mg, pregabalin 450 mg with oxycodone 20 mg, oxycodone 20 mg
- Keywords
- Lyrica, Pregabalin, Oxycodone, Opioid, Abuse liability
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Pregabalin 300mgDrug
Participant will receive an oral dose of pregabalin 300 mg
pregabalin 450 mgDrug
Participant will receive an oral dose of pregabalin 450 mg
Pregabalin 300 mg with oxycodone 20 mgDrug
Participant will receive an oral dose of pregabalin 300 mg and oxycodone 20 mg
pregabalin 450 mg with oxycodone 20 mgDrug
Participant will receive an oral dose of pregabalin 450 mg and oxycodone 20 mg
oxycodone 20 mgDrug
Participant will receive an oral dose of oxycodone 20 mg
PlaceboDrug
Participant will receive an oral dose of placebo
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Lyrica 300 mg | Experimental | Single Dose Receives: Drug: Pregabalin 300mg |
| Lyrica 450 mg | Experimental | Single Dose Receives: Drug: pregabalin 450 mg |
| Lyrica 300mg with Oxycodone 20 mg | Experimental | Single Dose Receives: Drug: Pregabalin 300 mg with oxycodone 20 mg |
| Lyrica 450 mg with Oxycodone 20 mg | Experimental | Single Dose Receives: Drug: pregabalin 450 mg with oxycodone 20 mg |
| Oxycodone 20 mg | Active comparator | Single Dose Receives: Drug: oxycodone 20 mg |
| Placebo | Placebo comparator | Single Dose Receives: Drug: Placebo |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Bipolar Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for "Drug Liking" Maximum Effect (Emax).
Drug liking assesses how much a participant likes or dislikes a drug effect at the time the question ("at this moment, my liking this drug is") is being asked. It is scored using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 mm = "Strong Disliking", 50 mm = "Neither Like nor Dislike", and 100 mm = "Strong Liking"
Measured: up to 48 hours after treatment
Secondary outcomes (4)
Unipolar VAS for "High" - Maximum Effect (Emax)
Maximum effect on the 100 mm visual analog scale for the question "I am feeling high" where 0 = "not at all" and 100 = "extremely"
Measured: up to 48 hours after treatment
Bipolar VAS for "Take Drug Again"
100 mm visual analog scale at 24, 36, and 48 hours post-dose for the question "I would take this drug again" where 0 = "definitely not", 50 = "neutral", and 100 = "definitely so". The data from the 24, 36, and 48 hours postdose measurements were combined into a single overall model-adjusted value for 24 to 48 hours post-treatment timeframe by estimation from a mixed model with treatment, period, treatment sequence, time, and treatment*time as fixed effects, subject nested within sequence as a random effect. The compound symmetric covariance matrix was employed. Data from all time points were included
Measured: Up to 48 hours after treatment (assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 24, 36, and 48 hours)
Bipolar VAS for "Overall Drug Liking"
100 mm visual analog scale at 24, 36, and 48 hours post-dose for the question "Overall, my liking for this drug is" where 0 = "definitely not", 50 = "neutral", and 100 = "definitely so". The data from the 24, 36, and 48 hours postdose measurements were combined into a single overall model-adjusted value for 24 to 48 hours post-treatment timeframe by estimation from a mixed model with treatment, period, treatment sequence, time, and treatment*time as fixed effects, subject nested within sequence as a random effect. The compound symmetric covariance matrix was employed. Data from all time points were included
Measured: Up to 48 hours after treatment (assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 24, 36, and 48 hours)
Unipolar VAS for "Any Drug Effect"
100 mm visual analog scale for the question "At this moment, I can feel any drug effects" where 0 = "not at all" and 100 = "extremely"
Measured: up to 48 hours after treatment
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted22 Sep 2021
- Study start27 Jul 2021
- Primary completion1 Apr 2022
- Study completion1 Apr 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Other trials for Abuse PotentialStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled, 6-treatment, 6-period crossover, single-dose, Williams square design study in healthy male and/or female adult, non drug-dependent recreational opioid users.
- Masking
- Triple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Viatris Specialty LLC
- Sponsor type
- Industry (pharma, biotech, devices)
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Dik WH Ng, PhD, Study director, Mylan Pharmaceutials
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05053126
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- A0081365
- Status last verified
- Jul 2023
- First submitted
- 13 Sep 2021
- Last updated
- 14 Aug 2023
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 14 Aug 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- A Phase 4 Randomized Double-Blind Double-Dummy Placebo & Active-Controlled Single-Dose Six-Way Crossover Study Evaluating the Abuse Potential of Lyrica® Taken Orally With Oxycodone HCL in Healthy Non-Drug Dependent Recreational Opioid Users
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05053126
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- A0081365
- Conditions
- Abuse Potential
- Keywords
- Lyrica, Pregabalin, Oxycodone, Opioid, Abuse liability
- Phase
- Phase 4
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 60 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Viatris Specialty LLCIndustry (pharma, biotech, devices)
- Study start
- 27 Jul 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Apr 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Apr 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 22 Sep 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 14 Aug 2023
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This is a Phase 4 clinical study in healthy non-drug dependent recreational opioid users to assess the abuse potential of Lyrica when taken alone or in combination with oxycodone.
Detailed description
This is a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled, 6-treatment, 6-period crossover, single-dose study in healthy male and/or female adult, non drug-dependent recreational opioid users. The study includes Screening, a Qualification Phase, a Treatment Phase and Follow-up. This study will randomize approximately 60 adult male and female (at least 20% female) participants (10 participants in each sequence) in the Treatment Phase to ensure at least 48 participants complete the Treatment Phase of the study. There will be 8 visits to the clinic in total and a follow-up telephone call at the end of the study. The duration of participation will be approximately 16 weeks and 7 of the visits will involve clinic stays of 4 days/3 nights.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Triple blind (participant, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 6
- Model description
- Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled, 6-treatment, 6-period crossover, single-dose, Williams square design study in healthy male and/or female adult, non drug-dependent recreational opioid users.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Lyrica 300 mg | Experimental | Drug: Pregabalin 300mgSingle Dose |
| Lyrica 450 mg | Experimental | Drug: pregabalin 450 mgSingle Dose |
| Lyrica 300mg with Oxycodone 20 mg | Experimental | Drug: Pregabalin 300 mg with oxycodone 20 mgSingle Dose |
| Lyrica 450 mg with Oxycodone 20 mg | Experimental | Drug: pregabalin 450 mg with oxycodone 20 mgSingle Dose |
| Oxycodone 20 mg | Active comparator | Drug: oxycodone 20 mgSingle Dose |
| Placebo | Placebo comparator | Drug: PlaceboSingle Dose |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 55 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (8 listed)
- Male and female participants must be 18 to 55 years of age, inclusive, at the time of screening. There must be no less than 20% female participants in the Treatment Phase.
- Male and female participants who are overtly healthy. Healthy is defined as no clinically relevant abnormalities identified by a detailed medical history, full physical examination, vital signs, 12-lead ECG, and/or clinical laboratory tests.
- Participants must have drug abuse experience with opioids; ie, must have used opioids for non-therapeutic purposes (ie, for psychoactive effects) on at least 10 occasions within the last year and at least once in the 8 weeks before the Screening Visit (Visit 1).
- Participants must satisfactorily complete both the Naloxone Challenge and the Drug Discrimination.
- Participants who are willing and able to comply with all scheduled visits, treatment plan, laboratory tests, lifestyle considerations, and other study procedures.
Key exclusion criteria (26 listed)
- Current or past diagnosis of any type of drug dependence within the past year. Diagnosis of substance and/or alcohol dependence (excluding caffeine and nicotine) will be assessed by the Investigator using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-4 (DSM-4) criteria performed at Screening. Current drug use will be allowed if the candidate can produce a negative urine sample and are free of any signs/symptoms of withdrawal. The candidate will be informed if they have a positive breathalyzer test.
- Evidence or history of clinically significant hematological, renal, endocrine, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, hepatic, psychiatric, neurological, or allergic disease (including drug allergies, but excluding untreated, asymptomatic, seasonal allergies at the time of dosing).
- Any condition possibly affecting drug absorption (eg, gastrectomy) excluding cholecystectomy within 1 year prior to study.
- Abnormal baseline EtCO2 <35mm Hg or >45 mm Hg.
- Clinical or laboratory evidence of active hepatitis A infection or a history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C and/or positive testing for HIV, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb), or hepatitis C antibody (HCVAb).
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Pregabalin 300mgParticipant will receive an oral dose of pregabalin 300 mg | Drug | Lyrica 300 mg |
| pregabalin 450 mgParticipant will receive an oral dose of pregabalin 450 mg | Drug | Lyrica 450 mg |
| Pregabalin 300 mg with oxycodone 20 mgParticipant will receive an oral dose of pregabalin 300 mg and oxycodone 20 mg | Drug | Lyrica 300mg with Oxycodone 20 mg |
| pregabalin 450 mg with oxycodone 20 mgParticipant will receive an oral dose of pregabalin 450 mg and oxycodone 20 mg | Drug | Lyrica 450 mg with Oxycodone 20 mg |
| oxycodone 20 mgParticipant will receive an oral dose of oxycodone 20 mg | Drug | Oxycodone 20 mg |
| PlaceboParticipant will receive an oral dose of placebo | Drug | Placebo |
Primary outcome
Bipolar Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for "Drug Liking" Maximum Effect (Emax).
Time frame: up to 48 hours after treatment
Drug liking assesses how much a participant likes or dislikes a drug effect at the time the question ("at this moment, my liking this drug is") is being asked. It is scored using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 mm = "Strong Disliking", 50 mm = "Neither Like nor Dislike", and 100 mm = "Strong Liking"
4 secondary outcomes
Unipolar VAS for "High" - Maximum Effect (Emax)
Time frame: up to 48 hours after treatment
Bipolar VAS for "Take Drug Again"
Time frame: Up to 48 hours after treatment (assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 24, 36, and 48 hours)
Bipolar VAS for "Overall Drug Liking"
Time frame: Up to 48 hours after treatment (assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 24, 36, and 48 hours)
Unipolar VAS for "Any Drug Effect"
Time frame: up to 48 hours after treatment
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 14 Aug 2023.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Dik WH Ng, PhD study director
Mylan Pharmaceutials
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 4 study testing Pregabalin 300mg, pregabalin 450 mg and Pregabalin 300 mg with oxycodone 20 mg in people with Abuse Potential, run by Viatris Specialty LLC at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 8 inclusion and 26 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 14 Aug 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 4 studies take place after a treatment is approved, to learn more about its long-term benefits and risks in everyday use.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 14 Aug 2023). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Bipolar Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for "Drug Liking" Maximum Effect (Emax). (time frame: up to 48 hours after treatment). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 14 Aug 2023.