Help Everyone Assess Risk Today: LEnten Nutrition Study (HEART-LENS)

Design and Methods:

A prospective study design will be implemented. Approximately 50 participants are expected to volunteer for the intervention. The health screening will consist of measuring stations. After signing an informed consent and a waiver, the participant will complete an intake form, which includes basic patient information and demographics including date of birth, gender, height, and race/ethnicity. Also on the intake form, the participant will list medications currently being taken, risk factors for heart disease (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and smoking), family history of heart disease, and current medical conditions. After completing the intake form, the participant will have their height, weight, blood pressure, and pulse measured. If the participant uses oxygen regularly or is feeling short of breath, oxygen saturation will be measured using a pulse oximeter. Finally, each participant will have a blood tests for fasting (preferably for 9 hours) blood glucose, hemoglobin A1C, insulin level, lipid profile, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, small dense LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein a, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and suPAR at baseline. Each of these parameters will be repeated for comparison at day 40 of Lent (Easter weekend). Blood will be stored for future analysis, since assays for suPAR and TMAO may not be immediately available.

From the information gathered, each participant will be given a baseline American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk score, which is an estimate of the 10-year and lifetime risks of ASCVD (defined as coronary death or nonfatal myocardial infarction, or fatal or nonfatal stroke). After the last visit, health education and counseling will be provided which is tailored to each individual given the findings gathered during the initial screening and the change that occurred. The information gathered will be written down on a form for the participant to keep for his own records. Referrals to primary care physicians, cardiologists, or other healthcare providers will be given as needed after the initial or post-intervention risk assessment. Patients who undergo lipid, blood pressure or glucose lowering therapy between the two assessments will be censured from the appropriate laboratory data analysis.

Subject Selection:

Approximately 50 subjects will be enrolled.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age >18
2. Able to consent to dietary protocol
3. Willing to comply with study requirements and voluntarily agrees to participate in this clinical study after appropriate informed consent is provided.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Vegetarians
2. Inability to regularly measure blood pressure if taking antihypertensive medications
3. Inability to regularly measure blood sugar if taking antihyperglycemic medications
4. Celiac disease (gluten enteropathy)
5. Treatment for eating disorder
6. Active treatment for malignancy
7. Inability to eat solid food
8. Fruit, nut or vegetable allergy

Study Variables:

1. Demographic information (date of birth, race/ethnicity)
2. Height
3. Weight
4. Body mass index (BMI)
5. Patient names, addresses and phone numbers
6. History of known coronary artery disease (CAD)
7. CAD risk factors (age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, current or prior tobacco use, and family history of premature CAD),
8. History of typical angina pectoris,
9. CAD risk equivalents (peripheral or carotid arterial disease, stroke, transient ischemic attack, chronic kidney disease with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 ml/min/1.7m2 or end-stage renal disease).
10. Medications including aspirin, lipid lowering agent, antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic.
11. Home blood pressure and blood glucose measurements at least 3 days per week.

Laboratory Tests Samples will be collected from individuals being evaluated at the baseline and blood upon re-evaluation at day 40 of Lent:

1. Blood glucose
2. Glycosylated hemoglobin
3. Insulin level
4. Lipid profile
5. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
6. Small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
7. Lipoprotein a
8. trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)
9. soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR)