Frailty Prevention in Elders From Reunion Island

The balance measurement was performed on a force platform. The senior citizen was positioned barefoot on the strength platform. The measurement was performed for 30 seconds with eyes open, then with eyes closed for 30 seconds. Postural control acquisition data, and more specifically the displacement of the center of pressure was measured in both the medio-lateral and antero-posterior dimensions. Small variations are better.

The gait test was carried out using sensors to analyze and retrieve data from the participant's walk (gait speed, step length, duration of the double support phase). Four X-sens® Motion Tracker Wireless sensors were positioned on the clothes with headbands as follows: one at forehead level on the median sagittal line, the second opposite the L4 vertebra and the last two on the dorsal surface of the right and left feet at mid-foot level. Then, the patient walked 10 meters in a straight line, made a half turn and walked 10 meters again. Higher gait speed is better.

The Fried criteria are a list of 5 criteria to define the elderly frailty. Weight loss: "In the last year, have you lost more than 3 kilograms unintentionally?" If yes, then frail for weight loss criterion.

Exhaustion: the following two statements are read. (a) I felt that everything I did was an effort; (b) I could not get going. The question is asked "How often in the last week did you feel this way?" 0 = rarely or none of the time (< 1 day), 1 = some or a little of the time (1-2 days), 2 = a moderate amount of the time (3-4 days), or 3 = most of the time. Subjects answering "2" or "3" to either of these questions are categorized as frail by the exhaustion criterion.

Walk Time: Cutoff for time to walk 4 meters criterion for frailty, >= 7 seconds Grip Strength: cutoff for grip strength (Kilogram) criterion for frailty < 30 for men, <17 for women. A person is frail if 3 out of 5 criteria are found, pre-frail if 1 or 2 are found, or robust if no criterion are found.

The Short Physical Performance Battery is the sum of the scores on three criteria: the balance test, the walking speed test and the chair lift test. This test is used to evaluate the physical performance of an individual. Total points 0 - 12. Higher scores mean a better outcome.

The FROP-COM consists of 13 risk factors being rated, most on a graded 0-3 scale. Higher scores mean a worse outcome.

Who's "ICOPE" screening tool consists of 5 tests: Cognitive decline: Remember three words: flower, door, rice (for example) and recalls, Limited mobility: Chair rise test: Rise from chair five times without using arms. Did the person complete five chair rises within 14 seconds? Weight loss: Have you unintentionally lost more than 3 kg over the last three months? Visual impairment: Do you have any problems with your eyes: difficulties in seeing far, reading, eye diseases or currently under medical treatment (e.g. diabetes, high blood pressure)? Hearing lost: Hears whispers (whisper test). Depressive symptoms: Over the past two weeks, have you been bothered by

• feeling down, depressed or hopeless?
• little interest or pleasure in doing things? Score from 0 to 5, Higher scores mean a worse outcome.

The "Codex" test assesses the cognitive functions of elderly subjects in less than 3 minutes. It test involves memory, executive functions, attention, and visual-spatial praxis.

It includes:

• a memory task: memorize 3 words, then recall them,
• the drawing of a watch face: this is the simplified clock test,
• and according to the results of these first 2 tasks: 5 questions of orientation in space.

If the 2 tasks (Clock and 3 words recall) are normal, the test is over: CODEX normal. If the 2 tasks are abnormal, the test is finished : CODEX abnormal!

Height in meters using a height gauge. Weight and height will be combined to report Body Mass Index (BMI) in kg/m^2

The weight in kilos using a scale. Weight and height will be combined to report Body Mass Index (BMI) in kg/m^2.

EPICES score (Evaluation of precariousness and health inequalities in the examination centers) is an individual indicator of precariousness that takes into account the multidimensional nature of precariousness. multidimensional nature of precariousness. The main interest of the EPICES score is to apprehend populations which, while not covered by traditional administrative indicators of precariousness, present the same health risks. The answer to each question is The sum of the 11 answers gives the EPICES score. The score is The score is continuous and varies from 0 (no precariousness) to 100 (maximum precariousness). The threshold of 30 is considered the precariousness threshold according to "EPICES".

A simple 8-question personality disorder screening test. A total score of 3/8 or more indicates personality disorder is likely.

The FRAGIRE grid is an assessment tool that aims to detect, among non-dependent retirees. It consists of 17 multiple-choice questions on physiological feelings, state of health, depression, pleasure, suicidal thoughts, social and cultural environment, taste, appetite, oral health, motor skills and 1 question for the evaluator on the person's state of health. Higher scores mean a worse outcome.

Quality of life assessed by Short-Form 36 questionnaire. Higher scores mean a better outcome.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scale is an instrument for screening for anxiety and depressive disorders. It includes 14 items rated from 0 to 3. Seven questions relate to anxiety (total A) and seven others to the depressive dimension (total D), thus making it possible to obtain two scores (maximum score for each score = 21). Higher scores mean a worse outcome.

The Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly Screening is a self-assessment tool containing 10 questions aimed to assess the impact of hearing loss in the emotional and social-situational adjustments of elderly patients who are not institutionalized. Higher scores mean a worse outcome.

The Mini-Mental State Examination is a cognitive assessment instrument developed for rapid screening of cognitive deficits in 30 questions. Higher scores mean a better outcome.

Measurement of visual acuity using the Raskin E scale. Distance visual acuity measured at 3 meters and near visual acuity at 40 centimeters. Score expressed in 1/(arc min). Higher scores mean a better outcome.

The MNA consists of two parts with 18 items and a score out of 30. The sum of the MNA score distinguishes between elderly patients with: 1) adequate nutritional status, MNA ≥ 24; 2) protein-calorie malnutrition, MNA < 17; 3) at risk of malnutrition, MNA between 17 and 23.5. Higher scores mean a better outcome.