ParentingUPRISENCT05105373
Implementation Science and Impact Evaluation of PfR Programme: A Hybrid cRCT Design
A study testing Parenting for Respectability in people with Parenting and Gender-based Violence, run by Makerere University at 1 site in Uganda.
Trial summary
The Implementation science and impact evaluation of PfR programme: A hybrid cRCT design study will use an effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 2 design to a) determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PfR, and b) determine the feasibility and impact of three different implementation strategies in terms… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 1 year to 80 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Parenting, Gender-based Violence, Child Maltreatment
- What is being tested?
- Parenting for Respectability
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 3,162 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUganda
- Study dates
- 6 Aug 2021to 30 Dec 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 1 year to 80 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Age 18 or older;
- Primary caregiver responsible for the care of a child between the ages of 10 and 14;
- Agreement to participate in the PfR programme if allocated to the treatment condition;
- Provision of consent to participate in the full study.
- Age 10 to 14 years;
- Live in the same household as primary caregiver who is part of PfR study;
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- Parent/caregiver gives consent to participate in the study;
- Provision of consent to participate in the full study.
- Age 18 or older;
- Facilitator who is involved in the delivery of the Parenting for Respectability programme;
- Provision of consent to participate in the full study.
- Age 18 or older;
- Involvement in delivery of PfR, or existing leadership role in communities where PfR is delivered;
- Provision of consent to participate in the full study.
Who cannot join
- Below Age 18;
- Not a Primary caregiver responsible for the care of a child between the ages of 10 and 14;
- Does not Provide consent to participate in the full study.
- Below Age 10 and above age 14
- Does not Live in the same household as primary caregiver who is part of PfR study;
- Parent/caregiver does not gives consent to participate in the study;
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- Below age 18;
- Facilitator who is Not involved in the delivery of the Parenting for Respectability programme;
- Does not Provide consent to participate in the full study.
- Below age 18;
- Is not Involved in the delivery of PfR, or has no existing leadership role in communities where PfR is delivered;
- Does not provide consent to participate in the full study
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
The Implementation science and impact evaluation of PfR programme: A hybrid cRCT design study will use an effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 2 design to a) determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PfR, and b) determine the feasibility and impact of three different implementation strategies in terms of programme delivery. A cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) will examine the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and implementation of the Parenting for Respectability (PfR) programme on the reduction of violence against children and gender based violence in comparison to those receiving an hour lecture on parenting in the Wakiso and Amuru districts of Uganda (N = 54 clusters, 2,160 parents, 1,080 children, 1:1 allocation ratio).
Read the detailed description
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and violence against children (VAC) are interlinked and are major social, development and public health concerns. Globally it is estimated that approximately 30% ever-partnered women worldwide have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in their lives. IPV prevalence among women in Uganda is very high. The Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2018 found that 36% of women had ever experienced partner physical violence, while 22% had ever experienced partner sexual violence. Violence against children is extremely widespread globally, with approximately half of all children - one billion aged 2-17 years - reporting having experienced violence in the past year. Furthermore, one in five women and up to one in ten men have been victims of sexual violence in childhood. The Uganda national VAC survey 2015 found that 59% girls and 68% boys had experienced physical violence in their childhood, and 35% girls and 17% boys had experienced sexual violence in their childhood. Such violence in Uganda and most Sub-Saharan African countries is usually perpetrated by people known to children in their homes and community. IPV and VAC are major causes of morbidity and mortality, they undermine the social functioning of the victims and their families, and have lifetime consequences for physical, sexual, reproductive and mental health. The prevention of both forms of violence would contribute to many Sustainable Development Goals since they strain health systems, lower educational achievement and economic productivity, and undermine economic and social development, and elimination of IPV is essential to Goal Five.
Many studies confirm the link between VAC and IPV, suggesting the need for an integrated approach to their prevention. A recent narrative review identified six ways in which they are interrelated: they have many shared risk factors, starting in the family; social norms legitimise both and discourage children and women from seeking help; both often occur within the same household both can be transmitted across generations; they can have similar consequences across the lifespan, and finally, both intersect in adolescence, a time of heightened vulnerability to violence.
Factors perpetuating IPV and VAC exist at multiple socio-ecological levels. For IPV, familial level factors include having been abused as a child, having an absent or rejecting father, inter-partner conflict, and male control of wealth and decision-making. Community level factors include women's isolation and male peer groups that legitimize men's violence. At the macro level IPV is associated with cultural norms that condone violence within the family, schools and community, establish rigid gender roles and link masculinity to toughness, male honour, dominance and ownership of women, and it thrives where policy, legislation and implementation of laws is weak. VAC is more likely in families that have difficulties developing stable, warm and positive relationships, where parents are unresponsive to their children, have harsh or inconsistent parenting styles, believe that corporal punishment is an acceptable form of discipline or have a poor understanding of child development, and therefore unrealistic expectations about the child's behaviour.
Recognizing that IPV is perpetuated at multiple levels, preventative interventions often focus on other psychosocial problems, e.g. poverty or alcohol abuse, as well as on inter-partner violence, although they are more effective if their main aim is to reduce IPV. The shared familial risk factors for IPV and VAC, and the increasing policy interest in optimizing parenting influence, provides a great opportunity for early intervention. An increasing number of parenting programs are being implemented and tested in LMICs to reduce VAC, and evidence is emerging that, if delivered by trained lay workers, they can be effective in improving child outcomes. However, interventions directly addressing early prevention of both IPV and VAC in LMICS remain limited.
Furthermore, very few parenting programs in LMICs harness cultural drivers and pre-existing motivations to change behaviour. In sub-Saharan Africa little attention has been paid to one of the most important dimensions of parenthood for both mothers and fathers: the need to maintain the family's respectability, in large part achieved through the appropriate behaviour of the children and their parents. This core motivation might be harnessed in the design of interventions to reduce spousal violence, modify negative parenting and encourage sensitive parenting, in order to reduce children's future risk of sexual, physical and/or emotional violence. In Uganda, the investigators are not aware of any parenting programs that deliberately recruit parental couples to complete both single and mixed sex sessions. The Investigators therefore designed a community-based parenting program, - Parenting for Respectability (PfR), - to address this gap in Uganda, and contribute evidence on how a parenting program can address both IPV and VAC. Following careful formative evaluation, the investigators conducted a pre-post study to establish whether there was sufficient evidence of effectiveness to warrant progression to a randomized controlled trial.
The programme has undergone formative evaluation (2014-16), 'Proof of Concept' pre-post outcome evaluation (2016-2019), and with support from Evaluation Fund, is currently being evaluated to assess implementation and scale-up modalities (April 2020-October 2021) in central Uganda. The investment in developing PfR so far has provided important lessons about the acceptability of PfR and how to refine it. Preliminary outcome evidence suggests that a rigorous evaluation of PfR is warranted. The pre-post study has found significant change across primary outcomes for both parent- and child-reports, including large effects for reduced harsh parenting (Cohen's f2 = 0.42, p < .001) and dysfunctional spousal relationships (Cohen's f2 = 0.28, p < .001), as well as increased positive parenting (Cohen's f2 = 0.48, p < .001). The programme has been disseminated widely in Uganda (www.parenting.ug.org), and both government and NGOs have expressed interest to scale it. However, two key uncertainties remain: (i) the optimal way to scale up the intervention in a 'real-world setting', and (ii) whether the evidence of effectiveness would be confirmed through a more rigorous, experimental, evaluation. As a result, this study will combine a rigorous cluster randomised control trial (cRCT) evaluation of PfR with an implementation study using a hybrid type 2 design to examine its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness as well as answer critical contextually relevant implementation science questions. This is essential to ensure that precious resources are not wasted and that there are no harmful unintended consequences from the programme.
- Conditions
- Parenting, Gender-based Violence, Child Maltreatment, IPV
- Being tested
- Parenting for Respectability
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Parenting for RespectabilityBehavioural
The programme addresses main challenges of Parenting and builds skills in 4 main areas
- Poor parental bonding and child attachment;
- Harsh parenting
- Inequitable socialisation by gender
- Parental conflict.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention-Parenting for Respectability | Experimental | Randomisation in the cRCT will be conducted at the cluster level. PfR is a 16-session manualised programme starting with nine single sex sessions followed by seven mixed sex sessions, delivered once a week by two local facilitators who receive one week's training. Activities were developed specifically for PfR or adapted from other parenting programs, including Project H, Stepping Stones, Mema kwa Jamii, The International Child Development Programme and Parenting for Lifelong Health. The programme addresses four familial processes associated with GBV and VAC: poor parental bonding and child attachment; harsh parenting; inequitable socialisation by gender and parental conflict. A particular goal is to involve fathers, whom most parenting programmes find hard to recruit, and the first nine sessions are delivered in single-sex groups. Receives: Behavioral: Parenting for Respectability |
| Control-Parenting for Respectability in a nutshell | Active comparator | Randomisation in the cRCT will be conducted at the cluster level immediately after baseline data collection. Parents allocated to the control arm will receive a two-hour structured lecture called Parenting in a Nutshell on parenting and partner relationships. Three topics will be covered: 1) child development; 2) positive parenting; and 3) resolving partner conflicts. Facilitators delivering this lecture will have same/similar expertise with the facilitators engaged in PfR. . Receives: Behavioral: Parenting for Respectability |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Assessing a Change in Child maltreatment - physical and emotional abuse; Parent Report
Child maltreatment will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (17 items, ICAST-Trial).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child maltreatment - physical and emotional abuse; Child Report on Male Parent Figure
Child maltreatment will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (13 items, ICAST-Trial).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child maltreatment - physical and emotional abuse; Child Report on Female Parent Figure
Child maltreatment will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (13 items, ICAST-Trial).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner violence - perpetration; Parent-report
Perpetration of intimate partner violence (parent-report) will be measured using adapted versions of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form (6 items; CTS2S).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner violence -victimisation; Parent-report
Intimate partner violence victimisation (parent-report) will be measured using adapted versions of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form (6 items; CTS2S).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Partner conflict; Child Report
Partner conflict will be assesses using a Revised Conflict Tactics Short Form based on two items assessing dysfunctional adult relationships in the household (e.g., "Your parents/carers or any other adults in your household quarrelled or had verbal arguments with each other").
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Secondary outcomes (50)
Assessing a Change in Child physical abuse-Parent report
Child physical abuse will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (7 items, ICAST-Trial).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child physical abuse; Child Report on Male Parent Figure
Child physical will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (5 items, ICAST-Trial).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child physical abuse; Child Report on Female Parent Figure
Child physical will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (5 items, ICAST-Trial).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child emotional abuse; Parent Report
Child emotional abuse will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (10 items, ICAST-Trial)
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child emotional abuse; Child Report on Male Parent Figure
Child emotional abuse will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (8 items, ICAST-Trial).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child emotional abuse; Child Report on Female Parent Figure
Child emotional abuse will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (8 items, ICAST-Trial).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child neglect; Parent Report
Child neglect will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (2 items, ICAST-Trial).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child neglect; Child Report
Child neglect will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (4 items, ICAST-Trial).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Community physical and sexual violence; Child Report
Children's experience of physical and sexual violence in the community in the past month will be based on one item (e.g., "In the past month, how often did adults in your community such as teachers, employer religious or community leaders, neighbours and other adults kick, punch, beat or threaten you with a knife or any other weapon physically?". Responses will be based on a Likert scale ranging from 0=Never to 3=Often.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child sexual abuse; Child Report
Child sexual abuse will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (10 items, ICAST-Trial).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner coercion- perpetration; Parent Report
Intimate partner coercion perpetration (parent-report) will be measured using an adapted version of the WHO questionnaire on women's health and life events.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner coercion - victimisation; Parent Report
Intimate partner coercion victimisation (parent-report) will be measured using an adapted version of the WHO questionnaire on women's health and life events
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner psychological aggression - perpetration; Parent Report
Psychological aggression (parent-report) will be measured an adapted version of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form (2 items; CTS2S).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner psychological aggression - victimisation; Parent Report
Psychological aggression victimisation (parent-report) will be measured using an adapted version of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form (2 items; CTS2S).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner physical aggression - perpetration; Parent Report
Physical aggression perpetration (parent-report) will be measured using an adapted version of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form (4 items; CTS2S).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner physical aggression - victimisation; Parent Report
Physical aggression victimisation (parent-report) will be measured using an adapted version of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form (4 items; CTS2S).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner sexual violence - perpetration; Parent Report
Physical aggression perpetration (parent-report) will be measured using an adapted version of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form (2 items; CTS2S).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner sexual violence - victimisation; Parent Report
Intimate partner sexual violence victimisation (parent-report) will be measured an adapted version of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form (2 items; CTS2S).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Attitudes toward punishment; Parent Report
Attitudes toward punishment will be assessed using two items based on the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 5 Child Discipline module.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Attitudes toward punishment; Child Report
Attitudes toward punishment will be assessed using one item from the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 5 Child Discipline module.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Partner negotiation; Parent Report
Partner negotiation will be based on four items adapted from the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form (9 items; CTS2S).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Positive partner relationships; Child Report
Positive partner relationships witnessed by children will be based on one item (e.g., "In the past month, how often did your parent figures in your household say nice things to each other in your presence?").
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Positive parenting; Adult Report
Positive parenting will be assessed using 10 items adapted from the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ-SF).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Positive parenting; Child Report
Positive parenting will be assessed using 20 items adapted from the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ-SF).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Parental monitoring; Parent Report
Parental monitoring will be assessed using 6 items adapted from the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ-SF)
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Parental monitoring; Child Report
Parental monitoring will be assessed using 10 items adapted from the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ-SF).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Educational aspirations; Parent Report
Educational aspirations will be measured by one item asking the parent, "How far would you like your child to go in school?" rated on a 5-point scale
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Educational aspirations; Child Report
Educational aspirations will be measured by one item asking the child, "How far would you like to go in school?" rated on a 5-point scale
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Educational expectations; Parent Report
Educational expectations will be measured using one item asking the parent how far they think their child will actually go in school rated on the same 5-point scale.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Educational expectations; Child Report
Educational expectations will be measured using one item asking the child how far they think they will actually go in school rated on the same 5-point scale.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Educational re-enrolment; Parent Report
Educational re-enrolment will be assessed for children who are not currently in school by asking parents whether or not they would want them to go back to school. (0=No, 1=Yes)
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Educational re-enrolment; Child Report
Educational re-enrolment will be assessed for children who are not currently in school by asking children whether or not they would want to go back to school (0=No, 1=Yes).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Parent support of education; Parent Report
Parental support for school will be measured by asking how often the parent engages in behaviours that support learning using a 5-point Likert scale
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Parent support of education; Child Report
Parental support for school will be measured by asking how often the child's male and female parent figures engage in behaviours that support learning using a 5-point Likert scale.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child behaviour problems; Adult Report
Child behaviour problems will be measured using the Child and Adolescent Behaviour Inventory (CABI). 0 = Not True; 1 = Somewhat or Sometimes true; 2 = Very True; 999=Refused to answer; 888=Not Applicable. 19 items
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child behaviour problems: Child and Adolescent Behaviour Inventory - Child Report
Child behaviour problems will be measured using the Child and Adolescent Behaviour Inventory (CABI). 0 = Not True; 1 = Somewhat or Sometimes true; 2 = Very True; 999=Refused to answer; 19 items.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child substance use - Child Report
Child substance use will be measured using two items based on lifetime alcohol and tobacco consumption (e.g. "Have often do you drink alcohol?"). Responses will be based on a 4-point Likert scale of 0 to 3 (0=Never; 3=Often).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child prosocial behaviour - Adult Report
Child prosocial behaviour will be assessed from items derived from the pre-post study of PfR (5 items; e.g."Your child is considerate of other people's feelings.").
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child prosocial behaviour - Child Report
Child prosocial behaviour will be assessed from items derived from the pre-post study of PfR (5 items; e.g., "You are considerate of other people's feelings.")
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child respectful behaviour - Parent Report
Respectful behaviour by children will be assessed by asking parents one question about how often they see their children behaving well.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Gender socialisation - Parent Report
Gender socialisation of children will be assessed based on asking parents whether they agree or disagree about a series of statements regarding gender roles.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Gender socialisation - Child Report
Gender socialisation of children will be assessed based on asking children whether they agree or disagree about a series of statements regarding gender roles.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Respectability - Parent Report
Respectability will be assessed by asking parents two questions regarding their attitudes to parental responsibilities regarding respectability.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Respectability - Child Report
Respectability will be assessed by asking children eight questions regarding parental behaviour enforcing and modelling respectability.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline, and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Parenting stress - Parent Report
Parenting stress (parent-report) will be based on a reduced version of the Parenting Stress Scale (9 items; PSS).
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline, and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Adult depression - Parent Report
Adult depression (parent-report) will be measured using the depression subscale from the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale.e,g. "How often in the past week, have you felt sad or down?").
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Adult experience of violence during childhood - Parent Report
Adult experience of violence during childhood will be assessed using 6 items covering a range of childhood exposure to violence.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Communication about Sexual Behaviour - Parent Report
Communication about sexual behaviour by parents will be assessed by asking caregivers whether or not they have engaged in conversations with their children about puberty and sexual reproductive health.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Communication about Sexual Behaviour - Child Report
Child report of communication about sexual behaviour by parents will be assessed by asking caregivers whether or not their male and female parent figures have engaged in conversations with them about puberty and sexual reproductive health.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Impact of COVID-19 - Parent Report
The impact of COVID-19 will be assessed by asking parents to indicate whether they have been stressed by Covid-19, whether the child has been affected by Covid-19 and where the spouse relationship has been affected by Covid-19 agree.
Measured: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted3 Nov 2021
- Study start6 Aug 2021
- Primary completion31 Aug 2022
- Study completion30 Dec 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for ParentingStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Hybrid Type 2 Evaluation
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 3,162 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Makerere University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Glasgow, Oak Foundation, Network of European Foundations, University of Oxford
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Dr. Godfrey Siu, PHD, Principal investigator, Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere UniversityDr. Jamie M. Lachman, D.PHIL, Principal investigator, University of Glasgow: MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05105373
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Uprise2021
- Acronym
- UPRISE
- Status last verified
- Nov 2023
- First submitted
- 30 Sep 2021
- Last updated
- 4 Dec 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 4 Dec 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Implementation Science and Impact Evaluation of PfR Programme: A Hybrid cRCT Design
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05105373
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- UPRISE / Uprise2021
- Conditions
- Parenting, Gender-based Violence, Child Maltreatment, IPV
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 3,162 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Makerere UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Glasgow, Oak Foundation, Network of European Foundations, University of Oxford
- Study start
- 6 Aug 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Aug 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Dec 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 3 Nov 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The Implementation science and impact evaluation of PfR programme: A hybrid cRCT design study will use an effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 2 design to a) determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PfR, and b) determine the feasibility and impact of three different implementation strategies in terms of programme delivery. A cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) will examine the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and implementation of the Parenting for Respectability (PfR) programme on the reduction of violence against children and gender based violence in comparison to those receiving an hour lecture on parenting in the Wakiso and Amuru districts of Uganda (N = 54 clusters, 2,160 parents, 1,080 children, 1:1 allocation ratio).
Detailed description
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and violence against children (VAC) are interlinked and are major social, development and public health concerns. Globally it is estimated that approximately 30% ever-partnered women worldwide have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in their lives. IPV prevalence among women in Uganda is very high. The Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2018 found that 36% of women had ever experienced partner physical violence, while 22% had ever experienced partner sexual violence. Violence against children is extremely widespread globally, with approximately half of all children - one billion aged 2-17 years - reporting having experienced violence in the past year. Furthermore, one in five women and up to one in ten men have been victims of sexual violence in childhood. The Uganda national VAC survey 2015 found that 59% girls and 68% boys had experienced physical violence in their childhood, and 35% girls and 17% boys had experienced sexual violence in their childhood. Such violence in Uganda and most Sub-Saharan African countries is usually perpetrated by people known to children in their homes and community. IPV and VAC are major causes of morbidity and mortality, they undermine the social functioning of the victims and their families, and have lifetime consequences for physical, sexual, reproductive and mental health. The prevention of both forms of violence would contribute to many Sustainable Development Goals since they strain health systems, lower educational achievement and economic productivity, and undermine economic and social development, and elimination of IPV is essential to Goal Five.
Many studies confirm the link between VAC and IPV, suggesting the need for an integrated approach to their prevention. A recent narrative review identified six ways in which they are interrelated: they have many shared risk factors, starting in the family; social norms legitimise both and discourage children and women from seeking help; both often occur within the same household both can be transmitted across generations; they can have similar consequences across the lifespan, and finally, both intersect in adolescence, a time of heightened vulnerability to violence.
Factors perpetuating IPV and VAC exist at multiple socio-ecological levels. For IPV, familial level factors include having been abused as a child, having an absent or rejecting father, inter-partner conflict, and male control of wealth and decision-making. Community level factors include women's isolation and male peer groups that legitimize men's violence. At the macro level IPV is associated with cultural norms that condone violence within the family, schools and community, establish rigid gender roles and link masculinity to toughness, male honour, dominance and ownership of women, and it thrives where policy, legislation and implementation of laws is weak. VAC is more likely in families that have difficulties developing stable, warm and positive relationships, where parents are unresponsive to their children, have harsh or inconsistent parenting styles, believe that corporal punishment is an acceptable form of discipline or have a poor understanding of child development, and therefore unrealistic expectations about the child's behaviour.
Recognizing that IPV is perpetuated at multiple levels, preventative interventions often focus on other psychosocial problems, e.g. poverty or alcohol abuse, as well as on inter-partner violence, although they are more effective if their main aim is to reduce IPV. The shared familial risk factors for IPV and VAC, and the increasing policy interest in optimizing parenting influence, provides a great opportunity for early intervention. An increasing number of parenting programs are being implemented and tested in LMICs to reduce VAC, and evidence is emerging that, if delivered by trained lay workers, they can be effective in improving child outcomes. However, interventions directly addressing early prevention of both IPV and VAC in LMICS remain limited.
Furthermore, very few parenting programs in LMICs harness cultural drivers and pre-existing motivations to change behaviour. In sub-Saharan Africa little attention has been paid to one of the most important dimensions of parenthood for both mothers and fathers: the need to maintain the family's respectability, in large part achieved through the appropriate behaviour of the children and their parents. This core motivation might be harnessed in the design of interventions to reduce spousal violence, modify negative parenting and encourage sensitive parenting, in order to reduce children's future risk of sexual, physical and/or emotional violence. In Uganda, the investigators are not aware of any parenting programs that deliberately recruit parental couples to complete both single and mixed sex sessions. The Investigators therefore designed a community-based parenting program, - Parenting for Respectability (PfR), - to address this gap in Uganda, and contribute evidence on how a parenting program can address both IPV and VAC. Following careful formative evaluation, the investigators conducted a pre-post study to establish whether there was sufficient evidence of effectiveness to warrant progression to a randomized controlled trial.
The programme has undergone formative evaluation (2014-16), 'Proof of Concept' pre-post outcome evaluation (2016-2019), and with support from Evaluation Fund, is currently being evaluated to assess implementation and scale-up modalities (April 2020-October 2021) in central Uganda. The investment in developing PfR so far has provided important lessons about the acceptability of PfR and how to refine it. Preliminary outcome evidence suggests that a rigorous evaluation of PfR is warranted. The pre-post study has found significant change across primary outcomes for both parent- and child-reports, including large effects for reduced harsh parenting (Cohen's f2 = 0.42, p < .001) and dysfunctional spousal relationships (Cohen's f2 = 0.28, p < .001), as well as increased positive parenting (Cohen's f2 = 0.48, p < .001). The programme has been disseminated widely in Uganda (www.parenting.ug.org), and both government and NGOs have expressed interest to scale it. However, two key uncertainties remain: (i) the optimal way to scale up the intervention in a 'real-world setting', and (ii) whether the evidence of effectiveness would be confirmed through a more rigorous, experimental, evaluation. As a result, this study will combine a rigorous cluster randomised control trial (cRCT) evaluation of PfR with an implementation study using a hybrid type 2 design to examine its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness as well as answer critical contextually relevant implementation science questions. This is essential to ensure that precious resources are not wasted and that there are no harmful unintended consequences from the programme.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Hybrid Type 2 Evaluation
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention-Parenting for Respectability | Experimental | Behavioral: Parenting for RespectabilityRandomisation in the cRCT will be conducted at the cluster level. PfR is a 16-session manualised programme starting with nine single sex sessions followed by seven mixed sex sessions, delivered once a week by two local facilitators who receive one week's training. Activities were developed specifically for PfR or adapted from other parenting programs, including Project H, Stepping Stones, Mema kwa Jamii, The International Child Development Programme and Parenting for Lifelong Health. The programme addresses four familial processes associated with GBV and VAC: poor parental bonding and child attachment; harsh parenting; inequitable socialisation by gender and parental conflict. A particular goal is to involve fathers, whom most parenting programmes find hard to recruit, and the first nine sessions are delivered in single-sex groups. |
| Control-Parenting for Respectability in a nutshell | Active comparator | Behavioral: Parenting for RespectabilityRandomisation in the cRCT will be conducted at the cluster level immediately after baseline data collection. Parents allocated to the control arm will receive a two-hour structured lecture called Parenting in a Nutshell on parenting and partner relationships. Three topics will be covered: 1) child development; 2) positive parenting; and 3) resolving partner conflicts. Facilitators delivering this lecture will have same/similar expertise with the facilitators engaged in PfR. . |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 1 year to 80 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (14 listed)
- Age 18 or older;
- Primary caregiver responsible for the care of a child between the ages of 10 and 14;
- Agreement to participate in the PfR programme if allocated to the treatment condition;
- Provision of consent to participate in the full study.
- Age 10 to 14 years;
Key exclusion criteria (12 listed)
- Below Age 18;
- Not a Primary caregiver responsible for the care of a child between the ages of 10 and 14;
- Does not Provide consent to participate in the full study.
- Below Age 10 and above age 14
- Does not Live in the same household as primary caregiver who is part of PfR study;
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Parenting for RespectabilityThe programme addresses main challenges of Parenting and builds skills in 4 main areas 1. Poor parental bonding and child attachment; 2. Harsh parenting 3. Inequitable socialisation by gender 4. Parental conflict. | Behavioural | Control-Parenting for Respectability in a nutshell, Intervention-Parenting for Respectability |
Primary outcome
Assessing a Change in Child maltreatment - physical and emotional abuse; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Child maltreatment will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (17 items, ICAST-Trial).
Assessing a Change in Child maltreatment - physical and emotional abuse; Child Report on Male Parent Figure
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Child maltreatment will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (13 items, ICAST-Trial).
Assessing a Change in Child maltreatment - physical and emotional abuse; Child Report on Female Parent Figure
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Child maltreatment will be measured using an adapted version of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool-Trial scale (13 items, ICAST-Trial).
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner violence - perpetration; Parent-report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Perpetration of intimate partner violence (parent-report) will be measured using adapted versions of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form (6 items; CTS2S).
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner violence -victimisation; Parent-report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Intimate partner violence victimisation (parent-report) will be measured using adapted versions of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale Short Form (6 items; CTS2S).
Assessing a Change in Partner conflict; Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Partner conflict will be assesses using a Revised Conflict Tactics Short Form based on two items assessing dysfunctional adult relationships in the household (e.g., "Your parents/carers or any other adults in your household quarrelled or had verbal arguments with each other").
50 secondary outcomes
Assessing a Change in Child physical abuse-Parent report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child physical abuse; Child Report on Male Parent Figure
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child physical abuse; Child Report on Female Parent Figure
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child emotional abuse; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child emotional abuse; Child Report on Male Parent Figure
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child emotional abuse; Child Report on Female Parent Figure
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child neglect; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child neglect; Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Community physical and sexual violence; Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child sexual abuse; Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner coercion- perpetration; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner coercion - victimisation; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner psychological aggression - perpetration; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner psychological aggression - victimisation; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner physical aggression - perpetration; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner physical aggression - victimisation; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner sexual violence - perpetration; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Intimate partner sexual violence - victimisation; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Attitudes toward punishment; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Attitudes toward punishment; Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Partner negotiation; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Positive partner relationships; Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Positive parenting; Adult Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Positive parenting; Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Parental monitoring; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Parental monitoring; Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Educational aspirations; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Educational aspirations; Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Educational expectations; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Educational expectations; Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Educational re-enrolment; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Educational re-enrolment; Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Parent support of education; Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Parent support of education; Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child behaviour problems; Adult Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child behaviour problems: Child and Adolescent Behaviour Inventory - Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child substance use - Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child prosocial behaviour - Adult Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child prosocial behaviour - Child Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Assessing a Change in Child respectful behaviour - Parent Report
Time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 4 Dec 2023.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Dr. Godfrey Siu, PHD principal investigator
Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University
Dr. Jamie M. Lachman, D.PHIL principal investigator
University of Glasgow: MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Parenting for Respectability in people with Parenting and Gender-based Violence, run by Makerere University at 1 site in Uganda.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 14 inclusion and 12 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 4 Dec 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Uganda. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Assessing a Change in Child maltreatment - physical and emotional abuse; Parent Report (time frame: Baseline, 8-months post-baseline and 12-months post-baseline). The study lists 6 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 4 Dec 2023.