BeliefsNCT05129592
Can Exposure to Brief Messages Correct Misperceptions?
A study testing Coherent corrective messages in people with Beliefs, run by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
This study seeks to assess the efficacy of educational messages to correct misperceptions. A large proportion of the American population incorrectly believes that nicotine is the chemical responsible for causing cancer in tobacco products.1-3 This misconception may reduce the likelihood that established smokers who… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 21 to 99 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Beliefs
- What is being tested?
- Coherent corrective messages
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 193 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 22 Nov 2021to 1 Aug 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 21 to 99 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Are established smokers (have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoke some or all days)
- Are 21 years of age or older (the legal age of tobacco purchase in the US)
- Have not completed the cognitive interview during message pre-testing.
- Rate their agreement with the following statement as at least 50 out of 100: "To what extent do you agree with the following statement: The substance nicotine causes cancer."
- Are registered with MTurk in the United States.
- Have completed >= 5,000 HIITs within the MTurk system
- Have a HIIT approval rating of >= 97%
Who cannot join
- Are not established smokers
- Are younger than 21 years of age
- Participated in cognitive interviews during message pre-testing
- Are not registered with MTurk in the US
- Have completed < 5,000 HIITS
- Have a HIIT approval rating of <97%
- Rate their agreement with the following statement as less than 50 out of 100: "To what extent do you agree with the following statement: The substance nicotine causes cancer."
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Baltimore, Maryland, 21205
About this study
Official title: A Randomized Controlled Trial Testing the Efficacy of Brief Messages to Correct Misperceptions About Nicotine
This study seeks to assess the efficacy of educational messages to correct misperceptions. A large proportion of the American population incorrectly believes that nicotine is the chemical responsible for causing cancer in tobacco products.1-3 This misconception may reduce the likelihood that established smokers who are unwilling or unable to quit tobacco product use completely will switch to less harmful non-combustible products. An online experiment will be used to test if corrective messages can reduce this misperception. The experiment will also test the effects of messages on beliefs about the relative harms of other tobacco products discussed in the message and accuracy of inferential beliefs. This will be accomplished by asking participants questions about two tobacco products that are not explicitly discussed in the messages. The experiment will test if the two components of "narrative coherence," a concept identified in previous reviews of misperception correction as effective,4-6 is effective at reducing misperceptions about nicotine. Component 1 provides an explanation for why the new information is correct and component 2 provides an explanation for how the false information came to be believed. This study will use a factorial design to test the efficacy of the component of coherence individually as well as together. Hypotheses and Research Questions:
RQ1: Will participants exposed to different corrective message conditions differ in increased accuracy of beliefs (a) that nicotine does not cause cancer, (b) regarding the relative risk of e-cigarettes compared to cigarettes, (c) regarding the relative risk of very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNC) compared to cigarettes and (d) regarding the relative risk of nicotine replacement therapy compared to cigarettes.
Read more
H1: Participants exposed to the nicotine corrective message with both components of coherence will be significantly more likely to increase accuracy of beliefs regarding the relative harms of (a) smokeless tobacco compared to cigarettes and (b) cigarillos relative to cigarettes compared to those exposed to messages with just one component or no components of coherence.
H2: Participants exposed to the nicotine corrective message with both components of coherence will be significantly more likely to increase their intention to switch completely to a noncombustible product compared to those exposed to messages with just one component or no components of coherence.
- Conditions
- Beliefs
- Being tested
- Coherent corrective messages
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Coherent corrective messagesBehavioural
Participants will be randomized to one of four message conditions: condition 1 will not contain either component of the coherence; condition 2 will contain one element of coherence (a causal explanation for why the corrective information is accurate); condition 3 will contain the other element of coherence (an explanation for why the misinformation came to be believed); condition 4 will include both elements of coherence.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Nicotine corrective control | Active comparator | A factual message about nicotine that does not contain a causal explanation for what actually causes tobacco-caused disease or an explanation for why the misperception that nicotine causes cancer may have come to be believed. Receives: Behavioral: Coherent corrective messages |
| Nicotine corrective with causal explanation | Experimental | A factual message about nicotine that contain a causal explanation for what actually causes tobacco-caused disease: tar and chemicals created in tobacco smoke when tobacco is lit on fire. Receives: Behavioral: Coherent corrective messages |
| Nicotine corrective with reason for misperception | Experimental | A factual message about nicotine that contains an explanation for why the misperception may have come to be believed: that health messaging often discuses nicotine and tobacco-caused disease at the same time and people incorrectly make the connection that nicotine causes cancer. Receives: Behavioral: Coherent corrective messages |
| Nicotine corrective with both components of coherence | Experimental | A factual message about nicotine that contains both a causal explanation for what actually causes tobacco-caused disease and an explanation for why the misperception may have come to be believed. Receives: Behavioral: Coherent corrective messages |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Accuracy of Belief That Nicotine Causes Cancer
The extent to which participants agree or disagree with the following statement: The substance nicotine causes cancer. Response options are a continuous scale from 0 "I do not agree at all" to 100, "I completely agree."
Measured: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
Change in Relative Harm Beliefs Regarding E-cigarettes
"The next questions are about electronic cigarettes. You may also know them as e-cigarettes, vapes, vape pens, mods, or by brand names like Juul, Suorin, SMOK, Fin, NJOY, Blu, e-Go, or Vuse. Some look like cigarettes, and others look like small boxes, pens, or pipes. From now on, we will refer to these products as e-cigarettes. E-cigarettes heat up a liquid to aerosolize it so people can inhale it. Although some e-liquid does not contain nicotine, we are only interested in e-cigarettes that DO contain nicotine. Please answer the following questions about e-cigarettes that contain nicotine." Response options are, "Much less harmful," "Somewhat less harmful," "Not less or more harmful," "Somewhat more harmful," "Much more harmful." Response options were dichotomized to low relative harm perceptions (much less harmful, somewhat less harmful) and high relative harm perceptions (much more harmful, somewhat more harmful, not less or more harmful).
Measured: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
Change in Relative Harm Beliefs Regarding NRT
Participants will be shown a written description of NRT before answering questions about them: "The next questions are about nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). NRT is a medicine that is available as skin patches, chewing gum, nasal and oral sprays, inhalers, lozenges and tablets and delivers nicotine to the body. Nicotine replacement therapy is approved to help people quit smoking." Participants will also see a picture of these products with the description. Response options are, "Much less harmful," "Somewhat less harmful," "Not less or more harmful," "Somewhat more harmful," "Much more harmful." Response options were dichotomized to low relative harm perceptions (much less harmful, somewhat less harmful) and high relative harm perceptions (much more harmful, somewhat more harmful, not less or more harmful).
Measured: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
Change in Relative Harm Beliefs Regarding Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes
Participants will be shown a written description of very low nicotine cigarettes before answering questions about them: "The next questions are about very low nicotine cigarettes. A very low nicotine cigarette is a tobacco cigarette that is still smoked but has the vast majority (95% or more) of the nicotine removed from it. The average regular cigarettes typically contains 12-13 mg of nicotine. A very low nicotine cigarette could have less than 1 mg of nicotine in it. Very low nicotine cigarettes do not contain enough nicotine to maintain a physiological addiction to nicotine. Quest and Moonlight are brands of very low nicotine cigarettes." Participants will also see a picture of these products with the description. Response options were dichotomized to low relative harm perceptions (much less harmful, somewhat less harmful) and high relative harm perceptions (much more harmful, somewhat more harmful, not less or more harmful).
Measured: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
Change in Inferential Beliefs Regarding Smokeless Tobacco
Participants will be shown a written description of smokeless tobacco before answering questions about them: "The next questions are about smokeless tobacco. Smokeless tobacco like chewing, oral, or spit tobacco come as loose leaves, plugs, or twists of dried tobacco that may be flavored. It's chewed or placed between the cheek and gum or teeth. The user spits out (or swallows) the saliva that has soaked through the tobacco. Dissolvables are another type of product that dissolves in the mouth and can be sold as lozenges, strips, or sticks. Nicotine is absorbed through the mouth tissues." Participants will also see a picture of these products with the description. Response options were dichotomized to low relative harm perceptions (much less harmful, somewhat less harmful) and high relative harm perceptions (much more harmful, somewhat more harmful, not less or more harmful).
Measured: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
Change in Inferential Beliefs Regarding Cigarillos
Participants will be shown a written description of smokeless tobacco before answering questions about them: "The next questions are about cigarillos. Cigarillos look like small versions of traditional cigars, but can be bought in packages of one or two. Cigarillos smoke is often inhaled, unlike cigar smoke which is often held in the mouth and then released. Cigarillos are often flavored. Swisher Sweets, White Owl, and Dutch Masters are common cigarillo brands.." Participants will also see a picture of these products with the description. Response options were dichotomized to low relative harm perceptions (much less harmful, somewhat less harmful) and high relative harm perceptions (much more harmful, somewhat more harmful, not less or more harmful).
Measured: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
Change in Beliefs About Intention to Switch Products
The extent to which participants agree or disagree with the following statement: I would consider completely switching to a tobacco product that is not lit on fire rather than continuing to smoke cigarettes. Response options are a continuous scale from 0 "I do not agree at all" to 100, "I completely agree."
Measured: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted22 Nov 2021
- Study start22 Nov 2021
- Primary completion30 Jan 2022
- Study completion1 Aug 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Other trials for BeliefsStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Model description
- Participants will be randomized to view one of four messages. The message conditions are as follows: condition 1 will not contain either component of coherence; condition 2 will contain one element of coherence (a causal explanation for why the corrective information is accurate); condition 3 will contain the other element of coherence (an explanation for why the misinformation came to be believed); condition 4 will include both elements of coherence.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 193 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Meghan B Moran, PhD, Principal investigator, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05129592
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 00015120A
- Status last verified
- Mar 2024
- First submitted
- 1 Oct 2021
- Last updated
- 12 Mar 2024
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: Upon request, deidentified participant data collected during the study may be shared. Upon request, the PI may also share the study protocol, survey, and informed consent form. Data will be made available upon request beginning 3 months following publication of the final article from this study, with no end date. Data will be made available for analyses deemed appropriate by the study PI. Proposals should be directed to mmoran22@jhu.edu. Data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 12 Mar 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- A Randomized Controlled Trial Testing the Efficacy of Brief Messages to Correct Misperceptions About Nicotine
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05129592
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 00015120A
- Conditions
- Beliefs
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 193 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 22 Nov 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Jan 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Aug 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 22 Nov 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 12 Mar 2024
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study seeks to assess the efficacy of educational messages to correct misperceptions. A large proportion of the American population incorrectly believes that nicotine is the chemical responsible for causing cancer in tobacco products.1-3 This misconception may reduce the likelihood that established smokers who are unwilling or unable to quit tobacco product use completely will switch to less harmful non-combustible products. An online experiment will be used to test if corrective messages can reduce this misperception. The experiment will also test the effects of messages on beliefs about the relative harms of other tobacco products discussed in the message and accuracy of inferential beliefs. This will be accomplished by asking participants questions about two tobacco products that are not explicitly discussed in the messages. The experiment will test if the two components of "narrative coherence," a concept identified in previous reviews of misperception correction as effective,4-6 is effective at reducing misperceptions about nicotine. Component 1 provides an explanation for why the new information is correct and component 2 provides an explanation for how the false information came to be believed. This study will use a factorial design to test the efficacy of the component of coherence individually as well as together. Hypotheses and Research Questions:
RQ1: Will participants exposed to different corrective message conditions differ in increased accuracy of beliefs (a) that nicotine does not cause cancer, (b) regarding the relative risk of e-cigarettes compared to cigarettes, (c) regarding the relative risk of very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNC) compared to cigarettes and (d) regarding the relative risk of nicotine replacement therapy compared to cigarettes.
H1: Participants exposed to the nicotine corrective message with both components of coherence will be significantly more likely to increase accuracy of beliefs regarding the relative harms of (a) smokeless tobacco compared to cigarettes and (b) cigarillos relative to cigarettes compared to those exposed to messages with just one component or no components of coherence.
H2: Participants exposed to the nicotine corrective message with both components of coherence will be significantly more likely to increase their intention to switch completely to a noncombustible product compared to those exposed to messages with just one component or no components of coherence.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 4
- Model description
- Participants will be randomized to view one of four messages. The message conditions are as follows: condition 1 will not contain either component of coherence; condition 2 will contain one element of coherence (a causal explanation for why the corrective information is accurate); condition 3 will contain the other element of coherence (an explanation for why the misinformation came to be believed); condition 4 will include both elements of coherence.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Nicotine corrective control | Active comparator | Behavioral: Coherent corrective messagesA factual message about nicotine that does not contain a causal explanation for what actually causes tobacco-caused disease or an explanation for why the misperception that nicotine causes cancer may have come to be believed. |
| Nicotine corrective with causal explanation | Experimental | Behavioral: Coherent corrective messagesA factual message about nicotine that contain a causal explanation for what actually causes tobacco-caused disease: tar and chemicals created in tobacco smoke when tobacco is lit on fire. |
| Nicotine corrective with reason for misperception | Experimental | Behavioral: Coherent corrective messagesA factual message about nicotine that contains an explanation for why the misperception may have come to be believed: that health messaging often discuses nicotine and tobacco-caused disease at the same time and people incorrectly make the connection that nicotine causes cancer. |
| Nicotine corrective with both components of coherence | Experimental | Behavioral: Coherent corrective messagesA factual message about nicotine that contains both a causal explanation for what actually causes tobacco-caused disease and an explanation for why the misperception may have come to be believed. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 21 to 99 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Are established smokers (have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoke some or all days)
- Are 21 years of age or older (the legal age of tobacco purchase in the US)
- Have not completed the cognitive interview during message pre-testing.
- Rate their agreement with the following statement as at least 50 out of 100: "To what extent do you agree with the following statement: The substance nicotine causes cancer."
- Are registered with MTurk in the United States.
Key exclusion criteria (7 listed)
- Are not established smokers
- Are younger than 21 years of age
- Participated in cognitive interviews during message pre-testing
- Are not registered with MTurk in the US
- Have completed < 5,000 HIITS
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Coherent corrective messagesParticipants will be randomized to one of four message conditions: condition 1 will not contain either component of the coherence; condition 2 will contain one element of coherence (a causal explanation for why the corrective information is accurate); condition 3 will contain the other element of coherence (an explanation for why the misinformation came to be believed); condition 4 will include both elements of coherence. | Behavioural | Nicotine corrective control, Nicotine corrective with both components of coherence, Nicotine corrective with causal explanation, Nicotine corrective with reason for misperception |
Primary outcome
Change in Accuracy of Belief That Nicotine Causes Cancer
Time frame: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
The extent to which participants agree or disagree with the following statement: The substance nicotine causes cancer. Response options are a continuous scale from 0 "I do not agree at all" to 100, "I completely agree."
Change in Relative Harm Beliefs Regarding E-cigarettes
Time frame: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
"The next questions are about electronic cigarettes. You may also know them as e-cigarettes, vapes, vape pens, mods, or by brand names like Juul, Suorin, SMOK, Fin, NJOY, Blu, e-Go, or Vuse. Some look like cigarettes, and others look like small boxes, pens, or pipes. From now on, we will refer to these products as e-cigarettes. E-cigarettes heat up a liquid to aerosolize it so people can inhale it. Although some e-liquid does not contain nicotine, we are only interested in e-cigarettes that DO contain nicotine. Please answer the following questions about e-cigarettes that contain nicotine." Response options are, "Much less harmful," "Somewhat less harmful," "Not less or more harmful," "Somewhat more harmful," "Much more harmful." Response options were dichotomized to low relative harm perceptions (much less harmful, somewhat less harmful) and high relative harm perceptions (much more harmful, somewhat more harmful, not less or more harmful).
Change in Relative Harm Beliefs Regarding NRT
Time frame: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
Participants will be shown a written description of NRT before answering questions about them: "The next questions are about nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). NRT is a medicine that is available as skin patches, chewing gum, nasal and oral sprays, inhalers, lozenges and tablets and delivers nicotine to the body. Nicotine replacement therapy is approved to help people quit smoking." Participants will also see a picture of these products with the description. Response options are, "Much less harmful," "Somewhat less harmful," "Not less or more harmful," "Somewhat more harmful," "Much more harmful." Response options were dichotomized to low relative harm perceptions (much less harmful, somewhat less harmful) and high relative harm perceptions (much more harmful, somewhat more harmful, not less or more harmful).
Change in Relative Harm Beliefs Regarding Very Low Nicotine Cigarettes
Time frame: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
Participants will be shown a written description of very low nicotine cigarettes before answering questions about them: "The next questions are about very low nicotine cigarettes. A very low nicotine cigarette is a tobacco cigarette that is still smoked but has the vast majority (95% or more) of the nicotine removed from it. The average regular cigarettes typically contains 12-13 mg of nicotine. A very low nicotine cigarette could have less than 1 mg of nicotine in it. Very low nicotine cigarettes do not contain enough nicotine to maintain a physiological addiction to nicotine. Quest and Moonlight are brands of very low nicotine cigarettes." Participants will also see a picture of these products with the description. Response options were dichotomized to low relative harm perceptions (much less harmful, somewhat less harmful) and high relative harm perceptions (much more harmful, somewhat more harmful, not less or more harmful).
Change in Inferential Beliefs Regarding Smokeless Tobacco
Time frame: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
Participants will be shown a written description of smokeless tobacco before answering questions about them: "The next questions are about smokeless tobacco. Smokeless tobacco like chewing, oral, or spit tobacco come as loose leaves, plugs, or twists of dried tobacco that may be flavored. It's chewed or placed between the cheek and gum or teeth. The user spits out (or swallows) the saliva that has soaked through the tobacco. Dissolvables are another type of product that dissolves in the mouth and can be sold as lozenges, strips, or sticks. Nicotine is absorbed through the mouth tissues." Participants will also see a picture of these products with the description. Response options were dichotomized to low relative harm perceptions (much less harmful, somewhat less harmful) and high relative harm perceptions (much more harmful, somewhat more harmful, not less or more harmful).
Change in Inferential Beliefs Regarding Cigarillos
Time frame: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
Participants will be shown a written description of smokeless tobacco before answering questions about them: "The next questions are about cigarillos. Cigarillos look like small versions of traditional cigars, but can be bought in packages of one or two. Cigarillos smoke is often inhaled, unlike cigar smoke which is often held in the mouth and then released. Cigarillos are often flavored. Swisher Sweets, White Owl, and Dutch Masters are common cigarillo brands.." Participants will also see a picture of these products with the description. Response options were dichotomized to low relative harm perceptions (much less harmful, somewhat less harmful) and high relative harm perceptions (much more harmful, somewhat more harmful, not less or more harmful).
Change in Beliefs About Intention to Switch Products
Time frame: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message
The extent to which participants agree or disagree with the following statement: I would consider completely switching to a tobacco product that is not lit on fire rather than continuing to smoke cigarettes. Response options are a continuous scale from 0 "I do not agree at all" to 100, "I completely agree."
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 12 Mar 2024.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. Upon request, deidentified participant data collected during the study may be shared. Upon request, the PI may also share the study protocol, survey, and informed consent form. Data will be made available upon request beginning 3 months following publication of the final article from this study, with no end date. Data will be made available for analyses deemed appropriate by the study PI. Proposals should be directed to mmoran22@jhu.edu. Data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Meghan B Moran, PhD principal investigator
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Coherent corrective messages in people with Beliefs, run by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 7 inclusion and 7 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 12 Mar 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 12 Mar 2024). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Accuracy of Belief That Nicotine Causes Cancer (time frame: Baseline and up to 5 minutes after receiving the corrective message). The study lists 7 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 12 Mar 2024.