Cystic FibrosisNCT05173194
Remotely Supervised Exercise for Adults With Cystic Fibrosis
A study testing Exercise in people with Cystic Fibrosis, run by Universidad Europea de Madrid at 1 site in Spain.
Trial summary
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease characterized by abnormal chloride transport in epithelial tissues. Inflammation is a key component contributing to the main alterations induced by the disease. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 16 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Cystic Fibrosis
- What is being tested?
- Exercise
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 32 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSpain
- Study dates
- 26 Oct 2021to 30 Dec 2021
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 16 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Confirmed clinical and genetic diagnosis for cystic fibrosis;
- Age from 16 years.
Who cannot join
- Musculoskeletal disorders that do not allow the performance of physical exercise;
- Pregnancy;
- Absence of registration of clinical required.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Effects of a Remotely Supervised Exercise Program on Inflammatory Markers, Muscle Strength and Lung Function in Adult Patients With Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease characterized by abnormal chloride transport in epithelial tissues. Inflammation is a key component contributing to the main alterations induced by the disease. The increase in life expectancy comes with a higher prevalence of CF-related comorbidities, but also with new emerging complications directly related to aging. Physical fitness and exercise practice have been previously associated to survival and better quality of life in patients with cystic fibrosis. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the effects of a remotely supervised resistance exercise program on lung function, muscle strength, body composition, quality of life and inflammatory markers in adult patients with cystic fibrosis.
Read the detailed description
This study aims to assess the effects of a remotely supervised resistance exercise program on lung function, muscle strength, body composition, quality of life and inflammatory markers in adult patients with cystic fibrosis.
- Conditions
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Being tested
- Exercise
- Keywords
- Cystic fibrosis, Exercise program, Lung funcion, Inflammation
- Medical subject headings
- Cystic Fibrosis, Inflammation
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
ExerciseOther
Eight-week program of a remotely supervised resistance exercise. Frequency: three times per week. Duration: 60 minutes per session. Training program: warm-up and joint mobility; strength exercises for different muscle groups; and cool down (stretching and breathing exercises).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Telematic Exercise | Experimental | A remotely supervised resistance exercise program will be carried out for 8 weeks, with three weekly sessions lasting approximately 60 minutes each. Training will be performed in groups of four patients, according to their lung function/physical fitness. The first training session will be on site (University) for familiarization, planning and adjustment of the exercises, and the following sessions will be performed online. Each session is divided into: (i) Warm-up and joint mobility; (ii) main part: strength exercises for different muscle groups; and (iii) cool down: stretching and breathing exercises. Receives: Other: Exercise |
| Control | No intervention | Control group will follow routine recommendations from the multidisciplinary CF team. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in peripheral muscle strength. Upper and lower limb muscle strength will be evaluated using the 5 maximum repetition test in specific strength machines. Handgrip strength will be measured with a dynamometer.
Change from baseline to 8 weeks
Measured: Baseline and 8 weeks
Change in body composition (muscle mass and skeletal mass index - kg/m2) measured through dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
Change from baseline to 8 weeks
Measured: Baseline and 8 weeks
Change in plasmatic levels of Klotho
Change from baseline to 8 weeks
Measured: Baseline and 8 weeks
Change in plasmatic levels of interleukins (IL-8 and IL-10)
Change from baseline to 8 weeks
Measured: Baseline and 8 weeks
Secondary outcomes (4)
Change in Pulmonary Function (Lung Function)
Change from baseline to 8 weeks
Measured: Baseline and 8 weeks
Change in quality of life evaluated using the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire (CFQ-R +14). Scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores corresponding to better quality of life.
Change from baseline to 8 weeks
Measured: Baseline and 8 weeks
Change in inspiratory muscle strength (MIP)
Change from baseline to 8 weeks
Measured: Baseline and 8 weeks
Change in functional capacity (30 seconds sit-to-stand test)
Change from baseline to 8 weeks
Measured: Baseline and 8 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted29 Dec 2021
- Study start26 Oct 2021
- Primary completion30 Dec 2021
- Study completion30 Dec 2021
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (13)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Cystic FibrosisStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 32 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Universidad Europea de Madrid
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Margarita Perez, Universidad Europea de Madrid
- Investigators
- Margarita Perez-Ruiz, PhD, Principal investigator, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05173194
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- FQKloE-II
- Status last verified
- Dec 2023
- First submitted
- 23 Nov 2021
- Last updated
- 5 Dec 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
van de Weert-van Leeuwen PB, Hulzebos HJ, Werkman MS, Michel S, Vijftigschild LA, van Meegen MA, van der Ent CK, Beekman JM, Arets HG. Chronic inflammation and infection associate with a lower exercise training response in cystic fibrosis adolescents. Respir Med. 2014 Mar;108(3):445-52. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.08.012. Epub 2013 Aug 28.
PubMed 24480322Vendrusculo FM, Heinzmann-Filho JP, da Silva JS, Perez Ruiz M, Donadio MVF. Peak Oxygen Uptake and Mortality in Cystic Fibrosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Respir Care. 2019 Jan;64(1):91-98. doi: 10.4187/respcare.06185. Epub 2018 Sep 11.
PubMed 30206131Vandekerckhove K, Keyzer M, Cornette J, Coomans I, Pyl F, De Baets F, Schelstraete P, Haerynck F, De Wolf D, Van Daele S, Boone J. Exercise performance and quality of life in children with cystic fibrosis and mildly impaired lung function: relation with antibiotic treatments and hospitalization. Eur J Pediatr. 2017 Dec;176(12):1689-1696. doi: 10.1007/s00431-017-3024-7. Epub 2017 Sep 30.
PubMed 28965267Perez M, Groeneveld IF, Santana-Sosa E, Fiuza-Luces C, Gonzalez-Saiz L, Villa-Asensi JR, Lopez-Mojares LM, Rubio M, Lucia A. Aerobic fitness is associated with lower risk of hospitalization in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014 Jul;49(7):641-9. doi: 10.1002/ppul.22878. Epub 2013 Sep 9.
PubMed 24019231Mostafidi E, Moeen A, Nasri H, Ghorbani Hagjo A, Ardalan M. Serum Klotho Levels in Trained Athletes. Nephrourol Mon. 2016 Jan 9;8(1):e30245. doi: 10.5812/numonthly.30245. eCollection 2016 Jan.
PubMed 26981496Gao W, Yuan C, Zhang J, Li L, Yu L, Wiegman CH, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM, Huang M, Yao X. Klotho expression is reduced in COPD airway epithelial cells: effects on inflammation and oxidant injury. Clin Sci (Lond). 2015 Dec;129(12):1011-23. doi: 10.1042/CS20150273. Epub 2015 Jul 10.
PubMed 26201096Kureya Y, Kanazawa H, Ijiri N, Tochino Y, Watanabe T, Asai K, Hirata K. Down-Regulation of Soluble alpha-Klotho is Associated with Reduction in Serum Irisin Levels in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Lung. 2016 Jun;194(3):345-51. doi: 10.1007/s00408-016-9870-7. Epub 2016 May 2.
PubMed 27140192Krick S, Baumlin N, Aller SP, Aguiar C, Grabner A, Sailland J, Mendes E, Schmid A, Qi L, David NV, Geraghty P, King G, Birket SE, Rowe SM, Faul C, Salathe M. Klotho Inhibits Interleukin-8 Secretion from Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelia. Sci Rep. 2017 Oct 30;7(1):14388. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14811-0.
PubMed 29085059Amaro-Gahete FJ, de-la-O A, Jurado-Fasoli L, Gutierrez A, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ. Association of physical activity and fitness with S-Klotho plasma levels in middle-aged sedentary adults: The FIT-AGEING study. Maturitas. 2019 May;123:25-31. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.02.001. Epub 2019 Feb 5.
PubMed 31027673Amaro-Gahete FJ, De-la-O A, Jurado-Fasoli L, Espuch-Oliver A, de Haro T, Gutierrez A, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ. Exercise training increases the S-Klotho plasma levels in sedentary middle-aged adults: A randomised controlled trial. The FIT-AGEING study. J Sports Sci. 2019 Oct;37(19):2175-2183. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1626048. Epub 2019 Jun 4.
PubMed 31164040Amaro-Gahete FJ, De-la-O A, Jurado-Fasoli L, Espuch-Oliver A, Robles-Gonzalez L, Navarro-Lomas G, de Haro T, Femia P, Castillo MJ, Gutierrez A. Exercise training as S-Klotho protein stimulator in sedentary healthy adults: Rationale, design, and methodology. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2018 May 18;11:10-19. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2018.05.013. eCollection 2018 Sep.
PubMed 30023455Kriemler S, Kieser S, Junge S, Ballmann M, Hebestreit A, Schindler C, Stussi C, Hebestreit H. Effect of supervised training on FEV1 in cystic fibrosis: a randomised controlled trial. J Cyst Fibros. 2013 Dec;12(6):714-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jcf.2013.03.003. Epub 2013 Apr 13.
PubMed 23588193Rovedder PM, Flores J, Ziegler B, Casarotto F, Jaques P, Barreto SS, Dalcin Pde T. Exercise programme in patients with cystic fibrosis: a randomized controlled trial. Respir Med. 2014 Aug;108(8):1134-40. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.04.022. Epub 2014 Jun 26.
PubMed 25002195
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 5 Dec 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of a Remotely Supervised Exercise Program on Inflammatory Markers, Muscle Strength and Lung Function in Adult Patients With Cystic Fibrosis
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05173194
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- FQKloE-II
- Conditions
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Keywords
- Cystic fibrosis, Exercise program, Lung funcion, Inflammation
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 32 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Universidad Europea de MadridUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 26 Oct 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Dec 2021 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Dec 2021 (actual)
- First posted
- 29 Dec 2021 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease characterized by abnormal chloride transport in epithelial tissues. Inflammation is a key component contributing to the main alterations induced by the disease. The increase in life expectancy comes with a higher prevalence of CF-related comorbidities, but also with new emerging complications directly related to aging. Physical fitness and exercise practice have been previously associated to survival and better quality of life in patients with cystic fibrosis. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the effects of a remotely supervised resistance exercise program on lung function, muscle strength, body composition, quality of life and inflammatory markers in adult patients with cystic fibrosis.
Detailed description
This study aims to assess the effects of a remotely supervised resistance exercise program on lung function, muscle strength, body composition, quality of life and inflammatory markers in adult patients with cystic fibrosis.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Telematic Exercise | Experimental | Other: ExerciseA remotely supervised resistance exercise program will be carried out for 8 weeks, with three weekly sessions lasting approximately 60 minutes each. Training will be performed in groups of four patients, according to their lung function/physical fitness. The first training session will be on site (University) for familiarization, planning and adjustment of the exercises, and the following sessions will be performed online. Each session is divided into: (i) Warm-up and joint mobility; (ii) main part: strength exercises for different muscle groups; and (iii) cool down: stretching and breathing exercises. |
| Control | No intervention | –Control group will follow routine recommendations from the multidisciplinary CF team. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 16 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Confirmed clinical and genetic diagnosis for cystic fibrosis;
- Age from 16 years.
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Musculoskeletal disorders that do not allow the performance of physical exercise;
- Pregnancy;
- Absence of registration of clinical required.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| ExerciseEight-week program of a remotely supervised resistance exercise. Frequency: three times per week. Duration: 60 minutes per session. Training program: warm-up and joint mobility; strength exercises for different muscle groups; and cool down (stretching and breathing exercises). | Other | Telematic Exercise |
Primary outcome
Change in peripheral muscle strength. Upper and lower limb muscle strength will be evaluated using the 5 maximum repetition test in specific strength machines. Handgrip strength will be measured with a dynamometer.
Time frame: Baseline and 8 weeks
Change from baseline to 8 weeks
Change in body composition (muscle mass and skeletal mass index - kg/m2) measured through dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
Time frame: Baseline and 8 weeks
Change from baseline to 8 weeks
Change in plasmatic levels of Klotho
Time frame: Baseline and 8 weeks
Change from baseline to 8 weeks
Change in plasmatic levels of interleukins (IL-8 and IL-10)
Time frame: Baseline and 8 weeks
Change from baseline to 8 weeks
4 secondary outcomes
Change in Pulmonary Function (Lung Function)
Time frame: Baseline and 8 weeks
Change in quality of life evaluated using the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire (CFQ-R +14). Scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores corresponding to better quality of life.
Time frame: Baseline and 8 weeks
Change in inspiratory muscle strength (MIP)
Time frame: Baseline and 8 weeks
Change in functional capacity (30 seconds sit-to-stand test)
Time frame: Baseline and 8 weeks
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 5 Dec 2023.
- Background: PubMed 24480322van de Weert-van Leeuwen PB, Hulzebos HJ, Werkman MS, Michel S, Vijftigschild LA, van Meegen MA, van der Ent CK, Beekman JM, Arets HG. Chronic inflammation and infection associate with a lower exercise training response in cystic fibrosis adolescents. Respir Med. 2014 Mar;108(3):445-52. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.08.012. Epub 2013 Aug 28.
- Background: PubMed 30206131Vendrusculo FM, Heinzmann-Filho JP, da Silva JS, Perez Ruiz M, Donadio MVF. Peak Oxygen Uptake and Mortality in Cystic Fibrosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Respir Care. 2019 Jan;64(1):91-98. doi: 10.4187/respcare.06185. Epub 2018 Sep 11.
- Background: PubMed 28965267Vandekerckhove K, Keyzer M, Cornette J, Coomans I, Pyl F, De Baets F, Schelstraete P, Haerynck F, De Wolf D, Van Daele S, Boone J. Exercise performance and quality of life in children with cystic fibrosis and mildly impaired lung function: relation with antibiotic treatments and hospitalization. Eur J Pediatr. 2017 Dec;176(12):1689-1696. doi: 10.1007/s00431-017-3024-7. Epub 2017 Sep 30.
- Background: PubMed 24019231Perez M, Groeneveld IF, Santana-Sosa E, Fiuza-Luces C, Gonzalez-Saiz L, Villa-Asensi JR, Lopez-Mojares LM, Rubio M, Lucia A. Aerobic fitness is associated with lower risk of hospitalization in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014 Jul;49(7):641-9. doi: 10.1002/ppul.22878. Epub 2013 Sep 9.
- Background: PubMed 26981496Mostafidi E, Moeen A, Nasri H, Ghorbani Hagjo A, Ardalan M. Serum Klotho Levels in Trained Athletes. Nephrourol Mon. 2016 Jan 9;8(1):e30245. doi: 10.5812/numonthly.30245. eCollection 2016 Jan.
- Background: PubMed 26201096Gao W, Yuan C, Zhang J, Li L, Yu L, Wiegman CH, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM, Huang M, Yao X. Klotho expression is reduced in COPD airway epithelial cells: effects on inflammation and oxidant injury. Clin Sci (Lond). 2015 Dec;129(12):1011-23. doi: 10.1042/CS20150273. Epub 2015 Jul 10.
- Background: PubMed 27140192Kureya Y, Kanazawa H, Ijiri N, Tochino Y, Watanabe T, Asai K, Hirata K. Down-Regulation of Soluble alpha-Klotho is Associated with Reduction in Serum Irisin Levels in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Lung. 2016 Jun;194(3):345-51. doi: 10.1007/s00408-016-9870-7. Epub 2016 May 2.
- Background: PubMed 29085059Krick S, Baumlin N, Aller SP, Aguiar C, Grabner A, Sailland J, Mendes E, Schmid A, Qi L, David NV, Geraghty P, King G, Birket SE, Rowe SM, Faul C, Salathe M. Klotho Inhibits Interleukin-8 Secretion from Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelia. Sci Rep. 2017 Oct 30;7(1):14388. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14811-0.
- Background: PubMed 31027673Amaro-Gahete FJ, de-la-O A, Jurado-Fasoli L, Gutierrez A, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ. Association of physical activity and fitness with S-Klotho plasma levels in middle-aged sedentary adults: The FIT-AGEING study. Maturitas. 2019 May;123:25-31. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.02.001. Epub 2019 Feb 5.
- Background: PubMed 31164040Amaro-Gahete FJ, De-la-O A, Jurado-Fasoli L, Espuch-Oliver A, de Haro T, Gutierrez A, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ. Exercise training increases the S-Klotho plasma levels in sedentary middle-aged adults: A randomised controlled trial. The FIT-AGEING study. J Sports Sci. 2019 Oct;37(19):2175-2183. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1626048. Epub 2019 Jun 4.
- Background: PubMed 30023455Amaro-Gahete FJ, De-la-O A, Jurado-Fasoli L, Espuch-Oliver A, Robles-Gonzalez L, Navarro-Lomas G, de Haro T, Femia P, Castillo MJ, Gutierrez A. Exercise training as S-Klotho protein stimulator in sedentary healthy adults: Rationale, design, and methodology. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2018 May 18;11:10-19. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2018.05.013. eCollection 2018 Sep.
- Background: PubMed 23588193Kriemler S, Kieser S, Junge S, Ballmann M, Hebestreit A, Schindler C, Stussi C, Hebestreit H. Effect of supervised training on FEV1 in cystic fibrosis: a randomised controlled trial. J Cyst Fibros. 2013 Dec;12(6):714-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jcf.2013.03.003. Epub 2013 Apr 13.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Related trials for Cystic Fibrosis
RecruitingObservational study
Role of Genetic Factors in the Development of Lung Disease
Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary Fibrosis
Active, not recruiting
Personalized Mobile Health Platform to Promote Physical Activity in Adolescents and Young Adults With Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
RecruitingPhase 2
Early Study on Tamoxifen Safety/Tolerability in Cystic Fibrosis Patients Unable to Use CFTR Modulators.
Cystic Fibrosis - Complete
RecruitingObservational study
Natural History of Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis, Cystic Fibrosis
RecruitingPhase 1
Investigation of Pharmacokinetics, Safety of HSK31858 in Subjects With Renal Impairment
Non-cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis (NCFBE)
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Margarita Perez-Ruiz, PhD principal investigator
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Exercise in people with Cystic Fibrosis, run by Universidad Europea de Madrid at 1 site in Spain.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 5 Dec 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Spain. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in peripheral muscle strength. Upper and lower limb muscle strength will be evaluated using the 5 maximum repetition test in specific strength machines. Handgrip strength will be measured with a dynamometer. (time frame: Baseline and 8 weeks). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05173194, which also lists 13 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 5 Dec 2023.