Indeterminate Bethesda III Thyroid NodulesNCT05189808
Radiofrequency Ablation for BIII Thyroid Nodules
An observational study of Indeterminate Bethesda III Thyroid Nodules, run by Columbia University at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The purpose of this observational chart review study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) for treatment of indeterminate thyroid nodules before and after RFA procedure. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Indeterminate Bethesda III Thyroid Nodules
- What is being tested?
- Radiofrequency Ablation
- Type of treatment
- Surgery or procedure
- How many people
- 50 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 1 Aug 2020to Aug 2028
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: Adult patients (>/= 18 years) who have biopsy proven indeterminate thyroid nodules (Bethesda III only) that have been molecular profiled benign, who refuse to undergo or are not good candidates for surgical resection
Who may be able to join
- Indeterminate Bethesda III nodules that have been molecularly profiled benign with either Afirma Genomic Sequencing Classifier (GSC) or ThyroSeq v3 tests
Who cannot join
- cardiac arrthymias
- pregnancy
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
United States1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
Columbia University
New York, New York, 10032
Jennifer H Kuo, MD MS, 212-305-6969, jhk2029@cumc.columbia.edu
About this study
Official title: Radiofrequency Ablation for Indeterminate Bethesda III Thyroid Nodules
The purpose of this observational chart review study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) for treatment of indeterminate thyroid nodules before and after RFA procedure. This is a data collection study in which the investigators ask patients to give access to information generated before and after RFA treatment of their condition. The RFA procedure uses image guidance to place an electrode through the skin into the target area. In RFA, high-frequency electrical currents are passed through an electrode, creating a small region of heat to treat the lesion.
Read the detailed description
In the United States, there is an estimated 10% lifetime probability for developing a thyroid nodule.
Up to 15% of these nodules will prove to be malignant. The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing and is the third leading cause of cancer in women; accordingly, identification of a nodule
1 cm or larger in diameter often prompts a sophisticated diagnostic evaluation comprised of sonographic pattern risk assessment combined with fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), which enables the assessment of cellular morphologic features that could not be identified by means of clinical assessment or imaging. Ultrasound-guided FNAB has been shown to accurately classify 62-85% of thyroid nodules as benign, thereby avoiding diagnostic surgery. Yet, 20-30% of aspirations still yield indeterminate cytologic findings: "atypia (or follicular lesion) of undetermined significance," "follicular neoplasm or suspicious for follicular neoplasm," and "suspicious for malignancy with a risk of malignancy ranging from 6-75%." Most patients with cytologically indeterminate nodules are referred for diagnostic thyroid surgery, but the majority prove to have benign disease. For these patients, thyroid surgery is unnecessary, yet it exposes them to 2-10% risk of serious surgical complications, and most would require thyroid hormone replacement therapy for life. Research in recent years has focused on the potential of molecular diagnostic approaches that could capitalize on increasing knowledge of the molecular etiology of thyroid nodules and the transcriptional and mutation landscape of thyroid cancers to augment diagnostic accuracy of FNABs. Most molecular profiling tests demonstrate a high sensitivity and negative predictive value that helps to decrease the number of benign nodules undergoing unnecessary diagnostic surgery. However, these classified benign nodules may continue to grow and ultimately may need to undergo surgery due to compressive symptoms. Although thyroid surgery has always been the mainstay of treatment for symptomatic nodular goiters, and is associated with excellent outcomes in experienced hands, thyroid surgery carries a low risk of complications that include recurrent or superior laryngeal nerve injury leading to voice changes, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism with need for thyroid hormone supplementation, and unsightly scarring. Although many patients with thyroid cancers find these risks acceptable, these risks are sometimes less acceptable to patients with benign disease. In an era when the medical field is treating thyroid diseases less aggressively, there is a pressing need to identify approaches to treat indolent malignant disease less invasively.
Introduced in the early 2000s, ultrasound-guided percutaneous ablation of thyroid lesions has emerged as a potential alternative to surgery in patients with benign thyroid nodules. Of the myriad ablation methods, the most commonly used technique is radiofrequency ablation (RFA). An expanding body of evidence shows that radiofrequency ablation and other percutaneous interventions are effective treatments for benign solid thyroid nodules, toxic adenomas, and thyroid cysts resulting in overall volume reduction ranges of 40-70% with durable resolution of compressive and hyperthyroid symptoms. In addition, RFA has been used as an effective alternative treatment in the management of locally recurrent thyroid cancers in patients who are not good surgical candidates. Although these percutaneous techniques have been steadily.
gaining acceptance in Europe and Asia over the past 20 years, they have been slow to be adopted in the US. There remains a dearth of data regarding clinical experience in the United States and no randomized clinical trials have been performed evaluating RFA vs active surveillance for micropapillary carcinomas.
- Being tested
- Radiofrequency Ablation
- Keywords
- Radiofrequency Ablation
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Radiofrequency AblationProcedure or surgery
Ultrasound guided radiofrequency ablation (non-experimental)
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Group | Not described Receives: Procedure: Radiofrequency Ablation |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Nodule Volume
((Volume (baseline) - Volume (12m))/Volume(baseline))*100
Measured: 12 months
Secondary outcomes (1)
Complications
Incidence of procedural complications including but not limited to infection, bleeding, voice change, nerve damage
Measured: 12 months
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted13 Jan 2022
- Study start1 Aug 2020
- Primary completionAug 2027 (estimated)
- Study completionAug 2028 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (10)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Indeterminate Bethesda III Thyroid NodulesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Columbia UniversityThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Columbia University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Jennifer Kuo, Columbia University
- Investigators
- Jennifer H Kuo, MD MS, Principal investigator, Columbia University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05189808
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- AAAT1979
- Status last verified
- May 2026
- First submitted
- 28 Dec 2021
- Last updated
- 29 May 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Durante C, Costante G, Lucisano G, Bruno R, Meringolo D, Paciaroni A, Puxeddu E, Torlontano M, Tumino S, Attard M, Lamartina L, Nicolucci A, Filetti S. The natural history of benign thyroid nodules. JAMA. 2015 Mar 3;313(9):926-35. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.0956.
PubMed 25734734de Rienzo-Madero B, Sabra JP, Gand E, Donatini G, Kraimps JL. Unilateral benign multinodular versus solitary goiter: Long-term contralateral reoperation rates after lobectomy. Surgery. 2019 Jan;165(1):75-79. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.04.074. Epub 2018 Nov 8.
PubMed 30415868Kim YS, Rhim H, Tae K, Park DW, Kim ST. Radiofrequency ablation of benign cold thyroid nodules: initial clinical experience. Thyroid. 2006 Apr;16(4):361-7. doi: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.361.
PubMed 16646682Na DG, Lee JH, Jung SL, Kim JH, Sung JY, Shin JH, Kim EK, Lee JH, Kim DW, Park JS, Kim KS, Baek SM, Lee Y, Chong S, Sim JS, Huh JY, Bae JI, Kim KT, Han SY, Bae MY, Kim YS, Baek JH; Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR); Korean Society of Radiology. Radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules and recurrent thyroid cancers: consensus statement and recommendations. Korean J Radiol. 2012 Mar-Apr;13(2):117-25. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2012.13.2.117. Epub 2012 Mar 7.
PubMed 22438678Kim JH, Baek JH, Lim HK, Ahn HS, Baek SM, Choi YJ, Choi YJ, Chung SR, Ha EJ, Hahn SY, Jung SL, Kim DS, Kim SJ, Kim YK, Lee CY, Lee JH, Lee KH, Lee YH, Park JS, Park H, Shin JH, Suh CH, Sung JY, Sim JS, Youn I, Choi M, Na DG; Guideline Committee for the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) and Korean Society of Radiology. 2017 Thyroid Radiofrequency Ablation Guideline: Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology. Korean J Radiol. 2018 Jul-Aug;19(4):632-655. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2018.19.4.632. Epub 2018 Jun 14.
PubMed 29962870Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, Duick DS, Harrell RM, Hegedus L, Paschke R, Valcavi R, Vitti P; AACE/ACE/AME Task Force on Thyroid Nodules. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS, AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, AND ASSOCIAZIONE MEDICI ENDOCRINOLOGI MEDICAL GUIDELINES FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THYROID NODULES--2016 UPDATE. Endocr Pract. 2016 May;22(5):622-39. doi: 10.4158/EP161208.GL.
PubMed 27167915Jeong WK, Baek JH, Rhim H, Kim YS, Kwak MS, Jeong HJ, Lee D. Radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules: safety and imaging follow-up in 236 patients. Eur Radiol. 2008 Jun;18(6):1244-50. doi: 10.1007/s00330-008-0880-6. Epub 2008 Feb 20.
PubMed 18286289Baek JH, Kim YS, Lee D, Huh JY, Lee JH. Benign predominantly solid thyroid nodules: prospective study of efficacy of sonographically guided radiofrequency ablation versus control condition. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Apr;194(4):1137-42. doi: 10.2214/AJR.09.3372.
PubMed 20308523Watt T, Barbesino G, Bjorner JB, Bonnema SJ, Bukvic B, Drummond R, Groenvold M, Hegedus L, Kantzer V, Lasch KE, Marcocci C, Mishra A, Netea-Maier R, Ekker M, Paunovic I, Quinn TJ, Rasmussen AK, Russell A, Sabaretnam M, Smit J, Torring O, Zivaljevic V, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Cross-cultural validity of the thyroid-specific quality-of-life patient-reported outcome measure, ThyPRO. Qual Life Res. 2015 Mar;24(3):769-80. doi: 10.1007/s11136-014-0798-1. Epub 2014 Sep 7.
PubMed 25194574Dobnig H, Amrein K. Monopolar Radiofrequency Ablation of Thyroid Nodules: A Prospective Austrian Single-Center Study. Thyroid. 2018 Apr;28(4):472-480. doi: 10.1089/thy.2017.0547. Epub 2018 Mar 20.
PubMed 29490593
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 29 May 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Radiofrequency Ablation for Indeterminate Bethesda III Thyroid Nodules
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05189808
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- AAAT1979
- Keywords
- Radiofrequency Ablation
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Columbia UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Aug 2020 (actual)
- Primary completion
- Aug 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion
- Aug 2028 (estimated)
- First posted
- 13 Jan 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this observational chart review study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) for treatment of indeterminate thyroid nodules before and after RFA procedure. This is a data collection study in which the investigators ask patients to give access to information generated before and after RFA treatment of their condition. The RFA procedure uses image guidance to place an electrode through the skin into the target area. In RFA, high-frequency electrical currents are passed through an electrode, creating a small region of heat to treat the lesion.
Detailed description
In the United States, there is an estimated 10% lifetime probability for developing a thyroid nodule.
Up to 15% of these nodules will prove to be malignant. The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing and is the third leading cause of cancer in women; accordingly, identification of a nodule
1 cm or larger in diameter often prompts a sophisticated diagnostic evaluation comprised of sonographic pattern risk assessment combined with fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), which enables the assessment of cellular morphologic features that could not be identified by means of clinical assessment or imaging. Ultrasound-guided FNAB has been shown to accurately classify 62-85% of thyroid nodules as benign, thereby avoiding diagnostic surgery. Yet, 20-30% of aspirations still yield indeterminate cytologic findings: "atypia (or follicular lesion) of undetermined significance," "follicular neoplasm or suspicious for follicular neoplasm," and "suspicious for malignancy with a risk of malignancy ranging from 6-75%." Most patients with cytologically indeterminate nodules are referred for diagnostic thyroid surgery, but the majority prove to have benign disease. For these patients, thyroid surgery is unnecessary, yet it exposes them to 2-10% risk of serious surgical complications, and most would require thyroid hormone replacement therapy for life. Research in recent years has focused on the potential of molecular diagnostic approaches that could capitalize on increasing knowledge of the molecular etiology of thyroid nodules and the transcriptional and mutation landscape of thyroid cancers to augment diagnostic accuracy of FNABs. Most molecular profiling tests demonstrate a high sensitivity and negative predictive value that helps to decrease the number of benign nodules undergoing unnecessary diagnostic surgery. However, these classified benign nodules may continue to grow and ultimately may need to undergo surgery due to compressive symptoms. Although thyroid surgery has always been the mainstay of treatment for symptomatic nodular goiters, and is associated with excellent outcomes in experienced hands, thyroid surgery carries a low risk of complications that include recurrent or superior laryngeal nerve injury leading to voice changes, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism with need for thyroid hormone supplementation, and unsightly scarring. Although many patients with thyroid cancers find these risks acceptable, these risks are sometimes less acceptable to patients with benign disease. In an era when the medical field is treating thyroid diseases less aggressively, there is a pressing need to identify approaches to treat indolent malignant disease less invasively.
Introduced in the early 2000s, ultrasound-guided percutaneous ablation of thyroid lesions has emerged as a potential alternative to surgery in patients with benign thyroid nodules. Of the myriad ablation methods, the most commonly used technique is radiofrequency ablation (RFA). An expanding body of evidence shows that radiofrequency ablation and other percutaneous interventions are effective treatments for benign solid thyroid nodules, toxic adenomas, and thyroid cysts resulting in overall volume reduction ranges of 40-70% with durable resolution of compressive and hyperthyroid symptoms. In addition, RFA has been used as an effective alternative treatment in the management of locally recurrent thyroid cancers in patients who are not good surgical candidates. Although these percutaneous techniques have been steadily.
gaining acceptance in Europe and Asia over the past 20 years, they have been slow to be adopted in the US. There remains a dearth of data regarding clinical experience in the United States and no randomized clinical trials have been performed evaluating RFA vs active surveillance for micropapillary carcinomas.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Group | – | Procedure: Radiofrequency Ablation |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- Adult patients (>/= 18 years) who have biopsy proven indeterminate thyroid nodules (Bethesda III only) that have been molecular profiled benign, who refuse to undergo or are not good candidates for surgical resection
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Indeterminate Bethesda III nodules that have been molecularly profiled benign with either Afirma Genomic Sequencing Classifier (GSC) or ThyroSeq v3 tests
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- cardiac arrthymias
- pregnancy
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Radiofrequency AblationUltrasound guided radiofrequency ablation (non-experimental) | Procedure or surgery | Group |
Primary outcome
Change in Nodule Volume
Time frame: 12 months
((Volume (baseline) - Volume (12m))/Volume(baseline))*100
1 secondary outcome
Complications
Time frame: 12 months
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 29 May 2026.
- Background: PubMed 25734734Durante C, Costante G, Lucisano G, Bruno R, Meringolo D, Paciaroni A, Puxeddu E, Torlontano M, Tumino S, Attard M, Lamartina L, Nicolucci A, Filetti S. The natural history of benign thyroid nodules. JAMA. 2015 Mar 3;313(9):926-35. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.0956.
- Background: PubMed 30415868de Rienzo-Madero B, Sabra JP, Gand E, Donatini G, Kraimps JL. Unilateral benign multinodular versus solitary goiter: Long-term contralateral reoperation rates after lobectomy. Surgery. 2019 Jan;165(1):75-79. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.04.074. Epub 2018 Nov 8.
- Background: PubMed 16646682Kim YS, Rhim H, Tae K, Park DW, Kim ST. Radiofrequency ablation of benign cold thyroid nodules: initial clinical experience. Thyroid. 2006 Apr;16(4):361-7. doi: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.361.
- Background: PubMed 22438678Na DG, Lee JH, Jung SL, Kim JH, Sung JY, Shin JH, Kim EK, Lee JH, Kim DW, Park JS, Kim KS, Baek SM, Lee Y, Chong S, Sim JS, Huh JY, Bae JI, Kim KT, Han SY, Bae MY, Kim YS, Baek JH; Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR); Korean Society of Radiology. Radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules and recurrent thyroid cancers: consensus statement and recommendations. Korean J Radiol. 2012 Mar-Apr;13(2):117-25. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2012.13.2.117. Epub 2012 Mar 7.
- Background: PubMed 29962870Kim JH, Baek JH, Lim HK, Ahn HS, Baek SM, Choi YJ, Choi YJ, Chung SR, Ha EJ, Hahn SY, Jung SL, Kim DS, Kim SJ, Kim YK, Lee CY, Lee JH, Lee KH, Lee YH, Park JS, Park H, Shin JH, Suh CH, Sung JY, Sim JS, Youn I, Choi M, Na DG; Guideline Committee for the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) and Korean Society of Radiology. 2017 Thyroid Radiofrequency Ablation Guideline: Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology. Korean J Radiol. 2018 Jul-Aug;19(4):632-655. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2018.19.4.632. Epub 2018 Jun 14.
- Background: PubMed 27167915Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, Duick DS, Harrell RM, Hegedus L, Paschke R, Valcavi R, Vitti P; AACE/ACE/AME Task Force on Thyroid Nodules. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS, AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, AND ASSOCIAZIONE MEDICI ENDOCRINOLOGI MEDICAL GUIDELINES FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF THYROID NODULES--2016 UPDATE. Endocr Pract. 2016 May;22(5):622-39. doi: 10.4158/EP161208.GL.
- Background: PubMed 18286289Jeong WK, Baek JH, Rhim H, Kim YS, Kwak MS, Jeong HJ, Lee D. Radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules: safety and imaging follow-up in 236 patients. Eur Radiol. 2008 Jun;18(6):1244-50. doi: 10.1007/s00330-008-0880-6. Epub 2008 Feb 20.
- Background: PubMed 20308523Baek JH, Kim YS, Lee D, Huh JY, Lee JH. Benign predominantly solid thyroid nodules: prospective study of efficacy of sonographically guided radiofrequency ablation versus control condition. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Apr;194(4):1137-42. doi: 10.2214/AJR.09.3372.
- Background: PubMed 25194574Watt T, Barbesino G, Bjorner JB, Bonnema SJ, Bukvic B, Drummond R, Groenvold M, Hegedus L, Kantzer V, Lasch KE, Marcocci C, Mishra A, Netea-Maier R, Ekker M, Paunovic I, Quinn TJ, Rasmussen AK, Russell A, Sabaretnam M, Smit J, Torring O, Zivaljevic V, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Cross-cultural validity of the thyroid-specific quality-of-life patient-reported outcome measure, ThyPRO. Qual Life Res. 2015 Mar;24(3):769-80. doi: 10.1007/s11136-014-0798-1. Epub 2014 Sep 7.
- Background: PubMed 29490593Dobnig H, Amrein K. Monopolar Radiofrequency Ablation of Thyroid Nodules: A Prospective Austrian Single-Center Study. Thyroid. 2018 Apr;28(4):472-480. doi: 10.1089/thy.2017.0547. Epub 2018 Mar 20.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Jennifer H Kuo, MD MS principal investigator
Columbia University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Indeterminate Bethesda III Thyroid Nodules, run by Columbia University at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 29 May 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Jennifer H Kuo, MD MS (212-305-6969, jhk2029@cumc.columbia.edu), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Nodule Volume (time frame: 12 months). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05189808, which also lists 10 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 29 May 2026.