Ecological Momentary Assessment Best PracticesExemplarNCT05194228
Exemplar: Determining the Best Practices for EMA Studies
A study testing Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings in people with Ecological Momentary Assessment Best Practices, run by University of Oklahoma at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a measurement methodology that utilizes the repeated collection of real-time data on participants' behavior and experience in their natural environment. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 99 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Ecological Momentary Assessment Best Practices
- What is being tested?
- Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 416 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 30 Nov 2021to 26 Oct 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 99 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- At least 18 years of age
- Demonstrate > 6th grade English literacy level
- Possess an active Android smartphone that is compatible with the Insight (TM) platform with a data plan and an operating system version 6.0 or higher
- Agree to install the study smartphone application onto their personal phone
- Agree to complete EMAs prompted by and completed through the study smartphone application
Who cannot join
- Under 18 years of age
- Demonstrates < 6th grade English literacy level
- Does not possess an active Android smartphone that is compatible with the Insight (TM) platform with a data plan and an operating system version 6.0 or higher
- Does not agree to install the study smartphone application onto their personal phone
- Does not agree to complete EMAs prompted by and completed through the study smartphone application
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104
About this study
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a measurement methodology that utilizes the repeated collection of real-time data on participants' behavior and experience in their natural environment. While EMA allows researchers to gain valuable insights into dynamic behavioral processes, the need for frequent self-report can be burdensome and disruptive to participants. Compliance with EMA protocols is important for accurate, unbiased sampling, yet there is no "gold standard" for EMA study design. In the present study, the investigators aim to use a factorial design to identify the optimal components, or combinations of components, for achieving the highest compliance rates for smartphone-based ecological momentary assessments (EMAs). Participants will be randomized into 1 of 32 conditions in a 2x2x2x2x2 design (i.e., number of questions per EMA survey [15 vs. 25] x number of EMAs per day [2 vs. 4] x EMA prompting schedule [random vs. fixed times]) x payment type [per EMA vs. based on percentage of EMAs completed] x order of EMA item question types [i.e., slider type first 2 weeks vs. Likert-type questions first 2 weeks]). All participants will complete EMAs for 4 weeks. The effect of each factor on EMA compliance will be examined, as well as the effects of interactions on EMA compliance. The investigators will also examine within and between-subjects factors that influence response rates, and 2) contextual features such as environment and mood that may be associated with better compliance and participant engagement. The results of this study will have broad applications for developing best practices guidelines for future studies utilizing EMA methodologies.
Read the detailed description
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a measurement methodology that utilizes the repeated collection of real-time data on participants' behavior and experience in their natural environment. EMA has been used in behavioral science for years, including research examining the environmental and psychological antecedents of cigarette smoking, substance use disorders, anxiety, eating, and sleep. EMA sampling strategies are typically time-based or event-based. Time-based sampling is solicited based on a schedule; for example, a daily diary prompted every day at the same time, or at random intervals (e.g., every 3-4 hours) each day. In contrast, event- based sampling is centered around a pre-defined event and is typically initiated by the participant. For example, a participant may be asked to initiate an assessment every time the participant smokes a cigarette.
Several studies have examined the impact of EMA study design features on participant compliance. In a recent meta-analysis of compliance with EMA protocols among substance users, there was no evidence that compliance rates were associated with prompt frequency, length of assessment period, or reimbursement. Another study using a pooled dataset of 10 EMA studies found that compliance declined across days, and varied significantly depending on the time of day. In a meta-analysis of EMA studies in mental health research, a higher number of EMAs per day were associated with lower compliance, however the number of days was not. While these studies provide preliminary guidance regarding EMA study design, their results are unfortunately inconsistent, and the varied reporting across studies with respect to the definition of compliance, study design elements, and study populations make it difficult to clearly derive best practice guidelines for EMA design.
In the present study, the investigators use a factorial design to identify the optimal components, or combinations of components, for achieving the highest compliance rates for smartphone-based ecological momentary assessments (EMAs). In addition, the investigators will explore the association between EMA design features and participant compliance/response rates. A factorial design is ideal for exploring these research questions because it is statistically more efficient, as this type of design needs fewer participants to answer questions about each experimental factor of interest.6 In this study, participants will be randomized into 1 of 32 conditions (i.e., number of questions per EMA survey x number of EMAs per day x EMA prompting schedule x EMA item type x payment type) to explore:
- both within and between-subjects factors that influence response rates, and
- contextual features such as environment and mood that may be associated with better compliance and participant engagement. The results of this study will have broad applications for developing best practice guidelines for future studies utilizing EMA methodologies.
- Being tested
- Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings
- Keywords
- Ecological Momentary Assessment, Health Behavior, Smartphone Application
- Medical subject headings
- Health Behavior
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsBehavioural
Various settings for ecological momentary assessments
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 2 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 3 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 4 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 5 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 6 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 7 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 8 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 9 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 10 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 11 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 12 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 13 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 14 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 15 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 16 | Experimental | $1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 17 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 18 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 19 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 20 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 21 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 22 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 23 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 24 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 25 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 26 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 27 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 28 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 29 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 30 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 31 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
| Group 32 | Experimental | Payment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first Receives: Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Proportion of assigned daily smartphone surveys that are completed.
Proportion of daily smartphone surveys completed will vary based upon group assignment.
Measured: through study completion for each participant, 28 days
Secondary outcomes (1)
Number of minutes required to complete the smartphone-based surveys.
Time to complete smartphone based surveys will vary based upon group assignment.
Measured: through study completion for each participant, 28 days
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted18 Jan 2022
- Study start30 Nov 2021
- Primary completion26 Oct 2022
- Study completion26 Oct 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (9)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Ecological Momentary Assessment Best PracticesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Model description
- Participants will be randomized into 1 of 32 conditions in a 2x2x2x2x2 design (i.e., number of questions per EMA survey \[15 vs. 25\] x number of EMAs per day \[2 vs. 4\] x EMA prompting schedule \[random vs. fixed times\]) x payment type \[per EMA vs. based on percentage of EMAs completed\] x order of EMA item question types \[i.e., slider type first 2 weeks vs. Likert-type questions first 2 weeks\]).
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 416 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Oklahoma
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05194228
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 13684
- Acronym
- Exemplar
- Status last verified
- Jan 2023
- First submitted
- 10 Nov 2021
- Last updated
- 10 Jan 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Stone, A. A., & Shiffman, S. (1994). Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in behavorial medicine. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 16(3), 199-202. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/16.3.199
Shiffman S, Stone AA, Hufford MR. Ecological momentary assessment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2008;4:1-32. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415.
PubMed 18509902Jones A, Remmerswaal D, Verveer I, Robinson E, Franken IHA, Wen CKF, Field M. Compliance with ecological momentary assessment protocols in substance users: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 2019 Apr;114(4):609-619. doi: 10.1111/add.14503. Epub 2018 Dec 21.
PubMed 30461120Rintala A, Wampers M, Myin-Germeys I, Viechtbauer W. Response compliance and predictors thereof in studies using the experience sampling method. Psychol Assess. 2019 Feb;31(2):226-235. doi: 10.1037/pas0000662. Epub 2018 Nov 5.
PubMed 30394762Vachon H, Viechtbauer W, Rintala A, Myin-Germeys I. Compliance and Retention With the Experience Sampling Method Over the Continuum of Severe Mental Disorders: Meta-Analysis and Recommendations. J Med Internet Res. 2019 Dec 6;21(12):e14475. doi: 10.2196/14475.
PubMed 31808748Fletcher DJ, Lewis SM, Matthews JN. Factorial designs for crossover clinical trials. Stat Med. 1990 Oct;9(10):1121-9. doi: 10.1002/sim.4780091002.
PubMed 2247713Langford JS, Hebert ET, Jones DR, Tonkin SS, Barker BA, Ulm C, Shi D, Becerra JA, Businelle M. Effects of Ecological Momentary Assessment Prompting Schedule on Affect Measurement Variability and Associations With Next-Day Health Behaviors. Assessment. 2026 May 18:10731911261444953. doi: 10.1177/10731911261444953. Online ahead of print.
PubMed 42145270Kezbers KM, Robertson MC, Hebert ET, Montgomery A, Businelle MS. Detecting Deception and Ensuring Data Integrity in a Nationwide mHealth Randomized Controlled Trial: Factorial Design Survey Study. J Med Internet Res. 2025 Jan 28;27:e66384. doi: 10.2196/66384.
PubMed 39874573Businelle MS, Hebert ET, Shi D, Benson L, Kezbers KM, Tonkin S, Piper ME, Qian T. Investigating Best Practices for Ecological Momentary Assessment: Nationwide Factorial Experiment. J Med Internet Res. 2024 Aug 12;26:e50275. doi: 10.2196/50275.
PubMed 39133915
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 10 Jan 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Exemplar: Determining the Best Practices for EMA Studies
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05194228
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Exemplar / 13684
- Keywords
- Ecological Momentary Assessment, Health Behavior, Smartphone Application
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 416 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of OklahomaUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 30 Nov 2021 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 26 Oct 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 26 Oct 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 18 Jan 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a measurement methodology that utilizes the repeated collection of real-time data on participants' behavior and experience in their natural environment. While EMA allows researchers to gain valuable insights into dynamic behavioral processes, the need for frequent self-report can be burdensome and disruptive to participants. Compliance with EMA protocols is important for accurate, unbiased sampling, yet there is no "gold standard" for EMA study design. In the present study, the investigators aim to use a factorial design to identify the optimal components, or combinations of components, for achieving the highest compliance rates for smartphone-based ecological momentary assessments (EMAs). Participants will be randomized into 1 of 32 conditions in a 2x2x2x2x2 design (i.e., number of questions per EMA survey [15 vs. 25] x number of EMAs per day [2 vs. 4] x EMA prompting schedule [random vs. fixed times]) x payment type [per EMA vs. based on percentage of EMAs completed] x order of EMA item question types [i.e., slider type first 2 weeks vs. Likert-type questions first 2 weeks]). All participants will complete EMAs for 4 weeks. The effect of each factor on EMA compliance will be examined, as well as the effects of interactions on EMA compliance. The investigators will also examine within and between-subjects factors that influence response rates, and 2) contextual features such as environment and mood that may be associated with better compliance and participant engagement. The results of this study will have broad applications for developing best practices guidelines for future studies utilizing EMA methodologies.
Detailed description
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a measurement methodology that utilizes the repeated collection of real-time data on participants' behavior and experience in their natural environment. EMA has been used in behavioral science for years, including research examining the environmental and psychological antecedents of cigarette smoking, substance use disorders, anxiety, eating, and sleep. EMA sampling strategies are typically time-based or event-based. Time-based sampling is solicited based on a schedule; for example, a daily diary prompted every day at the same time, or at random intervals (e.g., every 3-4 hours) each day. In contrast, event- based sampling is centered around a pre-defined event and is typically initiated by the participant. For example, a participant may be asked to initiate an assessment every time the participant smokes a cigarette.
Several studies have examined the impact of EMA study design features on participant compliance. In a recent meta-analysis of compliance with EMA protocols among substance users, there was no evidence that compliance rates were associated with prompt frequency, length of assessment period, or reimbursement. Another study using a pooled dataset of 10 EMA studies found that compliance declined across days, and varied significantly depending on the time of day. In a meta-analysis of EMA studies in mental health research, a higher number of EMAs per day were associated with lower compliance, however the number of days was not. While these studies provide preliminary guidance regarding EMA study design, their results are unfortunately inconsistent, and the varied reporting across studies with respect to the definition of compliance, study design elements, and study populations make it difficult to clearly derive best practice guidelines for EMA design.
In the present study, the investigators use a factorial design to identify the optimal components, or combinations of components, for achieving the highest compliance rates for smartphone-based ecological momentary assessments (EMAs). In addition, the investigators will explore the association between EMA design features and participant compliance/response rates. A factorial design is ideal for exploring these research questions because it is statistically more efficient, as this type of design needs fewer participants to answer questions about each experimental factor of interest.6 In this study, participants will be randomized into 1 of 32 conditions (i.e., number of questions per EMA survey x number of EMAs per day x EMA prompting schedule x EMA item type x payment type) to explore:
- both within and between-subjects factors that influence response rates, and
- contextual features such as environment and mood that may be associated with better compliance and participant engagement. The results of this study will have broad applications for developing best practice guidelines for future studies utilizing EMA methodologies.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 32
- Model description
- Participants will be randomized into 1 of 32 conditions in a 2x2x2x2x2 design (i.e., number of questions per EMA survey [15 vs. 25] x number of EMAs per day [2 vs. 4] x EMA prompting schedule [random vs. fixed times]) x payment type [per EMA vs. based on percentage of EMAs completed] x order of EMA item question types [i.e., slider type first 2 weeks vs. Likert-type questions first 2 weeks]).
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first |
| Group 2 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first |
| Group 3 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first |
| Group 4 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first |
| Group 5 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first |
| Group 6 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first |
| Group 7 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first |
| Group 8 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first |
| Group 9 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first |
| Group 10 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first |
| Group 11 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first |
| Group 12 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first |
| Group 13 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first |
| Group 14 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first |
| Group 15 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first |
| Group 16 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings$1 Payment per EMA 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first |
| Group 17 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first |
| Group 18 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first |
| Group 19 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first |
| Group 20 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first |
| Group 21 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first |
| Group 22 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first |
| Group 23 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first |
| Group 24 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 2 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first |
| Group 25 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first |
| Group 26 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first |
| Group 27 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first |
| Group 28 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 15 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first |
| Group 29 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Slider first |
| Group 30 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Fixed schedule Likert first |
| Group 31 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Slider first |
| Group 32 | Experimental | Behavioral: Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsPayment by % EMAs 4 EMAs per day 25 questions per EMA Random schedule Likert first |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 99 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- At least 18 years of age
- Demonstrate > 6th grade English literacy level
- Possess an active Android smartphone that is compatible with the Insight (TM) platform with a data plan and an operating system version 6.0 or higher
- Agree to install the study smartphone application onto their personal phone
- Agree to complete EMAs prompted by and completed through the study smartphone application
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Under 18 years of age
- Demonstrates < 6th grade English literacy level
- Does not possess an active Android smartphone that is compatible with the Insight (TM) platform with a data plan and an operating system version 6.0 or higher
- Does not agree to install the study smartphone application onto their personal phone
- Does not agree to complete EMAs prompted by and completed through the study smartphone application
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Ecologial Momentary Assessment settingsVarious settings for ecological momentary assessments | Behavioural | Group 1, Group 10, Group 11, Group 12, Group 13, Group 14, Group 15, Group 16, Group 17, Group 18, Group 19, Group 2, Group 20, Group 21, Group 22, Group 23, Group 24, Group 25, Group 26, Group 27, Group 28, Group 29, Group 3, Group 30, Group 31, Group 32, Group 4, Group 5, Group 6, Group 7, Group 8, Group 9 |
Primary outcome
Proportion of assigned daily smartphone surveys that are completed.
Time frame: through study completion for each participant, 28 days
Proportion of daily smartphone surveys completed will vary based upon group assignment.
1 secondary outcome
Number of minutes required to complete the smartphone-based surveys.
Time frame: through study completion for each participant, 28 days
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 10 Jan 2023.
- BackgroundStone, A. A., & Shiffman, S. (1994). Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in behavorial medicine. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 16(3), 199-202. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/16.3.199
- Background: PubMed 18509902Shiffman S, Stone AA, Hufford MR. Ecological momentary assessment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2008;4:1-32. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415.
- Background: PubMed 30461120Jones A, Remmerswaal D, Verveer I, Robinson E, Franken IHA, Wen CKF, Field M. Compliance with ecological momentary assessment protocols in substance users: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 2019 Apr;114(4):609-619. doi: 10.1111/add.14503. Epub 2018 Dec 21.
- Background: PubMed 30394762Rintala A, Wampers M, Myin-Germeys I, Viechtbauer W. Response compliance and predictors thereof in studies using the experience sampling method. Psychol Assess. 2019 Feb;31(2):226-235. doi: 10.1037/pas0000662. Epub 2018 Nov 5.
- Background: PubMed 31808748Vachon H, Viechtbauer W, Rintala A, Myin-Germeys I. Compliance and Retention With the Experience Sampling Method Over the Continuum of Severe Mental Disorders: Meta-Analysis and Recommendations. J Med Internet Res. 2019 Dec 6;21(12):e14475. doi: 10.2196/14475.
- Background: PubMed 2247713Fletcher DJ, Lewis SM, Matthews JN. Factorial designs for crossover clinical trials. Stat Med. 1990 Oct;9(10):1121-9. doi: 10.1002/sim.4780091002.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 42145270Langford JS, Hebert ET, Jones DR, Tonkin SS, Barker BA, Ulm C, Shi D, Becerra JA, Businelle M. Effects of Ecological Momentary Assessment Prompting Schedule on Affect Measurement Variability and Associations With Next-Day Health Behaviors. Assessment. 2026 May 18:10731911261444953. doi: 10.1177/10731911261444953. Online ahead of print.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 39874573Kezbers KM, Robertson MC, Hebert ET, Montgomery A, Businelle MS. Detecting Deception and Ensuring Data Integrity in a Nationwide mHealth Randomized Controlled Trial: Factorial Design Survey Study. J Med Internet Res. 2025 Jan 28;27:e66384. doi: 10.2196/66384.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 39133915Businelle MS, Hebert ET, Shi D, Benson L, Kezbers KM, Tonkin S, Piper ME, Qian T. Investigating Best Practices for Ecological Momentary Assessment: Nationwide Factorial Experiment. J Med Internet Res. 2024 Aug 12;26:e50275. doi: 10.2196/50275.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Ecologial Momentary Assessment settings in people with Ecological Momentary Assessment Best Practices, run by University of Oklahoma at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 10 Jan 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Proportion of assigned daily smartphone surveys that are completed. (time frame: through study completion for each participant, 28 days). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05194228, which also lists 9 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 10 Jan 2023.