Comparing the Quality of Analgesia With Pectoral Nerve Block and Serratus Plane Block in Modified Radical Mastectomy

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death among women worldwide. In Egypt, breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, accounting for 38.8% of cancers in this population. It is estimated that the breast cancer mortality rate is around 11%, being the second cause of cancer-related mortality after liver cancer.

According to the European network of cancer registries, most breast cancer patients require breast surgery to remove the primary tumour and axillary staging or dissection. Approximately 40% of these patients will experience clinically significant acute postoperative pain. Furthermore, acute postoperative pain is an important risk factor for the development of persistent chronic postoperative pain in women after breast surgery.

Acute postoperative pain is associated with increased comorbidity and hospital stay length; as it will affect respiratory functions, chest wall compliance, cardiac output, blood pressure, cardiac workload, metabolism, oxygen consumption, decreased tone of gastrointestinal and urinary tracts and marked increases in catabolic hormones (catecholamine, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, antidiuretic hormone, glucagon, and aldosterone) while decreasing anabolic hormones such as insulin and testosterone.

It has been reported that up to half of the patients have a negative impact of pain on their activities and up to one-quarter report moderate to high impact on their daily activities at home and work. Thus, more effective treatment modalities are used for decreasing postoperative pain in mastectomy patients include; patient-controlled analgesia PCA, thoracic epidural, and thoracic paravertebral block.

While the key requirement for successful regional anaesthetic blocks is ensuring optimal distribution of local anaesthetic around nerve structures, ultrasound guidance enables the anaesthetist to secure an accurate needle position and to monitor the distribution of the local anaesthetic in real-time.

It was found that blockade of the lateral cutaneous branches of thoracic intercostal nerves (T2-T12) will provide analgesia to the anterolateral chest wall in most patients.

The Serratus anterior Plane (SAP) Block has proven to be an effective component of multimodal analgesia regimens for a variety of thoracic procedures. It is designed to block primarily the thoracic intercostal nerves and to provide complete analgesia of the lateral part of the thorax and it may be a viable alternative to paravertebral blockade and thoracic epidural analgesia and may be associated with fewer side effects. It's straightforward to perform, with a high success rate and minimal incidence of complications. It was reported prolonged numbness over the area supplied by the lateral cutaneous branches of the T2-T9 spinal nerves using only 0.4 ml.kg-1 0.125% levobupivacaine. This is remarkable because alternative techniques such as intercostal, intrapleural and thoracic paravertebral block require relatively high concentrations and volumes of local anaesthetics to produce similarly prolonged, multi-dermatomal thoracic analgesia.

Blanco et al. reported the use of pectoral nerve block (PECSB) as a new technique during modified radical mastectomy MRM. PECSB is an interfascial plane block where local anaesthetics deposited into the plane between the pectoralis major muscle and the pectoralis minor muscle (PECS-I block) and above the serratus anterior muscle at the third rib (PECS-II block) blocking the pectoral, intercostobrachial, intercostals III, IV, V, and VI; and long thoracic nerves. The PECSB is expected to provide analgesia for breast cancer surgery BCS.

In this study, the investigators will assess and compare the quality of analgesia with ultrasound-guided Serratus plane block and pectoral nerve block in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy.